Astronomy:Timeline of Mars 2020

From HandWiki
Short description: Event timeline of the NASA Mars 2020 mission
Self-portrait of Mars 2020 containing Perseverance rover and Ingenuity helicopter located at the Ingenuity helicopter drop site (7 April 2021)
Perseverance rover on Mars (artist; 18 February 2021)

The Mars 2020 mission, consisting of the rover Perseverance and helicopter Ingenuity, was launched on July 30, 2020 and landed in Jezero crater on Mars on February 18, 2021.[1] As of July 13, 2024, Perseverance has been on the planet for Template:Perseverance Mission Timer sols (1241 total days; 3 years, 146 days). Ingenuity operated for 1042 sols (1071 total days; 1 year, 341 days) until its rotor blades, possibly all four, were damaged during the landing of flight 72 on January 18, 2024, causing NASA to retire the craft.[2][3]

Current weather data on Mars is being monitored by the Curiosity rover and the Insight lander.[4][5] The Perseverance rover is also collecting weather data. (See the External links section)

Overview of mission

Prelaunch (2012–2020)

  • 4 December 2012: Mars 2020 mission announced by NASA.
  • 8–10 February 2017: Workshop held to discuss eight proposed landing sites for the mission. The three sites chosen were Jezero crater, Northeastern Syrtis Major Planum, and Columbia Hills.
  • 30 July 2020: Atlas V rocket launched from Cape Canaveral.

Landing and initial tests (February–May 2021)

February 18: a new crater appears on Mars after impact of the 77-kg piece of tungsten thrown down during the EDL stage

After arriving on February 18th, Perseverance focused on validating its systems. During this phase, it used its science instruments for the first time,[6] generated oxygen on Mars with MOXIE,[7] and deployed Ingenuity. Ingenuity began the technology demonstration phase of its mission, completing five flights before transitioning to the operations demonstration phase of its mission.

  • 18 February 2021: Landing in Jezero crater on Mars.
  • 20 February 2021: Perseverance records the first audio from the surface of another planet.[8]
  • 4 March 2021: Perseverance rover's first test drive.
  • 5 March 2021: NASA named the Perseverance rover landing site "Octavia E. Butler Landing".[9]
  • 3 April 2021: Deployment of Ingenuity.
  • 8 April 2021: NASA reported the first MEDA weather report on Mars: for 3–4 April 2021, the high was "minus-7.6 degrees, and a low of minus-117.4 degrees ... [winds] gusting to ... 22 mph".[10]
  • 19 April 2021: First flight of Ingenuity.
  • 20 April 2021: MOXIE made 5.37 g of oxygen gas from carbon dioxide on its first test on Mars
  • 22 April 2021: Second flight test of Ingenuity[11]
  • 25 April 2021: Third flight test of Ingenuity.
  • 30 April 2021: Fourth flight test of Ingenuity.[12]
  • 7 May 2021: Fifth flight test of Ingenuity.[13] First one-way flight on Mars. Ingenuity's mission transitions from being a technology demonstration to being an operations demonstration.[14][15]
  • 22 May 2021: Sixth flight test of Ingenuity, first of the operations demonstration.[16] A glitch with the navigation system caused the helicopter to land 5 meters away from its intended landing site.[17]
Perseverance's first test drive (4 March 2021)
Rover's first wheel tracks
Rover's first test drive (animation-gif)
Rocket scour and tracks

Cratered floor campaign (June 2021-April 2022)

Perseverance rover - map of the first science campaign (yellow lines, below the landing site). The blue lines above the landing site correspond to the planned second campaign,[18] although the second campaign did not officially start until the arrival of the rover at Three Forks.

The Cratered Floor Campaign was the first science campaign.[19] It began on 1 June 2021, with the goal of exploring the Crater Floor Fractured Rough and Séítah geologic units. To avoid the sand dunes of the Séítah unit, Perseverance will mostly travel within the Crater Floor Fractured Rough geologic unit or along the boundary between the two units. The first of Perseverance's sample tubes are planned to be filled during this expedition.[18]

After collecting the samples, Perseverance will return to its landing site, before continuing to the delta for its second science campaign. At some point, it will store the filled sample tubes in a designated area for the upcoming NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return mission.[20] While Perseverance embarked on its first science campaign, Ingenuity continued to travel alongside the rover as part of its operations demonstration campaign.[14]

