Chemistry:Cinoxacin
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| AHFS/Drugs.com | Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information |
| MedlinePlus | a601013 |
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| Protein binding | 60 to 80% |
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| Formula | C12H10N2O5 |
| Molar mass | 262.221 g·mol−1 |
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Cinoxacin is a quinolone antibiotic that has been discontinued in the U.K. as well the United States, both as a branded drug or a generic. The marketing authorization of cinoxacin has been suspended throughout the EU.[1]
Cinoxacin was an older synthetic antimicrobial related to the quinolone class of antibiotics with activity similar to oxolinic acid and nalidixic acid. It was commonly used thirty years ago to treat urinary tract infections in adults. There are reports that cinoxacin had also been used to treat initial and recurrent urinary tract infections and bacterial prostatitis in dogs.[2] however this veterinary use was never approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In complicated UTI, the older gyrase-inhibitors such as cinoxacin are no longer indicated.[3]
History
Cinoxacin is one of the original quinolone drugs, which were introduced in the 1970s. Commonly referred to as the first generation quinolones. This first generation also included other quinolone drugs such as pipemidic acid, and oxolinic acid, but this first generation proved to be only marginal improvements over nalidixic acid. Cinoxacin is similar chemically (and in antimicrobial activity) to oxolinic acid and nalidixic acid. Relative to nalidixic acid, cinoxacin was found to have a slightly greater inhibitory and bactericidal activity. Cinoxacin was patented in 1972 and assigned to Eli Lilly.[4] Eli Lilly obtained approval from the FDA to market cinoxacin in the United States as Cinobac on June 13, 1980. Prior to this cinobac was marketed in the U.K. and Switzerland in 1979.
Oclassen Pharmaceuticals (Oclassen Dermatologics) commenced sales of Cinobac in the United States and Canada back in September 1992, under an agreement with Eli Lilly which granted Oclassen exclusive United States and Canadian distribution rights.[5] Oclassen promoted Cinobac primarily to urologists for the outpatient treatment of initial and recurrent urinary tract infections and prophylaxis. Oclassen Pharmaceuticals was a privately held pharmaceutical company founded in 1985 until acquired by Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc., in 1997. Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc., (also incorporated in 1985), having acquired Oclassen Pharmaceuticals (Oclassen Dermatologics) also acquired the marketing rights contained within the agreement with Eli Lilly to market Cinobac.[6]
Licensed uses
Urinary tract infections only
Availability
250 mg, capsules (prescription only)
Mode of action
Cinoxacin mode of action involves the inhibiting of DNA gyrase, a type II topoisomerase, and topoisomerase iv,[7] which is an enzyme necessary to separate replicated DNA, thereby inhibiting cell division.
Contraindications
Within the most recent package insert (c. 1999) Cinobac is listed as being contraindicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to cinoxacin or other quinolones.
Adverse reactions
The safety profile of cinoxacin appears to be rather unremarkable. Adverse drug reactions appear to be limited to the gastrointestinal system and the central nervous system.[8] Hypersensitivity resulting in an anaphylactic reactions (as seen with all drugs found within this class) has also been reported in association with cinoxacin.[9][10] Animal studies have shown that Cinoxacin is associated with renal damage. Such damage appears to be due to the physical trauma resulting from deposition of cinoxacin crystals in the urinary tract.[11] Such crystaluria has also been reported with other drugs in this class.[12] A review of the literature indicates that patients treated with cinoxacin reported fewer adverse drug reactions than those treated with nalidixic acid, furadantin, amoxicillin, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.[13]
Although phototoxicity and photoallergenicity is well demonstrated experimentally, phototoxicity does not appear to be an issue with cinoxacin[14] As a result of this safety profile the manufacturer, Eli Lilley states that "cinoxacin perhaps should be reserved only for those patients with organisms resistant to usual first-line agents or those who fail to respond to therapy with these agents."[15]
Overdose
Symptoms following an overdose of cinoxacin may include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, epigastric distress, and diarrhea. The severity of the epigastric distress and the diarrhea are dose related.[16] Patients who have ingested an overdose of cinoxacin should be kept well hydrated to prevent crystalluria. Forced diuresis, peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, or charcoal hemoperfusion have not been established as beneficial for an overdose of cinoxacin.[17]
Pharmacokinetics
Biotransformation is mainly hepatic, with approximately 30-40% metabolized to inactive metabolites. Protein Binding ranges from 60 to 80%. Cinoxacin is rapidly absorbed after oral administration. The presence of food delays absorption but does not affect total absorption. The mean serum half-life is 1.5 hours. Half-life in patients with impaired renal function may exceed 10 hours.[18]
Dosing
The usual adult dosage for the treatment of urinary tract infections is 1 gram daily, administered orally in two or four divided doses (500 mg b.i.d. or 250 mg q.i.d. respectively) for seven to 14 days.
