Chemistry:Trimethoprim

From HandWiki
Short description: Antibiotic
Trimethoprim
Structural formula of trimethoprim
Ball-and-stick model of the trimethoprim molecule
Clinical data
Pronunciation/traɪˈmɛθəprɪm/
Trade namesProloprim, Monotrim, Triprim, others
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa684025
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B3
  • US: C (Risk not ruled out)
Routes of
administration		Oral
Drug classDiaminopyrimidines
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability90–100%
Protein binding44%
Metabolismhepatic
Elimination half-life8–12 hours
ExcretionUrine (50–60%), faeces (4%)
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
PDB ligand
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC14H18N4O3
Molar mass290.323 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  (verify)

Trimethoprim (TMP) is an antibiotic used mainly in the treatment of bladder infections.[1] Other uses include for middle ear infections and travelers' diarrhea.[1] With sulfamethoxazole or dapsone it may be used for Pneumocystis pneumonia in people with HIV/AIDS.[1][2] It is taken orally (swallowed by mouth).[1]

Common side effects include nausea, changes in taste, and rash.[1] Rarely it may result in blood problems such as not enough platelets or white blood cells.[1] Trimethoprim may cause sun sensitivity.[1] There is evidence of potential harm during pregnancy in some animals but not humans.[3] It works by blocking folate metabolism via dihydrofolate reductase in some bacteria, preventing creation of bacterial DNA and RNA and leading to bacterial cell death.[1]

Trimethoprim was first used in 1962.[4] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[5] It is available as a generic medication.[6]

Medical uses

It is primarily used in the treatment of urinary tract infections, although it may be used against any susceptible aerobic bacterial species.[7] It may also be used to treat and prevent Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia.[7] It is generally not recommended for the treatment of anaerobic infections such as Clostridium difficile colitis (the leading cause of antibiotic-induced diarrhea).[7] Trimethoprim has been used in trials to treat retinitis.[8]

Resistance to trimethoprim is increasing, but it is still a first line antibiotic in many countries.[9]

Spectrum of susceptibility

Cultures and susceptibility tests should be done to make sure bacteria are treated by trimethoprim.[10][11]

Side effects

Common

  • Nauseas
  • Change in taste
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Rashes
  • Sun sensitivity
  • Itchiness[12][13]

Rare

  • Can cause thrombocytopenia (low levels of platelets) by lowering folic acid levels; this may also cause megaloblastic anemia.[14]
  • Trimethoprim antagonizes the epithelial sodium channel in the distal tubule, thus acting like amiloride. This can cause increased potassium levels in the body (hyperkalemia).[15]
  • Can compete with creatinine for secretion into the renal tubule. This can cause an artificial rise in the serum creatinine.[16]
  • Use in EHEC infections may lead to an increase in expression of Shiga toxin.[17]

Contraindications

It may be involved in a reaction similar to disulfiram when alcohol is consumed after it is used, in particular when used in combination with sulfamethoxazole.[19][20]

Pregnancy

Based on the studies that show that trimethoprim crosses the placenta and can affect folate metabolism, there has been growing evidence of the risk of structural birth defects associated with trimethoprim, especially during the first trimester of pregnancy.[21]

The trophoblasts in the early fetus are sensitive to changes in the folate cycle. A recent study has found a doubling in the risk of miscarriage in women exposed to trimethoprim in the early pregnancy.[22]

Mechanism of action

Staphylococcus aureus DHFR in complex with NADPH and trimethoprim PDB entry 2W9G [23]

Trimethoprim binds to dihydrofolate reductase and inhibits the reduction of dihydrofolic acid (DHF) to tetrahydrofolic acid (THF).[24] THF is an essential precursor in the thymidine synthesis pathway and interference with this pathway inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis.[24] Trimethoprim's inhibitory activity for bacterial dihydrofolate reductase is sixty thousand times greater than for human dihydrofolate reductase.[25] Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, an enzyme involved further upstream in the same pathway.[24] Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole are commonly used in combination due to possible synergistic effects, and reduced development of resistance.[24] This benefit has been questioned.[26]

Tetrahydrofolate synthesis pathway

History

Trimethoprim was first used in 1962.[4] In 1972, it was used as a prophylactic treatment for urinary tract infections in Finland.[4]