  • 1 June 2021: Perseverance begins its first science campaign.[18]
  • 8 June 2021: Seventh flight of Ingenuity.[21]
  • 21 June 2021: Eighth flight of Ingenuity. The "watchdog issue", a recurring issue which occasionally prevented Ingenuity from taking flight, is fixed.[22]
  • 5 July 2021: Ninth flight of Ingenuity. This flight is the first to explore areas only an aerial vehicle can, by taking a shortcut over the Séítah unit. The sandy ripples of the Séítah unit would prove too difficult for Perseverance to travel through directly.[23][24][25]
  • 7 July 2021: To test its sampling system, the rover ran one sample tube through inspection, sealing and storing and the attempt was successful. Up to this point, the rover has now used 1 of its 43 sample tubes.[26]
  • 24 July 2021: Tenth flight of Ingenuity.[27]
  • 4 August 2021: Eleventh flight of Ingenuity.[28]
  • 5-6 August 2021: Perseverance attempted to acquire its first sample from the ancient lakebed by drilling out "finger-size cores of Martian rock for return to Earth."[29][30][31] This attempt did not succeed, as the rock sampled was not sufficiently consolidated to produce an intact core and has turned to dust.[32] Up to this point, the rover has now used 2 of its 43 sample tubes.[33] Later on, the mission team confirmed that though soil samples were not cached, but in this process the rover cached the gas samples of the martian atmosphere in it, being the first gas samples cached by the rover.[34]
  • 16 August 2021: Twelfth flight of Ingenuity.[35]
  • 1 September 2021: A second sampling attempt on a rock, named "Rochette", was successful.[36][37]
  • 4 September 2021: Thirteenth flight of Ingenuity.[38]
  • 8 September 2021: A third sampling attempt, also on Rochette, was successful.[39]

File:SuperCams Microphone Records a Martian Dust Devil.webm

  • 27 September 2021: Perseverance records the first audio of a dust devil passing over the rover, along with air pressure data and imagery of the event.[40]
  • 1 to 14 October 2021: Mars Solar Conjunction.
  • 24 October 2021: Fourteenth flight of Ingenuity.
  • 6 November 2021: Fifteen flight of Ingenuity.[41]
  • 15 November 2021: A sample was taken from the Brac Outcrop in the South Séítah Unit.
  • 21 November 2021: Sixteenth flight of Ingenuity.[42][43]
  • 24 November 2021: Another sample was taken from the Brac Outcrop.
  • 5 December 2021: Seventeenth flight of Ingenuity. Full data from the flight was not received until later, as Ingenuity initially landed in an area which prevented communication with the rover.[44]
  • 15 December 2021: Eighteenth flight of Ingenuity.
  • 18 December 2021: A sample was taken from Issole in the South Séítah Unit.
  • 29 December 2021: Perseverance attempted to take another sample from Issole, but was unable to successfully cache it.
  • 31 January 2022: The failed sample attempt from Issole was abandoned, and a new, successful sample attempt was made on Issole.
  • 8 February 2022: Nineteenth flight of Ingenuity. It had been planned for earlier, but a dust storm in the area caused delays.
  • 25 February 2022: Twentieth flight of Ingenuity.
  • 7 March 2022: A sample was taken from Sid in the Séítah Unit.
  • 10 March 2022: Twenty-first flight of Ingenuity.
  • 13 March 2022: A second sample was taken from Sid in the Séítah Unit.
  • 20 March 2022: Twenty-second flight of Ingenuity.
  • 24 March 2022: Twenty-third flight of Ingenuity.
  • 28 March 2022: Perseverance enters rapid traverse mode, where it will remain for the rest of the science campaign.[45]
  • 3 April 2022: Twenty-fourth flight of Ingenuity.
  • 8 April 2022: Twenty-fifth flight of Ingenuity. This flight went faster than all previous flights, at a speed of 5.5 meters per second. It also travelled 704 meters, which was farther than all previous flights.[46]
  • 13 April 2022: Perseverance arrives at the Jezero Delta.[47]
Entry-descent-landing debris
Ingenuity photographed the spacecraft backshell and parachute (April 19).[48]
Perseverance photographed the spacecraft backshell and parachute (April 14).
Ingenuity photographed an apparent EDL debris (April 3).
Perseverance photographed a thermal blanket from the skycrane 2 km (1.2 mi) away from its crash site.

Delta front campaign (April 2022 - January 2023)

In blue, the planned traverse of Perseverance. The second science campaign began just before the background map transitions to black and white.

The Delta Front Campaign was the second science campaign of the Mars 2020 mission. Ingenuity continued to travel alongside the rover as part of its operations demonstration campaign. After Perseverance traversed to the top of the delta, it began the third science campaign - the Delta Top Campaign.[49]

