Biology:Chloroflexi (phylum)
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| Phylum: | Chloroflexi (Garrity and Holt 2002) Hugenholtz and Stackebrandt 2004
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The Chloroflexi or Chlorobacteria are a phylum of bacteria containing isolates with a diversity of phenotypes, including members that are aerobic thermophiles, which use oxygen and grow well in high temperatures; anoxygenic phototrophs, which use light for photosynthesis (green non-sulfur bacteria); and anaerobic halorespirers, which uses halogenated organics (such as the toxic chlorinated ethenes and polychlorinated biphenyls) as electron acceptors.
Most bacteria, in terms of diversity, are diderms and stain gram-negative, notable exceptions being Firmicutes (low G+C gram-positives), Actinobacteria (high-G+C gram-positives) and the Deinococcus–Thermus group (gram-positive diderms with thick peptidoglycan). In contrast, the members of the phylum Chloroflexi are monoderms, but stain mostly gram-negative.[1]
History
The taxon name was created in the 2001 edition of Volume 1 of Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology and is the Latin plural of the name Chloroflexus, the name of the type genus of the phylum, a common practice.[2]
In 1987, Carl Woese, regarded as the forerunner of the molecular phylogeny revolution, divided Eubacteria into 11 divisions based on 16S ribosomal RNA (SSU) sequences and grouped the genera Chloroflexus, Herpetosiphon and Thermomicrobium into the "green non-sulfur bacteria and relatives",[3][4] which was temporarily renamed as "Chloroflexi" in Volume One of Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.[5]
Chloroflexi being a deep branching phylum (see Bacterial phyla), it was considered in Volume One of Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology to include a single class with the same name, the class Chloroflexi.[5] Since 2001, however, new classes have been created thanks to newly discovered species, and the phylum Chloroflexi is now divided as follows:[6]
- Chloroflexi Gupta et al. 2012
- Thermomicrobia Hugenholtz & Stackebrandt, 2004
- "Dehalococcoidetes" Hugenholtz & Stackebrandt, 2004
- Anaerolineae Yamada et al., 2006
- Caldilineae Yamada et al., 2006
- Ktedonobacteria Cavaletti et al., 2007 emend. Yabe et al., 2010
"Dehalococcoidetes" is a placeholder name given by Hugenholtz & Stackebrandt, 2004,[7] after "Dehalococcoides ethenogenes" a species partially described in 1997.[8] The first species fully described was Dehalogenimonas lykanthroporepellens, by Moe et al. 2009,[9] but in the description of that species the class was not made official nor were families or orders laid out as the two species share only 90% 16S ribosomal RNA identity, meaning that they could fall in different families or even orders.[9]
Recent phylogenetic analysis of the Chloroflexi has found very weak support for the grouping together of the different classes currently part of the phylum.[10] The six classes that make up the phylum did not consistently form a well-supported clade in phylogenetic trees based on concatenated sequences for large datasets of proteins, and no conserved signature indels were identified that were uniquely shared by the entire phylum.[10] However, the classes Chloroflexi and Thermomicrobia were found to group together consistently by both the usual phylogenetic means and the identification of shared conserved signature indels in the 50S ribosomal protein L19 and the enzyme UDP-glucose 4-epimerase.[10] It has been suggested that the phylum Chloroflexi sensu stricto should comprise only the classes Chloroflexi and Thermomicrobia, and the other four classes ("Dehalococcoidetes," Anaerolineae, Caldilineae and Ktedonobacteria) may represent one or more independent phyla branching in the neighborhood of the Chloroflexi.[10]
Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[11] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).[12] The phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 132 by The All-Species Living Tree Project[13]
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Notes:
♠ Strains found at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) but not listed in the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LSPN).
♪ Prokaryotes where no pure (axenic) cultures are isolated or available; i.e., they are not cultivated or cannot be sustained in culture for more than a few serial passages.
