Chemistry:Methyl isocyanate

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Methyl isocyanate
Methyl isocyanate
Methyl isocyanate
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
Isocyanatomethane
Other names
Methyl carbylamine
MIC
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChemSpider
UNII
Properties
C2H3NO
Molar mass 57.051 g/mol
Appearance Colorless liquid
Odor Sharp, pungent odor[1]
Density 0.9230 g/cm3 at 27 °C
Melting point −45 °C (−49 °F; 228 K)[2]
Boiling point 38.3–41 °C (100.9–105.8 °F; 311.4–314.1 K)[2]
10% (15°C)[1]
Vapor pressure 57.7 kPa
Structure
2.8 D
Thermochemistry
−92.0 kJ·mol−1[2]
-1.1275E+06 J/mol[3]
Hazards
GHS pictograms GHS06: Toxic GHS08: Health hazard GHS02: Flammable GHS05: Corrosive GHS07: Harmful
H225, H300, H311, H315, H317, H318, H330, H334, H335, H361d
P201, P202, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P280, P281, P284, P285, P301+310, P302+352, P303+361+353, P304+340, P304+341, P305+351+338, P308+313
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
Flammability code 3: Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Flash point between 23 and 38 °C (73 and 100 °F). E.g. gasolineHealth code 4: Very short exposure could cause death or major residual injury. E.g. VX gasReactivity code 3: Capable of detonation or explosive decomposition but requires a strong initiating source, must be heated under confinement before initiation, reacts explosively with water, or will detonate if severely shocked. E.g. hydrogen peroxideSpecial hazard W: Reacts with water in an unusual or dangerous manner. E.g. sodium, sulfuric acidNFPA 704 four-colored diamond
3
4
3
Flash point −7 °C (19 °F; 266 K)
534 °C (993 °F; 807 K)
Explosive limits 5.3–26%[2]
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
120 mg/kg (oral, mouse)
51.5 mg/kg (oral, rat)[4]
6.1 ppm (rat, 6 hr)
12.2 ppm (mouse, 6 hr)
5.4 ppm (guinea pig, 6 hr)
21 ppm (rat, 2 hr)[4]
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)
 TWA 0.02 ppm (0.05 mg/m3) [skin][1]
REL (Recommended)
 TWA 0.02 ppm (0.05 mg/m3) [skin][1]
IDLH (Immediate danger)
 3 ppm[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
 Methyl isothiocyanate
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☑Y verify (what is ☑Y☒N ?)
Infobox references

Methyl isocyanate (MIC) is an organic compound with the molecular formula CH3NCO. Synonyms are isocyanatomethane and methyl carbylamine. Methyl isocyanate is an intermediate chemical in the production of carbamate pesticides (such as carbaryl, carbofuran, methomyl, and aldicarb). It has also been used in the production of rubbers and adhesives. As an extremely toxic and irritating compound, it is very hazardous to human health. MIC was the principal toxicant involved in the Bhopal gas disaster, which eventually killed around 20,000 people in total as per official figures.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12] It is also a very potent lachrymatory agent.

Physical properties

Methyl isocyanate is a colorless, poisonous, lachrymatory (tearing agent), flammable liquid.[13] It is soluble in water to 6–10 parts per 100 parts, but it also reacts with water (see Reactions below).

Methyl Isocyanate has a refractive index of 1.363 with a wavelength of 589 nm at a temperature of 20 °C [14]

Manufacture

Methyl isocyanate is usually manufactured by the reaction of monomethylamine and phosgene. For large scale production, it is advantageous to combine these reactants at higher temperature in the gas phase. A mixture of methyl isocyanate and two moles of hydrogen chloride is formed, but N-methylcarbamoyl chloride (MCC) forms as the mixture is condensed, leaving one mole of hydrogen chloride as a gas.