  • 18 April 2022: Perseverance officially begins the Delta Front Campaign.[49]
  • 19 April 2022: Twenty-sixth flight of Ingenuity.[48]
  • 21 April 2022: Perseverance leaves rapid traverse mode.[50]
  • 23 April 2022: Twenty-seventh flight of Ingenuity.
  • 27 April 2022: NASA released images of the backshell that detached from the vehicle containing the Perseverance rover (and companion Ingenuity helicopter) during the landing phase on Mars in February 2021. The backshell and associated parachute were found about a mile from the landing site and images were taken by the companion helicopter during its 26th flight.[48]
  • 3 May 2022: NASA loses contact with Ingenuity due to it running out of power during the night.[51]
  • 5 May 2022: Contact with Ingenuity is regained. To avoid depleting the power, Ingenuity's heaters will not activate when battery temperature drops below -15 °Celsius. Ingenuity instead will turn off all electronics when the temperature drops below -40°.[52]
  • 7 July 2022: Perseverance takes the first sample of the Delta Front Campaign.[53]
  • 12 July 2022: Perseverance takes the second sample of the Delta Front Campaign.[53]
  • 16 July 2022: The second witness tube is created.[53]
  • 27 July 2022: Perseverance takes the third sample of the Delta Front Campaign.[53]
  • 3 August 2022: Perseverance takes the fourth sample of the Delta Front Campaign.[53]
  • 22 August 2022: MOXIE produced a peak of 10.44 g (0.368 oz) per hour of oxygen. This represented a new record for Martian oxygen production. The team surpassed the design goal of 6 g (0.21 oz) per hour by over 4.4 g (0.16 oz). The peak rate was held for 1 minute of the 70 minutes oxygen was produced during the run.
  • 2 October 2022: Perseverance takes the fifth sample of the Delta Front Campaign.[53]
  • 14 October 2022: The third witness tube is created.[53]
  • 5 November 2022: Perseverance at Yuri Pass in Jezero Crater.
  • 16 December 2022: Perseverance takes the sixth sample of the Delta Front Campaign.[53]
  • 23 November 2022: NASA reported that the Perseverance rover was now in an area within Jezero crater where life-friendly molecules were found in nearly every rock studied but, so far, no sign of an expected lake bed at this location.[54][55][56]
  • 29 November 2022: Perseverance takes the seventh sample of the Delta Front Campaign.[53]
  • 2 December 2022: Perseverance takes the eighth sample of the Delta Front Campaign.[53]
  • 7 December 2022: Perseverance takes the ninth and final sample of the Delta Front Campaign.[53]
  • 21 December 2022: Perseverance begins making the first sample depot.[57]
  • 29 January 2023: The first sample depot is completed.[58]

Upper fan campaign (January 2023 - September 2023)

The possible route for second science campaign

The Upper Fan Campaign, also called the Delta Top Campaign, is the third science campaign of the Mars 2020 mission. Whereas prior campaigns investigated areas that are believed to have been submerged in an ancient lake, this campaign will investigate one of the riverbeds that used to feed into the lake.[58][59]

  • 30 March 2023: Perseverance collects the first sample of the Upper Fan Campaign.[60]
  • 13 April 2023: Ingenuity completes its 50th flight.[61]
  • 23 June 2023: Perseverance collects the second sample of the Upper Fan Campaign.[53]
Perseverance navigates (AutoNav) a boulder field (28 June 2023)
Perseverance navigates (AutoNav) a boulder field (29 June 2023)
  • 22 July 2023: Ingenuity's 53rd flight. For the first time since its 6th flight, in May 2021, Ingenuity's flight contingency system was triggered, causing it to land out of range of the rover.[62]
  • 3 August 2023: Ingenuity's 54th flight, the first flight since it landed out of range of the rover.[62]
  • 30 August 2023: Whirlwind captured by Perseverance.
    Whirlwind in motion (Gif animation; 30 August 2023)
  • 6 September 2023: MOXIE completes its 16th, and final, oxygen generation test.[63]
  • 15 September 2023: Perseverance reaches the margin carbonate unit.[64] The third and final sample of the Upper Fan Campaign is taken.[53][65]

Margin campaign (September 2023 - present)

The Margin Campaign is the fourth, currently ongoing science campaign of the Mars 2020 mission. The campaign expected to last around 8 months, after which point Perseverance is expected to begin the Inner Rim Campaign.[66] The campaign gets its name from the geological unit it aims to explore - the margin carbonate unit. Rocks in this unit are capable of containing traces of life, and their formation is tied to the presence of liquid water.[67]

  • 15 September 2023: The Margin Campaign begins.[66]
  • 16 September 2023: Perseverance creates the "Amherst Point" abrasion batch at the Mandu Wall, beginning its first series of studies in the Margin Campaign.[66] Ingenuity sets a new height record of 20 meters, on its 59th flight.[68]
  • 25 September 2023: Perseverance makes its first sample of the Margin Campaign, at Pelican Point.[53] Ingenuity made its 60th flight, achieving a speed record of 8 meters per second.[69]
  • 5 October 2023: Ingenuity sets a new height record of 24 meters on its 61st flight.[68]
  • 12 October 2023: Ingenuity sets a new speed record of 10 meters per second on its 62nd flight.[68]
  • 1 November 2023: Perseverance arrives at the intersection of three geological units; the upper fan unit, margin unit, and curvilinear unit.[70]
  • 8 November 2023: Mars experiences solar conjunction, interfering with the ability to communicate with Perseverance and Ingenuity.[70]
  • 28 November 2023: Solar conjunction ends.[70]
  • 2 December 2023: Ingenuity completed 2 hours of flight in Martian atmosphere after its 67th flight.
  • 12 December 2023: Both of Mars 2020 spacecraft completed 1,000 sols on Mars since their landing day.
  • 25 January 2024: NASA announces the end of the Ingenuity mission. After flight 72, examination of images of shadows of the rotor blades taken by Ingenuity's navigation and horizon cameras showed that one or more of the blades, possibly all four, were damaged during the landing, which followed a temporary communications blackout with Perseverance.[71] NASA said the damage would prevent Ingenuity from flying again and retired the craft. The helicopter flew 72 times in a period spanning almost three years; final system tests and data gathering are expected to continue for several months.[2]