Taxonomy
Genus "Candidatus Chlorothrix" Klappenbach & Pierson 2004[17]
- Species "Candidatus Chlorothrix halophila" Klappenbach & Pierson 2004
Class Thermoflexia Dodsworth et al. 2014
- Order Thermoflexales Dodsworth et al. 2014
- Family Thermoflexaceae Dodsworth et al. 2014
- Genus Thermoflexus Dodsworth et al. 2014
- Species Thermoflexus hugenholtzii Dodsworth et al. 2014
- Genus Thermoflexus Dodsworth et al. 2014
- Family Thermoflexaceae Dodsworth et al. 2014
Class Dehalococcoidia Löffler et al. 2013 ["Dehalococcoidetes" Hugenholtz & Stackebrandt 2004]
- Order Dehalococcoidales Löffler et al. 2013
- Family Dehalococcoidaceae Löffler et al. 2013
- Genus Dehalococcoides Löffler et al. 2013 ["Dehalococcoides" Maymo-Gatell et al. 1997]
- Species Dehalococcoides mccartyi Löffler et al. 2013 ["Dehalococcoides ethenogenes" Maymo-Gatell et al. 1997]
- Genus Dehalogenimonas Moe et al. 2009
- Species D. alkenigignens Bowmann et al. 2013
- Species D. formicexedens Key et al. 2017
- Species D. lykanthroporepellens Moe et al. 2009 (type sp.)
- Genus Dehalococcoides Löffler et al. 2013 ["Dehalococcoides" Maymo-Gatell et al. 1997]
- Family Dehalococcoidaceae Löffler et al. 2013
Class Anaerolineae Yamada et al. 2006
- Order Anaerolineales Yamada et al. 2006
- Family Anaerolineaceae Yamada et al. 2006
- Genus "Thermanaerothrix" ♠ Gregoire et al. 2011[18]
- Species "Thermanaerothrix daxensis" ♠ Gregoire et al. 2011
- Genus "Brevefilum" ♠ McIlroy et al. 2017
- Species "Brevefilum fermentans" ♠ McIlroy et al. 2017
- Genus "Candidatus Roseilinea" ♠ Thiel et al. 2016
- Species "Candidatus Roseilinea gracile" ♠ Thiel et al. 2016
- Genus Thermomarinilinea Nunoura et al. 2013
- Species Thermomarinilinea lacunifontana Nunoura et al. 2013
- Genus Anaerolinea Sekiguchi et al. 2003 emend. Yamada et al. 2006
- Species A. thermolimosa Yamada et al. 2006[14]
- Species A. thermophila Sekiguchi et al. 2003[15] (type sp.)
- Genus Bellilinea Yamada et al. 2007[16]
- Species Bellilinea caldifistulae Yamada et al. 2007[16]
- Genus Flexilinea Sun et al. 2015
- Species Flexilinea flocculi Sun et al. 2015
- Genus Levilinea Yamada et al. 2006[14]
- Species Levilinea saccharolytica Yamada et al. 2006
- Genus Leptolinea Yamada et al. 2006[14]
- Species Leptolinea tardivitalis Yamada et al. 2006
- Genus Longilinea Yamada et al. 2007[16]
- Species Longilinea arvoryzae Yamada et al. 2007
- Genus Ornatilinea Podosokorskaya et al. 2013
- Species Ornatilinea apprima Podosokorskaya et al. 2013
- Genus Pelolinea Imachi et al. 2014
- Species Pelolinea submarina Imachi et al. 2014
- Genus "Thermanaerothrix" ♠ Gregoire et al. 2011[18]
- Family Anaerolineaceae Yamada et al. 2006
Class Ardenticatenia Kawaichi et al. 2013
- Order Ardenticatenales Kawaichi et al. 2013
- Family Ardenticatenaceae Kawaichi et al. 2013
- Genus "Candidatus Promineofilum" ♠ McIlroy et al. 2016
- Species "Candidatus Promineofilum breve" ♠ McIlroy et al. 2016
- Genus Ardenticatena Kawaichi et al. 2013
- Species Ardenticatena maritima Kawaichi et al. 2013
- Genus "Candidatus Promineofilum" ♠ McIlroy et al. 2016
- Family Ardenticatenaceae Kawaichi et al. 2013
Class Caldilineae Yamada et al. 2006
- Order Caldilineales Yamada et al. 2006
- Family Caldilineaceae Yamada et al. 2006
- Genus Litorilinea Kale et al. 2013
- Species Litorilinea aerophila Kale et al. 2013
- Genus Caldilinea Sekiguchi et al. 2003
- Species C. aerophila Sekiguchi et al. 2003[15] (type sp.)