MMA plus Phosgene diagram.svg

The methyl isocyanate is obtained by treating the MCC with a tertiary amine, such as N,N-dimethylaniline, or with pyridine[15] or by separating it by using distillation techniques.[16]

MCC to MIC & HCl.svg

Methyl isocyanate is also manufactured from N-methylformamide and air. In the latter process, it is immediately consumed in a closed-loop process to make methomyl.[17] Other manufacturing methods have been reported.[18][19]

Reactions

Methyl isocyanate reacts readily with many substances that contain N-H or O-H groups. With water, it forms 1,3-dimethylurea and carbon dioxide with the evolution of heat (1358.5 joules, or 325 calories, per gram of MIC): It is relatively slow to react at below 68 °F, but will increase its rate with elevated temperatures or in the presence of acid or base.[20]

MIC & water to DMU & TMB.png

At 25 °C, in excess water, half of the MIC is consumed in 9 min.;[21] if the heat is not efficiently removed from the reacting mixture, the rate of the reaction will increase and rapidly cause the MIC to boil. Such a reaction triggered the Bhopal disaster after a large amount of water was introduced to a MIC storage tank. The consequence of the out of control exothermic process was a runaway reaction and the direct release of 42 tons of MIC to the atmosphere.

If MIC is in excess, 1,3,5-trimethylbiuret is formed along with carbon dioxide.[13] Alcohols and phenols, which contain an O-H group, react slowly with MIC, but the reaction can be catalyzed by trialkylamines or dialkyltin dicarboxylate. Oximes, hydroxylamines, and enols also react with MIC to form methylcarbamates.[13] These reactions produce the products described below (Uses).

MIC plus 1-naphthol to carbaryl.svg

Ammonia, primary, and secondary amines rapidly react with MIC to form substituted ureas. Other N-H compounds, such as amides and ureas, react much more slowly with MIC.[22]

It also reacts with itself to form a trimer or higher molecular weight polymers. In the presence of catalysts, MIC reacts with itself to form a solid trimer, trimethyl isocyanurate, or a higher molecular weight polymer:

MIC to trimer.svg

Sodium methoxide, triethyl phosphine, ferric chloride and certain other metal compounds catalyze the formation of the MIC-trimer, while the high-molecular-weight polymer formation is catalyzed by certain trialkylamines. Since the formation of the MIC trimer is exothermic (1246 joules, or 298 calories, per gram of MIC), the reaction can lead to violent boiling of the MIC. The high-molecular-weight polymer hydrolyzes in hot water to form the trimethyl isocyanurate. Since catalytic metal salts can be formed from impurities in commercial grade MIC and steel, this product must not be stored in steel drums or tanks.[13]

Toxicity

Methyl isocyanate is extremely toxic. There is no known antidote. The threshold limit value set by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists is 0.02 ppm. MIC is toxic by inhalation, ingestion and contact in quantities as low as 0.4 ppm. Exposure symptoms include coughing, chest pain, dyspnea, asthma, irritation of the eyes, nose and throat, as well as skin damage. Higher levels of exposure, over 21 ppm, can result in pulmonary or lung edema, emphysema and hemorrhages, bronchial pneumonia and death. Although the odor of methyl isocyanate cannot be detected at 5 ppm by most people, its potent lachrymal properties provide an excellent warning of its presence (at a concentration of 2–4 parts per million (ppm) subjected to eyes are irritated, while at 21 ppm, subjects could not tolerate the presence of methyl isocyanate in air).[23]

Proper care must be taken to store methyl isocyanate because of its ease of exothermically polymerizing (see Reactions) and its similar sensitivity to water. Only stainless steel or glass containers may be safely used; the MIC must be stored at temperatures below 40 °C (104 °F) and preferably at 4 °C (39 °F).[citation needed]

The toxic effect of the compound was apparent in the 1984 Bhopal disaster, when around 42,000 kilograms (93,000 lb) of methyl isocyanate and other gases were released from the underground reservoirs of the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) factory, over a populated area on 3 December 1984, killing about 3,500 people immediately, 8,000 people in the first 48 hours and 15,000 more over the next several years. 200,000 people had lasting health effects from the disaster.[24][25]

During structural fires, natural materials can contribute to releasing isocyanates including methyl isocyanate.[26]