Samples cached for the Mars sample-return mission

Main page: Astronomy:NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return

In the frame of the NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return around 0.5 kilograms (1.1 lb) of soil samples along with some Martian gas samples from the atmosphere will be cached. Currently, samples are being cached by Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover on the surface of Mars. Out of 43 sample tubes, igneous rock sample tubes cached-8, sedimentary rock sample tubes cached-11,[72] gas sample tubes cached-1,[34] regolith sample tubes cached: 2, witness tubes cached-3,[26] tubes due to be cached-18. Before launch, 5 of the 43 tubes were designated "witness tubes" and filled with materials that would capture particulates in the ambient environment of Mars.[73]

Mars sample-return mission - Sampling Process
Context
MidView
CloseUp
Sample in drill
Sampling drill
Sample Tube 233
First Sample
Perseverance rover – cored rock smple collection at 1000 sols (12 December 2023)
Mapping Perseverance's samples collected to date (The 10 duplicate samples to be left behind at Three Forks Sample Depot are framed in green colour.)
Perseverance at Rochette rock (10 September 2021)
"Rochette" rock − successful borehole sampling of a second rock (1 September 2021)

Lua error in Module:Multiple_image at line 163: attempt to perform arithmetic on local 'totalwidth' (a nil value).

Location and Current Status

  • Overview map of the Perseverance rover
    (18 February 2021)
  • Close-up map of the Perseverance rover
    (18 February 2021)
  • Mars Perseverance rover – possible routes for exploration and study
  • Potential rover paths from the Enchanted Lake west to the rim of Jezero crater as of September 2022
  • Octavia E. Butler Landing In Jezero Crater
    (5 March 2021)[9]
  • Perseverance rover track and Ingenuity helicopter flight zone seen after rover had reached Van Zyl Overlook

  • Ingenuity helicopter flight path and Perseverance Traverse Path showing their current locations. Live link

  • The distance traveled over time of Perseverance and Ingenuity

  • 26035 Map-of-Ingenuitys-Ninth-Flight-Path

  • Perseverance enters Séítah on sol 201

  • Perseverance rover viewed from space
    (28 September 2021)

  • Flight Profile for Ingenuity's Flight 15

  • Dust storm on Mars - Jezero crater (white circle) (9 January 2022)

  • Location before 2021 solar conjunction
    (R210 rover/sol 210;
    H1631,H1742,H1933 are 1st,2nd,3rd sites of Ingenuity on Field H on sols 163,174,193)

  • Ingenuity helicopter at "Airfield Theta"
    (26 February 2023)

  • Perseverance (orange) and Ingenuity (green)
    (anim; 23 March 2023)

  • Perseverance rover – First 1000 Sols
    (12 December 2023)

  • 8 June 2023: Perseverance rover – Quadrant Themes - Gale Crater
    Mars Perseverance Rover - Quadrant Themes (8 June 2023)

Perseverance rover near ancient river delta

  • Route To Delta

  • Delta Front

  • Delta view
    (11 April 2022)

  • Drive to Delta
    (Gif; 9 April 2022)

  • Delta Sampling Locations

  • Skinner Ridge

  • Wildcat Ridge Sampling Location
    (4 August 2022)

  • Future Sample Dropoff Location
    (29 August 2022)

  • Future Drive Paths to crater rim

  • Yuri Pass - Sample Area
    (5 November 5, 2022)

Gallery

Mars – Perseverance rover – landing site panoramic view (18 February 2021)
Mars – Perseverance rover – EDL overview (18 February 2021)
Mars Helicopter Route Options out of 'Séítah' with EDL hardware

Self-portraits

File:PIA24669-MarsRover-SelfieProcess-animated-20210406.webm

Mars 2020 in Jezero crater on Mars — self-portraits
Octavia E. Butler Landing
(February 2021)
Wright Brothers Field
(April 2021)
Van Zyl[lower-alpha 1] (April 2021)
Ingenuity views Perseverance
(August 2021)
Rochette
(September 2021)
Three Forks
(January 2023)

Videos

  • Jezero Crater Formation by asteroid impact (animation)

  • Entry, descent, and landing (EDL) on Mars (animation)

  • Mars Perseverance rover - drive view
    (1 July 2021)

  • Mars Perseverance rover - 2-year drive
    (17 February 2023)

Images

Perseverance rover on Mars

  • First image received after landing (BW photo)

  • First color photo

  • Mastcam-Z Calibration target[74]

  • PIXL seen on Mars from the left Navcam

  • Perseverance's first study target

  • Rover test drive
    (7 March 2021)

  • SuperCam calibration target with Mars meteorite

  • SHERLOC calibration target

  • PIXL Calibration target

  • Artuby outcrop
    (17 June 2021)

  • Examining "paver rocks"
    (10 July 2021)

  • "CraterFloorFractRough"
    (8 July 2021)

  • "CraterFloorFractRough"
    (15 July 2021)

  • Jezero crater - Scarp A
    (17 April 2021)