- Species C. tarbellica Grégoire et al. 2011[19]
- Genus Litorilinea Kale et al. 2013
- Family Caldilineaceae Yamada et al. 2006
Class Ktedonobacteria Cavaletti et al. 2007 emend. Yabe et al. 2010 ["Ktedobacteria" (sic) Cavaletti et al. 2006]
- Order Thermogemmatisporales Yabe et al. 2011
- Order Ktedonobacterales Cavaletti et al. 2007 ["Ktedobacterales" (sic) Cavaletti et al. 2006]
- Family Ktedonobacteriaceae Cavaletti et al. 2007 ["Ktedobacteraceae" (sic) Cavaletti et al. 2006]
- Genus Dictyobacter Yabe et al. 2017
- Species Dictyobacter aurantiacus Yabe et al. 2017
- Genus Ktedonobacter corrig. Cavaletti et al. 2007 ["Ktedobacter" (sic) Cavaletti et al. 2006]
- Species Ktedonobacter racemifer corrig. Cavaletti et al. 2007[21] ["Ktedobacter (sic) racemifer" Cavaletti et al. 2006]
- Genus Dictyobacter Yabe et al. 2017
- Family Thermosporotrichaceae Yabe et al. 2010
- Genus Thermosporothrix Yabe et al. 2010[22]
- Species T. hazakensis Yabe et al. 2010
- Species T. narukonensis Yabe, Sakai & Yokota 2016
- Genus Thermosporothrix Yabe et al. 2010[22]
- Family Ktedonobacteriaceae Cavaletti et al. 2007 ["Ktedobacteraceae" (sic) Cavaletti et al. 2006]
Class Thermomicrobia Garrity and Holt 2002 emend. Hugenholtz and Stackebrandt 2004
- Genus "Thermobaculum" ♠ Botero et al. 2004[23]
- Species "Thermobaculum terrenum" ♠ Botero et al. 2004
- Order Sphaerobacterales Stackebrandt et al. 1997
- Family Sphaerobacteraceae Stackebrandt et al. 1997
- Genus Nitrolancea Sorokin et al. 2014 ["Nitrolancetus" Sorokin et al. 2012]
- Species Nitrolancea hollandica Sorokin et al. 2014 ["Nitrolancetus hollandicus" Sorokin et al. 2012]
- Genus Sphaerobacter Demharter et al. 1989
- Species Sphaerobacter thermophilus Demharter et al. 1989[24]
- Genus Nitrolancea Sorokin et al. 2014 ["Nitrolancetus" Sorokin et al. 2012]
- Family Sphaerobacteraceae Stackebrandt et al. 1997
- Order Thermomicrobiales Garrity and Holt 2002
- Family Thermomicrobiaceae Garrity and Holt 2002
- Genus Thermorudis King & King 2014
- Species T. pharmacophila Houghton et al. 2015
- Species T. peleae King & King 2014
- Genus Thermomicrobium Jackson et al. 1973[25]
- Species T. carboxidum King & King 2014
- Species T. roseum Jackson et al. 1973
- Genus Thermorudis King & King 2014
- Family Thermomicrobiaceae Garrity and Holt 2002
Class Chloroflexia Gupta et al. 2013
- Order Kallotenuales Cole et al. 2013
- Family Kallotenuaceae Cole et al. 2013
- Genus Kallotenue Cole et al. 2013
- Species Kallotenue papyrolyticum Cole et al. 2013
- Genus Kallotenue Cole et al. 2013
- Family Kallotenuaceae Cole et al. 2013
- Order Herpetosiphonales Gupta et al. 2013 ["Herpetosiphonales" Castenholz 2001]
- Family Herpetosiphonaceae Gupta et al. 2013 ["Herpetosiphonaceae" Castenholz 2001]