Mechanism of action

Until recent decades, the mechanism of methyl isocyanate toxicity in humans was largely unknown or unclear.[27][28] Methyl isocyanate and other isocyanates are electrophiles and are currently thought to cause toxicity by the alkylation of biomolecules.[29] The mechanism of methyl isocyanate was previously suspected to be the carbamylation of hemoglobin which would interfere with its oxygen binding capability causing hypoxia. However, experiments showed that when rats and guinea pigs were exposed to methyl isocyanate at concentrations above the median lethal concentration (LC50, the concentration sufficient to kill 50% of the tested population), only 2% of hemoglobin molecules were carbamylated, suggesting that this is probably not the mechanism of toxicity.[30][31]

Extraterrestrial occurrence

A photographic montage of methyl isocyanate around young Sun-like stars, as detected by the ALMA interferometer (northern Chile ).[32]

On 30 July 2015, scientists reported that upon the first touchdown of the Philae lander on comet 67/P's surface, measurements by the COSAC and Ptolemy instruments revealed sixteen organic compounds, four of which were seen for the first time on a comet, including acetamide, acetone, methyl isocyanate and propionaldehyde.[33][34][35]

In 2017, two teams of astronomers using the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) interferometer made of 66 radio telescopes in the Atacama Desert (northern Chile ) have discovered the presence of MIC around young Sun-like stars.[32]