  • Garde rock-SHERLOC
    (18 September 2021)

  • Garde rock-SHERLOC
    (18 September 2021)

  • Dourbes rock-WATSON
    (5 November 2021)

  • Dourbes rock-PIXL
    (5 November 2021)

  • Perseverance looks back at its tracks
    (17 March 2022)

  • Parachute found
    (6 April 2022)

  • Phobos Solar Eclipse
    (Gif; 20 April 2022)

  • Perseverance viewed by Ingenuity at Belva Crater (22 April 2023)

Ingenuity helicopter's flights on Mars

Flights on Mars – viewed by the Perseverance rover
Ingenuity's first flight
(19 April 2021)
Ingenuity's first flight after 30 secs flying
Ingenuity's second flight
(22 April 2021)
Ingenuity's third fight
(25 April 2021)
Ingenuity's fourth flight
(30 April 2021)
Ingenuity's successful fifth flight to "Airfield B"
(7 May 2021)[75]

Ingenuity helicopter on Mars

Images from Ingenuity helicopter[lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3]
Ingenuity's first color image after deployment
(4 April 2021)[lower-alpha 4]
Ingenuity on sol 45
Ingenuity's first image on first flight – altitude 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in)
Ingenuity landing from its first flight (19 April 2021)
First color aerial image taken – altitude 5.2 m (17 ft) (22 April 2021)
Ingenuity views rover (left-up) from 5.0 m (16.4 ft) (25 April 2021)
Rover from 5.0 m (16.4 ft) high
Ingenuity's shadow during third test flight (25 April 2021)
Ingenuity's fourth flight (30 April 2021)
Ingenuity finds new Airfield B on fourth flight (30 April 2021)
Ingenuity during anomaly survivor sixth flight on sol 91
Ingenuity's fifth flight from 10 m (33 ft) high (7 May 2021)
Ingenuity's sixth flight from 10 m (33 ft) high (22 May 2021)
Ingenuity flight six navcam imagery showing last 29 seconds in flight along with navigation anomaly
The Ingenuity helicopter views the Perseverance rover (left) about 85 m (279 ft) away from 5.0 m (16.4 ft) in the air (25 April 2021)

Ingenuity deployment and pre-flight operations on Mars

Mars Ingenuity helicopter tests
Wright Brothers Field flight zone and rover locations
Map of Wright Brothers Field
Rover view of the field
Flight zone activities
Rover track and Wright Brothers Field
Ingenuity helicopter deployment: out from under the Perseverance rover and pre-flight testing operations
Successful deployment on Mars
Ingenuity helicopter rotor blades unlocked for flying
Ingenuity on sol 48[lower-alpha 5]
Ingenuity gives its blades a slow-speed spin up test or 50 rpm test spin on sol 48
Ingenuity gives high-speed spin up test or 2400 rpm test spin on sol 55[lower-alpha 5]
Ingenuity base station on rover
Debris shield removed
Legs deployed

Landing

  • HiRISE image of Perseverance descent

  • HiRISE image (cropped) of descent

  • View up at descent stage from Perseverance.

  • View of landing from sky crane.

  • Dust plume from descent stage right after landing (B+W)

  • View of Perseverance from orbit shortly after landing (HiRISE)

Launch

  • AV-088, the Atlas V 541 rocket, at launch

Prelaunch

  • Artist's rendition of rover

  • Rover at NASA's Jet Propulsion Lab

  • Helicopter team with Ingenuity

  • Cruise stage connected to the back shell

  • Heat shield and back shell to protect the rover

  • Powered descent stage

  • Five critical components involved in landing the rover

Other images

  • Top of rover with "Family Portrait" (B+W)

  • "Family Portrait" decal close-up (with text labels added)[74]

  • Mars 2020 COVID-19 healthworkers plate

  • Rover DNA inscription

  • MOXIE first Martian oxygen production test on 20 April 2021, graph

  • The full-scale engineering model of Perseverance, OPTIMISM rover[lower-alpha 6]

  • Regolith sampling tested by OPTIMISM[lower-alpha 6]

  • Perseverance rover's sampling bits
    • The pointed one with two windows on left is Regolith drill
    • the two shorter ones on left are Abrasion tools
    • the rest in center are Rock drills

Wide images

Scarps Of Jezero Crater - viewed from space (7 October 2021)
Panorama from Perseverance viewing the South Séítah geologic unit (12 September 2021)
Perseverance viewing first drill site (enhanced color; 28 July 2021)
Perseverance views Santa Cruz Hill in Jezero Crater (29 April 2021)
The Ingenuity helicopter views the Perseverance rover (left) about 85 m (279 ft) away from 5.0 m (16.4 ft) in the air (25 April 2021)
Perseverance views Kodiak Hill (18 April 2021)
Panorama from Perseverance - scarps of Jezero Crater (17 April 2021)
Perseverance views "Delta Scarp" from over a mile away (17 March 2021)
Panorama of Perseverance views Santa Cruz (16 February 2022)
Panorama from Perseverance's landing site (21 February 2021)
Panorama from Perseverance's landing site (ultra-high-rez; 22 February 2021)
Perseverance views "Pinestand" in Jezero Crater (enhanced color; 26 February 2023)
Mars sunset viewed by the Perseverance rover (9 November 2021)

