Chemistry:Ceritinib

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Short description: ALK inhibitor for treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer
Ceritinib
Ceritinib structure.svg
Clinical data
Pronunciation/səˈrɪtɪnɪb/ sə-RIT-i-nib
Trade namesZykadia, others
Other namesLDK378
AHFS/Drugs.comMultum Consumer Information
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • US: D (Evidence of risk)
Routes of
administration		By mouth (capsules)
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
BioavailabilityNot determined
Protein binding97%
MetabolismCYP3A
Elimination half-life41 hours
ExcretionFeces (92.3%), urine (1.3%)[2]
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
PDB ligand
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC28H36ClN5O3S
Molar mass558.14 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)

Ceritinib (INN,[3] trade name Zykadia /zaɪˈkeɪdiːə/ zy-KAY-dee-ə) is a prescription-only drug used for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).[4] It was developed by Novartis and received FDA approval for use in April 2014.[4].Ceritinib is also sold under the brand name Spexib in few countries by Novartis.

Medical uses

Ceritinib is an anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor primarily used for the treatment of ALK positive metastatic NSCLC.[5][6] Previously, it was only indicated for patients who had developed resistant to crizotinib, another ALK inhibitor, but has since had its usage expanded to serve as a primary option for metastatic NSCLC.[7]

Adverse effects

Serious adverse effects include gastrointestinal toxicity, hepatotoxicity, interstitial lung disease, prolonged QT syndrome, hyperglycemia, bradycardia, and pancreatitis.[8]

The most commonly reported side effects were diarrhea, nausea, elevated liver enzymes, vomiting, abdominal pain, fatigue, decreased appetite, and constipation.[5] Due to the risk of elevated liver enzymes, it is recommended that liver function tests be performed every two weeks for the first 9 weeks of treatment.[9]

Interactions

Ceritinib is both a substrate and potent inhibitor of the enzyme CYP3A4, so medications that have affinity for this enzyme may interact with ceritinib.

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action

Ceritinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that selectively and potently inhibits anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). In normal physiology, ALK functions as a key step in the development and function of nervous system tissue. However, chromosomal translocation and fusion give rise to an oncogenic form of ALK that has been implicated in progression of NSCLC. Ceritinib thus acts to inhibit this mutated enzyme and stop cell proliferation, ultimately halting cancer progression.[10] Because ceritinib is considered a targeted cancer therapy, an FDA-approved test is required to determine which patients are candidates for ceritinib. This test, developed by Roche, is the VENTANA ALK (D5F3) CDx Assay and is used to identify ALK-positive NSCLC patients who would benefit from ceritinib treatment.[11]

Research and development

Researchers first identified the ALK fusion gene in 1994. Several years later, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, began working towards development of targeted ALK inhibitors. In April 2014, the FDA granted accelerated approval for ceritinib when used for ALK-positive NSCLC patients who have progressed on or are intolerant to crizotinib (Xalkori, Pfizer, Inc.). This rapid approval was determined from a multi-center clinical trial in which 163 patients who had disease progression or were intolerant to crizotinib received oral ceritinib 750 mg once daily. This trial demonstrated an objective response rate (ORR) of 44% and a median duration of response (DOR) of 7.1 months, both of which were favorable compared to the worsening or failed use of crizotinib.[12]

In February 2017, the FDA accepted a supplement New Drug Application for ceritinib and granted Priority Review for expanded use of ceritinib. Specifically, it became a first-line therapy option for metastatic NSCLC with ALK-positive tumors. Additionally, the FDA also gave Breakthrough Therapy designation to the drug for ALK-positive metastatic NSCLC that has metastasized to the brain.[13] This new designation resulted from the ASCEND-4 clinical trial, which was a randomized, phase III study that compared the use of ceritinib to standard-of-care platinum-based chemotherapy treatments. Median progression-free survival was 16.6 months for ceritinib (n=189) versus 8.1 months in the chemotherapy-treated patients (n=187).[14]

There are currently no generic options available for ceritinib.[when?]