MIC is considered a prebiotic molecule as explained by the discoverers of the ALMA findings in IRAS 16293-2422, a multiple system of very young stars: "This family of organic molecules is involved in the synthesis of peptides and amino acids, which, in the form of proteins, are the biological basis for life as we know it".[32]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0423". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0423.html. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Lide, David R., ed (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3. 
  3. ↑ Lemoult (1898). Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences 126: 43. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Methyl isocyanate". Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/624839.html. 
  5. ↑ "NFPA Hazard Rating Information for Common Chemicals". nmsu.edu. http://www.nmsu.edu/safety/programs/chem_safety/NFPA-ratingJ-R.htm. 
  6. ↑ Methyl Isocyanate. Union Carbide F-41443A – 7/76. Union Carbide Corporation, New York 1976
  7. ↑ Operating Manual Part II. Methyl Isocyanate Unit. Union Carbide India Limited, Agricultural Products Division, 1979
  8. ↑ "The Bhopal disaster and its aftermath: a review". Environmental Health 4 (1): 6. May 2005. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-4-6. PMID 15882472. Bibcode: 2005EnvHe...4....6B. 
  9. ↑ "Chemical Industry and Public Health — Bhopal as an example". MPH (Göteborg, Sweden: Nordic School of Public Health) 2001 (24). 2001. ISSN 1104-5701. http://www.lakareformiljon.org/images/stories/dokument/2009/bhopal_gas_disaster.pdf. 
  10. ↑ The Bhopal Saga - Causes and Consequences of the World's Largest Industrial Disaster. India: Universities Press. 2004. ISBN 81-7371-515-7. http://www.eckerman.nu/default.cfm?page=The%20Bhopal%20Saga. 
  11. ↑ "At 1984 - Huge Poison Gas Leak in Bhopal, India". About.com. http://history1900s.about.com/od/1980s/qt/bhopal.htm. 
  12. ↑ "Bhopal Gas Catastrophe 1984: Causes and Consequences". Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences. Elsevier. 2013. pp. 272–287. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.01903-5. ISBN 978-0-12-409548-9. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Union Carbide Corporation "Methyl Isocyanate" Product Information Publication, F-41443, November 1967.
  14. ↑ Kirilin, Aleksei; Belova, Liya; Pletneva, Maria (January–February 2017). "New aspects of isocyanate synthesis with the use of O-silylurethanes". Mendeleev Communications 27 (1): 99–100. doi:10.1016/j.mencom.2017.01.033. 
  15. ↑ Slocombe, R. J.; Hardy, E. E., "Process of Producing Carbamyl Chlorides", US patent 2480088, issued 1949-08-23, assigned to Monsanto
  16. ↑ Merz, W., "Procédé et dispositif de préparation d'isocyanates d'alkyle", FR patent 1400863, issued 1965-05-28, assigned to Bayer
  17. ↑ Chemical Week, "A fleeting existence for toxic-gas molecules" p. 9, 12 June 1985.
  18. ↑ Giesselmann, G.; Guenther, K.; Fuenten, W., "Verfahren zur Herstellung von Methyl Isocyanate", DE patent 2828259, issued 1980-01-10, assigned to Degussa
  19. ↑ "A safer method for making carbamates". Chemical Week 1985b (20): 136. 1985. 
  20. ↑ Manilla (2021). "Methyl isocyanate: Risk assessment, environmental, and health hazard". Hazardous Gases Risk Assessment on the Environment and Human Health: 251–261. 
  21. ↑ "The kinetics of hydrolysis of methyl and phenyl isocyanates". Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 2 1985 (5): 737–742. 1985. doi:10.1039/P29850000737. 
  22. ↑ Advanced Organic Chemistry (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. 1985. p. 802. 
  23. ↑ "Zur Toxizität von Methylisocyanat und dessen quantitativer Bestimmung in der Luft". Archiv für Toxikologie 20 (4): 235–241. 1964. doi:10.1007/bf00577897. 
  24. ↑ Varma, Daya; Mulay, Shree (2015). "Methyl Isocyanate: The Bhopal Gas". Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents: 287–299. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-800159-2.00022-1. 
  25. ↑ "Bhopal trial: Eight convicted over India gas disaster". BBC News. 7 June 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8725140.stm. 
  26. ↑ Dzhordzhio Naldzhiev, Matija Strlic; Polyurethane insulation and household products - A systematic review of their impact on indoor environmental quality, [Building and Environment https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/building-and-environment], 2020
  27. ↑ "Bhopal tragedy's health effects. A review of methyl isocyanate toxicity". JAMA 264 (21): 2781–7. December 1990. doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03450210081037. PMID 2232065. 
  28. ↑ "Epidemiological and experimental studies on the effects of methyl isocyanate on the course of pregnancy". Environmental Health Perspectives 72: 153–7. June 1987. doi:10.1289/ehp.8772153. PMID 3622430. 
  29. ↑ Bessac, B. F.; Jordt, S.-E. (2010-07-01). "Sensory Detection and Responses to Toxic Gases: Mechanisms, Health Effects, and Countermeasures". Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society 7 (4): 269–277. doi:10.1513/pats.201001-004sm. ISSN 1546-3222. PMID 20601631. 
  30. ↑ Varma, Daya R.; Guest, Ian (1993). "The Bhopal accident and methyl isocyanate toxicity" (in en). Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 40 (4): 513–529. doi:10.1080/15287399309531816. ISSN 0098-4108. PMID 8277516. Bibcode: 1993JTEH...40..513V. 
  31. ↑ Ramachandran, P.K.; Gandhe, B.R.; Venkateswaran, K.S.; Kaushik, M.P.; Vijayaraghavan, R.; Agarwal, G.S.; Gopalan, N.; Suryanarayana, M.V.S. et al. (1988). "Gas chromatographic studies of the carbamylation of haemoglobin by methyl isocyanate in rats and rabbits". Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications 426 (2): 239–247. doi:10.1016/s0378-4347(00)81952-0. ISSN 0378-4347. PMID 3392138. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 "ALMA Finds Ingredient of Life Around Infant Sun-like Stars". https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1718/. 
  33. ↑ "Philae probe finds evidence that comets can be cosmic labs". The Washington Post. Associated Press. 30 July 2015. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/philae-probe-finds-evidence-that-comets-can-be-cosmic-labs/2015/07/30/63a2fc0e-36e5-11e5-ab7b-6416d97c73c2_story.html. 
  34. ↑ "Science on the Surface of a Comet". European Space Agency. 30 July 2015. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Science_on_the_surface_of_a_comet. 
  35. ↑ "Philae's first look. Philae's First Days on the Comet. Introduction". Science 349 (6247): 493. July 2015. doi:10.1126/science.aac5116. PMID 26228139. Bibcode: 2015Sci...349..493B. 

External links



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