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Aerial image by the helicopter Ingenuity
  2. ↑ All images taken by Ingenuity are taken from black-and-white downward-facing navigation camera or horizon-facing terrain camera[76]
  3. ↑ Ingenuity legs are seen clearly on the corners of the each image
  4. ↑ Perseverance rover wheels are clearly seen in top corners
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Please see the difference between the image on high-speed spin up test and the one on sol 48, that is the image on sol 48 has the upper blade in diagonal position while the high-speed spin up test has lower blade in diagonal position
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 note the difference: the twin rover on Earth is powered by electric cables, while Perseverance on Mars is powered by MMRTG

References

  1. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (15 February 2022). "On Mars, a NASA Rover and Helicopter's Year of Surprise and Discovery - The past 12 months on Mars have been both "exciting" and "exhausting" for scientists and engineers minding Perseverance and Ingenuity. And the mission is only really getting started.". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/15/science/mars-nasa-perseverance.html. Retrieved 5 February 2022. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "After Three Years on Mars, NASA's Ingenuity Helicopter Mission Ends". https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/after-three-years-on-mars-nasas-ingenuity-helicopter-mission-ends. 
  3. ↑ (in en) NASA Science Live: Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Tribute & Legacy, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkZ6jkqPMEc, retrieved 2024-02-01 
  4. ↑ Dvorsky, George (February 20, 2019). "You Can Now Check the Weather on Mars Every Day". Gizmodo. https://gizmodo.com/you-can-now-check-the-weather-on-mars-every-day-1832752785. 
  5. ↑ Berger, Eric (February 20, 2019). "With the best air pressure sensor ever on Mars, scientists find a mystery". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/02/some-weird-things-are-happening-with-air-pressure-on-mars/. 
  6. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "Perseverance Rover's SuperCam Science Instrument Delivers First Results" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8885/perseverance-rovers-supercam-science-instrument-delivers-first-results. 
  7. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "NASA's Perseverance Mars Rover Extracts First Oxygen From Red Planet" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8926/nasas-perseverance-mars-rover-extracts-first-oxygen-from-red-planet. 
  8. ↑ "NASA's Perseverance Rover Microphone Captures Sounds from Mars". NASA. 2021-02-22. https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/25629/nasas-perseverance-rover-microphone-captures-sounds-from-mars/. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Staff (5 March 2021). "Welcome to 'Octavia E. Butler Landing'". NASA. https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/25701/welcome-to-octavia-e-butler-landing/. 
  10. ↑ Cappucci, Matthew (8 April 2021). "NASA receives first weather reports from Perseverance rover on Mars at Jezero Crater – The weather data is crucial as the first flight of Ingenuity draws near". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2021/04/08/nasa-perseverence-jezero-weather/. 
  11. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "We Are Prepping for Ingenuity's Third Flight Test" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/295/we-are-prepping-for-ingenuitys-third-flight-test/. 
  12. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "Ingenuity Completes Its Fourth Flight" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/297/ingenuity-completes-its-fourth-flight/. 
  13. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "NASA's Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Completes First One-Way Trip" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8942/nasas-ingenuity-mars-helicopter-completes-first-one-way-trip. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 mars.nasa.gov. "NASA's Ingenuity Helicopter to Begin New Demonstration Phase" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8936/nasas-ingenuity-helicopter-to-begin-new-demonstration-phase. 
  15. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "Why Ingenuity's Fifth Flight Will Be Different" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/299/why-ingenuitys-fifth-flight-will-be-different/. 
  16. ↑ NASA/JPL. "Plans Underway for Ingenuity's Sixth Flight" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/302/plans-underway-for-ingenuitys-sixth-flight/. 
  17. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "Surviving an In-Flight Anomaly: What Happened on Ingenuity's Sixth Flight" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/305/surviving-an-in-flight-anomaly-what-happened-on-ingenuitys-sixth-flight/. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 mars.nasa.gov. "NASA's Perseverance Rover Begins Its First Science Campaign on Mars" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/news/8963/nasas-perseverance-rover-begins-its-first-science-campaign-on-mars. 
  19. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "To Séítah and Back" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/status/351/to-seitah-and-back/. 
  20. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "Sample Handling" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/spacecraft/rover/sample-handling/. 
  21. ↑ June 2021, Mike Wall 09 (9 June 2021). "Mars helicopter Ingenuity aces 7th flight on the Red Planet" (in en). https://www.space.com/mars-helicopter-ingenuity-aces-seventh-flight. 
  22. ↑ Demo, Teddy Tzanetos, Operations Lead for Ingenuity Mars Helicopter-Ops. "Flight 8 Success, Software Updates, and Next Steps" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/308/flight-8-success-software-updates-and-next-steps/. 
  23. ↑ Laboratory, Håvard Grip, Chief Pilot & Bob Balaram, Chief Engineer for the Mars Helicopter Project at NASA's Jet Propulsion. "We're Going Big for Flight 9" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/313/were-going-big-for-flight-9/. 