Its name is derived from trimethyloxy-pyrimidine.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 "Trimethoprim". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. https://www.drugs.com/monograph/trimethoprim.html. 
  2. ↑ "Prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: Updated Guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institutes of Health, and HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America". Clinical Infectious Diseases 58 (9): 1308–1311. May 2014. doi:10.1093/cid/ciu094. PMID 24585567. 
  3. ↑ "Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database". Australian Government. 3 March 2014. http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole". Clinical Infectious Diseases 32 (11): 1608–1614. June 2001. doi:10.1086/320532. PMID 11340533. 
  5. ↑ World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2021. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02. 
  6. ↑ Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. 2015. p. 113. ISBN 9781284057560. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Australian Medicines Handbook (2013 ed.). Adelaide: The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust. 2013. ISBN 978-0-9805790-9-3. 
  8. ↑ "Antibiotics versus no treatment for toxoplasma retinochoroiditis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016 (5): CD002218. May 2016. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002218.pub2. PMID 27198629. 
  9. ↑ "Three-day courses of antibiotics for uncomplicated urinary tract infection | Guidance and guidelines | NICE". https://www.nice.org.uk/advice/ktt10/chapter/evidence-context. 
  10. ↑ "TRIMETHOPRIM- trimethoprim tablet". DailyMed. U.S. National Library of Medicine. http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=a4e9183f-d0eb-4ba7-9204-760b1fd62010. 
  11. ↑ "PRIMSOL- trimethoprim hydrochloride solution". DailyMed. U.S. National Library of Medicine. http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=a06ea7d8-a884-4b62-a87f-c36d824f2aa4. 
  12. ↑ "PROLOPRIM® (trimethoprim)100-mg and 200-mg Scored Tablets". DailyMed. U.S. National Library of Medicine. http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/archives/fdaDrugInfo.cfm?archiveid=3220. 
  13. ↑ American Hospital Formulary Service- Drug Information 2002.. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins. pp. 236. 
  14. ↑ MICROMEDEX Thomson Health Care. USPDI (2002). Drug Information for the Health Care Professional. 1 (22nd ed.). Greenwood Village, CO.: Thomson Health Care. p. 2849. 
  15. ↑ "Brief report: trimethoprim-induced hyperkalemia in a patient with AIDS". The New England Journal of Medicine 328 (10): 703–706. March 1993. doi:10.1056/NEJM199303113281006. PMID 8433730. 
  16. ↑ "Effects of moderate-dose versus high-dose trimethoprim on serum creatinine and creatinine clearance and adverse reactions". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 41 (11): 2466–2470. November 1997. doi:10.1128/AAC.41.11.2466. PMID 9371351. 
  17. ↑ "Toxin gene expression by shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli: the role of antibiotics and the bacterial SOS response". Emerging Infectious Diseases 6 (5): 458–465. 2000. doi:10.3201/eid0605.000503. PMID 10998375. 
  18. ↑ "PRIMSOL- trimethoprim hydrochloride solution". DailyMed. U.S. National Library of Medicine. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=a06ea7d8-a884-4b62-a87f-c36d824f2aa4. 
  19. ↑ "Disulfiram-like reaction associated with intravenous trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and metronidazole". Clinical Pharmacy 5 (12): 999–1000. December 1986. PMID 3492326. http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=8287529. 
  20. ↑ "Disulfiram-cotrimoxazole reaction". Pharmacotherapy 18 (4): 869–870. 1998. doi:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1998.tb03913.x. PMID 9692665. http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=2340043. 
  21. ↑ "Trimethoprim-sulfonamide combination therapy in early pregnancy". Canadian Family Physician 49: 1085–1086. September 2003. PMID 14526858. 
  22. ↑ "Trimethoprim use in early pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage: a register-based nationwide cohort study". Epidemiology and Infection 141 (8): 1749–1755. August 2013. doi:10.1017/S0950268812002178. PMID 23010291. 
  23. ↑ "Structural comparison of chromosomal and exogenous dihydrofolate reductase from Staphylococcus aureus in complex with the potent inhibitor trimethoprim". Proteins 76 (3): 706–717. August 2009. doi:10.1002/prot.22383. PMID 19280600. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 "Trimethoprim: a review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetics and therapeutic use in urinary tract infections". Drugs 23 (6): 405–430. June 1982. doi:10.2165/00003495-198223060-00001. PMID 7049657. 
  25. ↑ "Mechanism of action of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. II". The Journal of Infectious Diseases 128: Suppl: 437-Suppl: 441. November 1973. doi:10.1093/infdis/128.Supplement_3.S437. PMID 4585969. 
  26. ↑ "Reassessment of the rationale for the combinations of sulphonamides with diaminopyrimidines". Journal of Chemotherapy 5 (6): 465–469. December 1993. doi:10.1080/1120009X.1993.11741097. PMID 8195839. 

External links



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