- Genus Herpetosiphon Holt & Lewin 1968
- Family Herpetosiphonaceae Gupta et al. 2013 ["Herpetosiphonaceae" Castenholz 2001]
- Order Chloroflexales Gupta et al. 2013
- Genus "Dehalobium" ♠ Wu et al. 2002[29]
- Species "Dehalobium chlorocoercia" ♠ Wu et al. 2002
- Suborder Roseiflexineae Gupta et al. 2013
- Family Roseiflexaceae Gupta et al. 2013
- Genus "Kouleothrix" ♠ Kohno et al. 2002
- Species "Kouleothrix aurantiaca" ♠ Kohno et al. 2002
- Genus Heliothrix ♦ Pierson et al. 1986
- Species Heliothrix oregonensis ♦ Pierson et al. 1986[30]
- Genus Roseiflexus Hanada et al. 2002
- Species Roseiflexus castenholzii Hanada et al. 2002[31]
- Genus "Kouleothrix" ♠ Kohno et al. 2002
- Family Roseiflexaceae Gupta et al. 2013
- Suborder Chloroflexineae Gupta et al. 2013
- Family Chloroflexaceae Gupta et al. 2013
- Genus Candidatus Chloranaerofilum Thiel et al. 2016
- Species Candidatus Chloranaerofilum corporosum Thiel et al. 2016
- Genus Chloroflexus Pierson & Castenholz 1974
- Species C. aggregans Hanada et al. 1995[32]
- Species C. aurantiacus Pierson & Castenholz 1974[33] (type sp.)
- Species C. islandicus Gaisin et al. 2017
- Genus Candidatus Chloranaerofilum Thiel et al. 2016
- Family Oscillochloridaceae Gupta et al. 2013
- Genus Candidatus Chloroploca Gorlenko et al. 2014
- Species Candidatus Chloroploca asiatica Gorlenko et al. 2014
- Genus Chloronema ♪ Dubinina & Gorlenko 1975
- Species Chloronema giganteum ♪ Dubinina & Gorlenko 1975
- Genus Oscillochloris Gorlenko & Pivovarova 1989 emend. Keppen et al. 2000
- Species O. chrysea ♪ Gorlenko & Pivovarova 1989(type sp.)
- Species O. trichoides ♦ (ex Szafer) Gorlenko & Korotkov 1989 emend. Keppen et al. 2000 ["Oscillatoria trichoides" (Szafer) Lauterborn 1915]
- Genus Candidatus Chloroploca Gorlenko et al. 2014
- Family Chloroflexaceae Gupta et al. 2013
- Genus "Dehalobium" ♠ Wu et al. 2002[29]
Etymology
The name Chloroflexi is a Neolatin nominative case masculine plural of Chloroflexus, which is the name of the first genus described. The noun is a combination of the Greek adjective chloros, -a, on (χλωρός, -ά, -όν),[34] meaning "greenish-yellow," and the Latin masculine passive perfect participle flexus (of flecto),[35] meaning "bent."[5] The etymology is unrelated to chlorine, an element that was discovered in 1810 by Sir Humphry Davy and named after its pale green colour. Another phylum with the same root is Chlorobi, whereas Cyanobacteria has the root cyanos (κύανος), meaning "blue-green."[36]
Unlike some other phyla, there is no theme root in the name of genera of Chloroflexi, and in fact many genera beginning with "Chloro-" or ending in "-chloris" are either cyanobacteria or chlorobi.