Impaired renal function
When renal function is impaired, a reduced dosage must be employed.
Susceptible bacteria
Gram-negative aerobes:
- Enterobacter species
- Escherichia coli
- Klebsiella species
- Proteus mirabilis
- Proteus vulgaris
Enterococcus species, Pseudomonas species, and Staphylococcus species are resistant.
References
- ↑ "Disabling and potentially permanent side effects lead to suspension or restrictions of quinolone and fluoroquinolone antibiotics". 11 March 2019. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/referrals/quinolone-fluoroquinolone-containing-medicinal-products.
- ↑ Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary (3rd ed.). Elsevier. 2008.
- ↑ "[Antibiotic treatment of complicated urinary tract infections]" (in German). Zeitschrift für Ärztliche Fortbildung 89 (3): 279–286. June 1995. PMID 7668016.
- ↑ Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). Norwich, N.Y.: William Andrew Publishing. 2007. pp. 1031–1032. ISBN 978-0-8155-1856-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&q=Cinoxacin&pg=PA1031.
- ↑ "Form 10-K for the Period Ended December 31, 1996". Watson Pharmaceuticals Inc.. http://www.123jump.com/10K_Reports/WPI/1997/1997.htm.
- ↑ "10-K Annual Report - 12/31/1997". Watson Pharmaceuticals Inc.. http://www.getfilings.com/o0001016843-98-000129.html.
- ↑ "DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV, and the 4-quinolones". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 61 (3): 377–392. September 1997. doi:10.1128/mmbr.61.3.377-392.1997. PMID 9293187.
- ↑ "[A comparison of cinoxacin and nalidixic acid in the treatment of chronic urinary tract infections]" (in German). Infection 10 (4): 219–222. 1982. doi:10.1007/BF01666914. PMID 7129643.
- ↑ "Anaphylactic reaction to cinoxacin: report of one case associated with inferior acute myocardial infarction". European Annals of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 35 (2): 61–63. February 2003. PMID 12674041.
- ↑ "Anaphylactic reactions to cinoxacin". BMJ 297 (6661): 1434–1435. December 1988. doi:10.1136/bmj.297.6661.1434. PMID 3147004.
- ↑ "Effect of cinoxacin on cellular metabolism and p-aminohippurate transport in kidney cortical slices in terms of its nephrotoxic action". Toxicology Letters 15 (1): 49–56. January 1983. doi:10.1016/0378-4274(83)90168-6. PMID 6836589.
- ↑ "An unusual form of crystal-forming chronic interstitial nephritis following long-term exposure to tosufloxacin tosilate". American Journal of Kidney Diseases 44 (5): 902–907. November 2004. doi:10.1016/S0272-6386(04)01089-3. PMID 15492957.
- ↑ "Review of adverse reactions associated with cinoxacin and other drugs used to treat urinary tract infections". Urology 23 (1): 101–107. January 1984. doi:10.1016/0090-4295(84)90193-6. PMID 6362163.
- ↑ "Demonstration of quinolone phototoxicity in vitro". Dermatologica 181 (2): 98–103. 1990. doi:10.1159/000247894. PMID 2173670.
- ↑ "Cinoxacin (Cinobac, Eli Lilly & Co.)". Drug Intelligence & Clinical Pharmacy 16 (12): 916–921. December 1982. doi:10.1177/106002808201601203. PMID 6759090.
- ↑ "Cinoxacin". DrugBank. http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00827. "Synthetic antimicrobial related to oxolinic acid and nalidixic acid and used in urinary tract infections"
- ↑ Oclassen Pharmaceuticals, Inc.. "Cinobac Cinoxacin, USP". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2002/18067s29lbl.pdf.
- ↑ "Pharmacology of cinoxacin in humans". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 15 (2): 165–170. February 1979. doi:10.1128/AAC.15.2.165. PMID 426511.
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