  24. ↑ July 2021, Meghan Bartels 06 (6 July 2021). "NASA's Mars helicopter Ingenuity sails through 9th flight on the Red Planet" (in en). https://www.space.com/mars-helicopter-ingenuity-9th-flight-video. 
  25. ↑ Scientist, Håvard F. Grip, Ingenuity Chief Pilot, and Ken Williford, Perseverance Deputy Project. "Flight 9 Was a Nail-Biter, but Ingenuity Came Through With Flying Colors" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/314/flight-9-was-a-nail-biter-but-ingenuity-came-through-with-flying-colors/. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "Sample Caching Dry Run, 1st sample tube cached" (in en). https://twitter.com/nasapersevere/status/1413158800517783558. 
  27. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "Aerial Scouting of 'Raised Ridges' for Ingenuity's Flight 10" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/316/aerial-scouting-of-raised-ridges-for-ingenuitys-flight-10/. 
  28. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "North-By-Northwest for Ingenuity's 11th Flight" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/318/north-by-northwest-for-ingenuitys-11th-flight/. 
  29. ↑ Voosen, Paul (July 31, 2021). "Mars rover's sampling campaign begins". Science (AAAS) 373 (6554): 477. doi:10.1126/science.373.6554.477. PMID 34326215. Bibcode: 2021Sci...373..477V. https://www.science.org/content/article/nasa-s-perseverance-rover-drill-first-samples-martian-rock. Retrieved August 1, 2021. 
  30. ↑ Voosem, Paul (June 21, 2021). "NASA's Perseverance rover to drill first samples of martian rock". Science (AAAS). https://www.science.org/content/article/nasa-s-perseverance-rover-drill-first-samples-martian-rock. Retrieved August 1, 2021. 
  31. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "On the Eve of Perseverance's First Sample" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/status/319/on-the-eve-of-perseverances-first-sample/. 
  32. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "Assessing Perseverance's First Sample Attempt" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/status/320/assessing-perseverances-first-sample-attempt/. 
  33. ↑ "NASA's first Mars sample appears to have crumbled to bits" (in en). 2021-08-11. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/mystery-swirls-around-nasa-perseverance-rovers-failed-sample-attempt. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 mars.nasa.gov. "NASA's Perseverance Plans Next Sample Attempt" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/news/9022/nasas-perseverance-plans-next-sample-attempt. 
  35. ↑ Teddy Tzanetos (August 15, 2021). "Better By the Dozen – Ingenuity Takes on Flight 12" (in en). Status #321. NASA/JPL. https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/321. 
  36. ↑ Fox, Karen; Johnson, Alana; Agle, AG (2 September 2021). "NASA's Perseverance Rover Successfully Cores Its First Rock". NASA. https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-perseverance-rover-successfully-cores-its-first-rock. Retrieved 3 September 2021. 
  37. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (3 September 2021). "On Mars, NASA's Perseverance Rover Drilled the Rocks It Came For - After an earlier drilling attempt failed to collect anything, the rover appeared to gather its first sample. But mission managers need to take another look before sealing the tube.". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/02/science/mars-rover-rocks.html. Retrieved 3 September 2021. 
  38. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "Lucky 13 – Ingenuity to Get Lower for More Detailed Images During Next Flight" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/329/lucky-13-ingenuity-to-get-lower-for-more-detailed-images-during-next-flight/. 
  39. ↑ "Today was a good day. The @NASAPersevere rover successfully acquired its second sample of the Red Planet" (in en). https://twitter.com/nasajpl/status/1435772707254063109. 
  40. ↑ "NASA's Perseverance Records a Martian Dust Devil". NASA. 2022-12-13. https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/27177/nasas-perseverance-records-a-martian-dust-devil/. 
  41. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "Flight #15 - Start of the Return Journey" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/343/flight-15-start-of-the-return-journey/. 
  42. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "Flight 16 – Short Hop to the North" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/346/flight-16-short-hop-to-the-north/. 
  43. ↑ "Mars helicopter Ingenuity soars on 16th Red Planet flight" (in en). 2021-11-23. https://www.space.com/mars-helicopter-ingenuity-16th-flight. 
  44. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "Flight 17 – Discovering Limits" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/350/flight-17-discovering-limits/. 
  45. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "Sample Tally for the Crater Floor Campaign" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/status/371/sample-tally-for-the-crater-floor-campaign/. 
  46. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "Mars Helicopter" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/. 
  47. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "NASA's Perseverance Rover Arrives at Delta for New Science Campaign" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/news/9170/nasas-perseverance-rover-arrives-at-delta-for-new-science-campaign. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 Chang, Kenneth (27 April 2022). "NASA Sees 'Otherworldly' Wreckage on Mars With Ingenuity Helicopter - The debris was part of the equipment that helped the Perseverance mission safely land on the red planet in 2021.". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/27/science/nasa-mars-wreckage-photo.html. Retrieved 28 April 2022. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 mars.nasa.gov. "Campaign #2: The Delta Front" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/status/377/campaign-2-the-delta-front/. 
  50. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "We've Arrived! Perseverance Starts the Delta Front Campaign" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/status/376/weve-arrived-perseverance-starts-the-delta-front-campaign/. 