References
- ↑ Sutcliffe, I. C. (2010). "A phylum level perspective on bacterial cell envelope architecture". Trends in Microbiology 18 (10): 464–470. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2010.06.005. PMID 20637628.
- ↑ Don J. Brenner; Noel R. Krieg; James T. Staley (July 26, 2005). George M. Garrity. ed. Introductory Essays. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. 2A (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 304. British Library no. GBA561951. ISBN 978-0-387-24143-2. https://www.springer.com/life+sciences/book/978-0-387-24143-2.
- ↑ Holland L. (22 May 1990). "Woese,Carl in the forefront of bacterial evolution revolution". Scientist 4 (10).
- ↑ Woese, C. R. (1987). "Bacterial evolution". Microbiological Reviews 51 (2): 221–271. doi:10.1128/MMBR.51.2.221-271.1987. PMID 2439888.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Don J. Brenner; Noel R. Krieg; James T. Staley (July 26, 2005). George M. Garrity. ed. Introductory Essays. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. 2A (2nd ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 304. British Library no. GBA561951. ISBN 978-0-387-24143-2. https://www.springer.com/life+sciences/book/978-0-387-24143-2.
- ↑ Bacterial classification entry in LPSN [Euzéby, J.P. (1997). "List of Bacterial Names with Standing in Nomenclature: a folder available on the Internet". Int J Syst Bacteriol (Microbiology Society) 47 (2): 590–2. doi:10.1099/00207713-47-2-590. ISSN 0020-7713. PMID 9103655. https://ijs.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-47-2-590. Retrieved 2019-02-23.]
- ↑ Hugenholtz, P.; Stackebrandt, E. (2004). "Reclassification of Sphaerobacter thermophilus from the subclass Sphaerobacteridae in the phylum Actinobacteria to the class Thermomicrobia (emended description) in the phylum Chloroflexi (emended description)". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54 (6): 2049–2051. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.03028-0. PMID 15545432.
- ↑ Maymo-Gatell, X.; Chien, Y.; Gossett, J. M.; Zinder, S. H. (1997). "Isolation of a Bacterium That Reductively Dechlorinates Tetrachloroethene to Ethene". Science 276 (5318): 1568–1571. doi:10.1126/science.276.5318.1568. PMID 9171062.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Moe, W. M.; Yan, J.; Nobre, M. F.; Da Costa, M. S.; Rainey, F. A. (2009). "Dehalogenimonas lykanthroporepellens gen. Nov., sp. Nov., a reductively dehalogenating bacterium isolated from chlorinated solvent-contaminated groundwater". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 59 (11): 2692–2697. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.011502-0. PMID 19625421.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Gupta, R. S.; Chander, P.; George, S. (2012). "Phylogenetic framework and molecular signatures for the class Chloroflexi and its different clades; proposal for division of the class Chloroflexi class. Nov. Into the suborder Chloroflexineae subord. Nov., consisting of the emended family Oscillochloridaceae and the family Chloroflexaceae fam. Nov., and the suborder Roseiflexineae subord. Nov., containing the family Roseiflexaceae fam. Nov". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 103 (1): 99–119. doi:10.1007/s10482-012-9790-3. PMID 22903492.
- ↑ J.P. Euzéby. "Chloroflexi". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). http://www.bacterio.net/-classifphyla.html#Chlorobi.
- ↑ Sayers. "Chloroflexi". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=200795&lvl=6&lin.