  51. ↑ Berger, Eric (2022-05-09). "After losing contact with its helicopter, NASA put the entire Mars mission on hold" (in en-us). https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/05/after-an-amazing-run-on-mars-nasas-helicopter-faces-a-long-dark-winter/. 
  52. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "NASA's Ingenuity in Contact With Perseverance Rover After Communications Dropout" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/status/379/nasas-ingenuity-in-contact-with-perseverance-rover-after-communications-dropout/. 
  53. ↑ 53.00 53.01 53.02 53.03 53.04 53.05 53.06 53.07 53.08 53.09 53.10 53.11 53.12 53.13 mars.nasa.gov. "Perseverance Rover Mars Rock Samples" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/mars-rock-samples. 
  54. ↑ Achenbach, Joel (23 November 2022). "Mars rover digs up intriguing clues in the hunt for life beyond Earth - The Perseverance mission has collected samples that hold life-friendly molecules 'in pretty much every rock'". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/11/23/mars-rover-rock-samples/. Retrieved 23 November 2022. 
  55. ↑ Scheller, Eva L. (23 November 2022). "Aqueous alteration processes in Jezero crater, Mars−implications for organic geochemistry". Science. doi:10.1126/science.abo520. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo5204. Retrieved 24 November 2022. 
  56. ↑ Timmer, John (23 November 2022). "No sign of the expected lake bed where Perseverance rover landed - Minerals that normally get altered in watery environments are still present.". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/11/remarkably-little-evidence-of-water-where-perseverance-rover-landed/. Retrieved 24 November 2022. 
  57. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "NASA's Perseverance Rover Deposits First Sample on Mars Surface" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/news/9323/nasas-perseverance-rover-deposits-first-sample-on-mars-surface. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 "NASA's Perseverance Rover Completes Mars Sample Depot" (in EN). https://www.asdnews.com/news/aerospace/2023/01/31/nasas-perseverance-rover-completes-mars-sample-depot. 
  59. ↑ "Perseverance rover's Mars samples will give scientists chance to study Red Planet back on Earth" (in en). https://www.skyatnightmagazine.com/space-science/perseverance-rover-mars-sample-return/. 
  60. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "NASA's Perseverance Collects First Mars Sample of New Science Campaign" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/news/9373/nasas-perseverance-collects-first-mars-sample-of-new-science-campaign. 
  61. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "NASA's Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Completes 50th Flight" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/news/9381/nasas-ingenuity-mars-helicopter-completes-50th-flight. 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 mars.nasa.gov. "NASA's Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Flies Again After Unscheduled Landing" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/news/9457/nasas-ingenuity-mars-helicopter-flies-again-after-unscheduled-landing. 
  63. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "NASA's Oxygen-Generating Experiment MOXIE Completes Mars Mission" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/news/9474/nasas-oxygen-generating-experiment-moxie-completes-mars-mission. 
  64. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "New Milestones Despite Tricky Boulders - NASA" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/status/481/new-milestones-despite-tricky-boulders/. 
  65. ↑ "https://twitter.com/NASAPersevere/status/1702812505867993395" (in en). https://twitter.com/NASAPersevere/status/1702812505867993395. 
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 mars.nasa.gov. "Within the Margin - NASA" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/status/482/within-the-margin/. 
  67. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "Reading the Rocks: The Importance of the Margin Carbonate Unit on Mars - NASA" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/status/478/reading-the-rocks-the-importance-of-the-margin-carbonate-unit-on-mars/. 
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 mars.nasa.gov. "Mars Helicopter - NASA - Flight Log" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/technology/helicopter/. 
  69. ↑ Panasovskyi, Maksim. "NASA's unmanned Ingenuity helicopter set a new speed record during its 60th flight over the surface of Mars" (in en). https://gagadget.com/en/space/325601-nasas-unmanned-ingenuity-helicopter-set-a-new-speed-record-during-its-60th-flight-over-the-surface-of-mars/. 
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  71. ↑ (in en) NASA Science Live: Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Tribute & Legacy, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkZ6jkqPMEc, retrieved 2024-02-01 
  72. ↑ "3rd soil sample tube cached" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/multimedia/raw-images/CCF_0262_0690228858_395ECM_N0080000CACH00200_01_295J. 
  73. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "Perseverance Sample Tube 266" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/resources/26218/perseverance-sample-tube-266. 
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 Staff (7 March 2021). "Messages on Mars Perseverance Rover". NASA. https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/spacecraft/rover/markings/. 
  75. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (7 May 2021). "NASA Mars Helicopter Makes One-Way Flight to New Mission - Ingenuity has flown almost flawlessly through the red planet's thin air and will now assist the science mission of the Perseverance rover.". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/07/science/mars-helicopter-nasa-ingenuity.html. 
  76. ↑ "Raw Images From Ingenuity Helicopter". 30 April 2021. https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/multimedia/raw-images/?af=HELI_NAV,HELI_RTE#raw-images. 

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