- ↑ "16S rRNA-based LTP release 132 (full tree)". Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database. https://itol.embl.de/tree/37201229170412631528207598.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 Yamada, T.; Sekiguchi, Y.; Hanada, S.; Imachi, H.; Ohashi, A.; Harada, H.; Kamagata, Y. (2006). "Anaerolinea thermolimosa sp. nov., Levilinea saccharolytica gen. nov., sp. nov. And Leptolinea tardivitalis gen. nov., sp. nov., novel filamentous anaerobes, and description of the new classes Anaerolineae classis nov. And Caldilineae classis nov. In the bacterial phylum Chloroflexi". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 56 (6): 1331–1340. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.64169-0. PMID 16738111.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Sekiguchi, Y.; Yamada, T.; Hanada, S.; Ohashi, A.; Harada, H.; Kamagata, Y. (2003). "Anaerolinea thermophila gen. nov., sp. nov. And Caldilinea aerophila gen. nov., sp. nov., novel filamentous thermophiles that represent a previously uncultured lineage of the domain Bacteria at the subphylum level". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53 (6): 1843–1851. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02699-0. PMID 14657113.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Yamada, T.; Imachi, H.; Ohashi, A.; Harada, H.; Hanada, S.; Kamagata, Y.; Sekiguchi, Y. (2007). "Bellilinea caldifistulae gen. nov., sp. nov. And Longilinea arvoryzae gen. nov., sp. nov., strictly anaerobic, filamentous bacteria of the phylum Chloroflexi isolated from methanogenic propionate-degrading consortia". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 57 (10): 2299–2306. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.65098-0. PMID 17911301.
- ↑ Klappenbach, J. A.; Pierson, B. K. (2004). "Phylogenetic and physiological characterization of a filamentous anoxygenic photoautotrophic bacterium 'Candidatus Chlorothrix halophila' Gen. Nov., sp. Nov., recovered from hypersaline microbial mats". Archives of Microbiology 181 (1): 17–25. doi:10.1007/s00203-003-0615-7. PMID 14655000.
- ↑ Grégoire, P.; Fardeau, M. L.; Joseph, M.; Guasco, S.; Hamaide, F.; Biasutti, S.; Michotey, V. R.; Bonin, P. et al. (2011). "Isolation and characterization of Thermanaerothrix daxensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic anaerobic bacterium pertaining to the phylum "Chloroflexi", isolated from a deep hot aquifer in the Aquitaine Basin". Systematic and Applied Microbiology 34 (7): 494–497. doi:10.1016/j.syapm.2011.02.004. PMID 21621938.
- ↑ Gregoire, P.; Bohli, M.; Cayol, J. -L.; Joseph, M.; Guasco, S.; Dubourg, K.; Cambar, J.; Michotey, V. et al. (2010). "Caldilinea tarbellica sp. nov., a filamentous, thermophilic, anaerobic bacterium isolated from a deep hot aquifer in the Aquitaine Basin". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 61 (6): 1436–1441. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.025676-0. PMID 20584812.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Yabe, S.; Aiba, Y.; Sakai, Y.; Hazaka, M.; Yokota, A. (2010). "Thermogemmatispora onikobensis gen. nov., sp. nov. And Thermogemmatispora foliorum sp. nov., isolated from fallen leaves on geothermal soils, and description of Thermogemmatisporaceae fam. Nov. And Thermogemmatisporales ord. Nov. Within the class Ktedonobacteria". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 61 (4): 903–910. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.024877-0. PMID 20495028.
- ↑ Cavaletti, L.; Monciardini, P.; Bamonte, R.; Schumann, P.; Rohde, M.; Sosio, M.; Donadio, S. (2006). "New Lineage of Filamentous, Spore-Forming, Gram-Positive Bacteria from Soil". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72 (6): 4360–4369. doi:10.1128/AEM.00132-06. PMID 16751552.
- ↑ Yabe, S.; Aiba, Y.; Sakai, Y.; Hazaka, M.; Yokota, A. (2009). "Thermosporothrix hazakensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from compost, description of Thermosporotrichaceae fam. Nov. Within the class Ktedonobacteria Cavaletti et al. 2007 and emended description of the class Ktedonobacteria". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 60 (8): 1794–1801. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.018069-0. PMID 19767365.
- ↑ Botero, L. M.; Brown, K. B.; Brumefield, S.; Burr, M.; Castenholz, R. W.; Young, M.; McDermott, T. R. (2004). "Thermobaculum terrenum gen. nov., sp. nov.: A non-phototrophic gram-positive thermophile representing an environmental clone group related to the Chloroflexi (green non-sulfur bacteria) and Thermomicrobia". Archives of Microbiology 181 (4): 269–277. doi:10.1007/s00203-004-0647-7. PMID 14745485.
- ↑ Demharter, W.; Hensel, R.; Smida, J.; Stackebrandt, E. (1989). "Sphaerobacter thermophilus gen. nov., sp. nov. A Deeply Rooting Member of the Actinomycetes Subdivision Isolated from Thermophilically Treated Sewage Sludge". Systematic and Applied Microbiology 11 (3): 261–266. doi:10.1016/S0723-2020(89)80023-2.
- ↑ Jackson, T. J.; Ramaley, R. F.; Meinschein, W. G. (1973). "Thermomicrobium, a New Genus of Extremely Thermophilic Bacteria". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 23: 28–36. doi:10.1099/00207713-23-1-28.
- ↑ Holt, J. G.; Lewin, R. A. (1968). "Herpetosiphon aurantiacus gen. Et sp. N., a new filamentous gliding organism". Journal of Bacteriology 95 (6): 2407–2408. doi:10.1128/JB.95.6.2407-2408.1968. PMID 5669912.
- ↑ Copeland, J. J. (1936). "Yellowstone Thermal Myxophyceae". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 36 (1): 4–223. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1936.tb56976.x. Bibcode: 1936NYASA..36....4C.
- ↑ Lewin, R. A. (1970). "New Herpetosiphon species (Flexibacterales)". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 16 (6): 517–520. doi:10.1139/m70-087. PMID 5423287.
- ↑ Wu, Q.; Watts, J. E. M.; Sowers, K. R.; May, H. D. (2002). "Identification of a Bacterium That Specifically Catalyzes the Reductive Dechlorination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls with Doubly Flanked Chlorines". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68 (2): 807–812. doi:10.1128/AEM.68.2.807-812.2002. PMID 11823222.
- ↑ Pierson, B. K.; Giovannoni, S. J.; Stahl, D. A.; Castenholz, R. W. (1985). "Heliothrix oregonensis, gen. Nov., sp. Nov., a phototrophic filamentous gliding bacterium containing bacteriochlorophyll a". Archives of Microbiology 142 (2): 164–167. doi:10.1007/BF00447061. PMID 2412519.
- ↑ Hanada, S.; Takaichi, S.; Matsuura, K.; Nakamura, K. (2002). "Roseiflexus castenholzii gen. nov., sp. nov., a thermophilic, filamentous, photosynthetic bacterium that lacks chlorosomes". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52 (Pt 1): 187–193. doi:10.1099/00207713-52-1-187. PMID 11837302.
- ↑ Hanada, S.; Hiraishi, A.; Shimada, K.; Matsuura, K. (1995). "Chloroflexus aggregans sp. nov., a Filamentous Phototrophic Bacterium Which Forms Dense Cell Aggregates by Active Gliding Movement". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 45 (4): 676–681. doi:10.1099/00207713-45-4-676. PMID 7547286.
- ↑ Pierson, B. K.; Castenholz, R. W. (1974). "A phototrophic gliding filamentous bacterium of hot springs, Chloroflexus aurantiacus, gen. And sp. Nov". Archives of Microbiology 100 (1): 5–24. doi:10.1007/BF00446302. PMID 4374148.
- ↑ χλωρός. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
- ↑ Lewis & Short...
- ↑ κύανος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
Wikidata ☰ Q1289758 entry
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