Commercialization

Zykadia is manufactured by Novartis.[15] Created in 1996 from a merger between Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz, Novartis is a global corporation based out of Basel, Switzerland.[16] Over 155 countries worldwide have Novartis products available for use.[17] Financial data from 2016 reveals net sales of $48.5 billion for the Swiss company.[17]

Novartis divides its shares into two major market exchanges: the ordinary shares (NOVN SW) trade in the Six Swiss Exchange while the American Depositary Receipts (NVS US) trade in the New York Stock Exchange.[18] Nominees, fiduciaries, and ADR depositary make up the bulk of registered shareholders of Novartis stock while individual shareholders make up the lowest percentage.[19]

Originally launched in 2014, Zykadia sales for Fiscal Year 2016 reached $91 million.[20] While this is substantially less than several of their other pharmaceuticals, the new indication introduced in 2017 should result in increased sales of the drug. GlobalData predicts ceritinib sales to exceed $127million by 2025, while sustaining a compounded annual growth rate of 10.7%.[21]

Intellectual property

Novartis currently owns twelve patents on Zykadia.[22] The patents relate to different structures[clarification needed] of the chemical compound as well as methodologies for manufacturing the drug. For example, one patent examines the structure of pyrimidines and their use in treatment of neoplastic diseases.[23] Others examine the composition of protein kinase inhibitors.[24] The most recent patents are specific the methodologies of using ALK inhibitors.[25]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Prescription medicines: registration of new chemical entities in Australia, 2016". 21 June 2022. https://www.tga.gov.au/prescription-medicines-registration-new-chemical-entities-australia-2016. 
  2. ↑ "Zykadia (ceritinib) Capsules, for Oral Use. Full Prescribing Information". Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation. https://www.pharma.us.novartis.com/sites/www.pharma.us.novartis.com/files/zykadia.pdf. 
  3. ↑ "International Nonproprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Substances (INN). Recommended International Nonproprietary Names: List 71". World Health Organization. 2014. p. 79. https://www.who.int/medicines/publications/druginformation/RL71.pdf. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "FDA Approves Ceritinib for ALK-Positive Lung Cancer". Medscape. April 29, 2014. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/824305. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Prescribing data". https://www.pharma.us.novartis.com/sites/www.pharma.us.novartis.com/files/zykadia.pdf. 
  6. ↑ "Ceritinib: a Review in ALK-Positive Advanced NSCLC". Targeted Oncology 11 (5): 693–700. October 2016. doi:10.1007/s11523-016-0460-7. PMID 27699584. 
  7. ↑ "FDA Expands Ceritinib Approval for Lung Cancer". 27 June 2017. https://www.cancer.gov/news-events/cancer-currents-blog/2017/fda-ceritinib-nsclc. 
  8. ↑ "Ceritinib: A primer for pharmacists". Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice 23 (8): 602–614. December 2017. doi:10.1177/1078155216672315. PMID 27738095. 
  9. ↑ "Anapestic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion oncogene positive non-small cell lung cancer". Wolters Kluwer. 3 April 2023. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anaplastic-lymphoma-kinase-alk-fusion-oncogene-positive-non-small-cell-lung-cancer#H1224312810. 
  10. ↑ "Analplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion oncogene positive non-small cell lung cancer". Wolters Kluwer. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/anaplastic-lymphoma-kinase-alk-fusion-oncogene-positive-non-small-cell-lung-cancer. 
  11. ↑ "Roche announces FDA approval of companion diagnostic to identify ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer patients". https://diagnostics.roche.com/global/en/news-listing/2017/roche-announces-fda-approval-of-companion-diagnostic-to-identify.html. 
  12. ↑ "FDA approval: ceritinib for the treatment of metastatic anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive non-small cell lung cancer". Clinical Cancer Research 21 (11): 2436–2439. June 2015. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-3157. PMID 25754348. 
  13. ↑ "Novartis drug Zykadia receives FDA Priority Review for first-line use in patients with ALK+ metastatic NSCLC". https://www.novartis.com/news/media-releases/novartis-drug-zykadia-receives-fda-priority-review-first-line-use-patients-alk. 
  14. ↑ "First-line ceritinib versus platinum-based chemotherapy in advanced ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer (ASCEND-4): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 study". Lancet 389 (10072): 917–929. March 2017. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30123-x. PMID 28126333. 
  15. ↑ "Brochure". https://www.us.zykadia.com/globalassets/products2.com/zykadia/pdf/crt-1132590-zykadia-branded-brochure.pdf. 
  16. ↑ "Novartis Company History". https://www.novartis.com/about-us/who-we-are/novartis-company-history. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Novartis Annual Reporting Suite". https://www.novartis.com/investors/novartis-annual-reporting-suite. 
  18. ↑ "Share Overview". https://www.novartis.com/investors/share-data-analysis/share-overview. 
  19. ↑ "Share Ownership". https://www.novartis.com/investors/share-data-analysis/share-ownership. 
  20. ↑ "Interim financial report". 2017. https://www.novartis.com/sites/www.novartis.com/files/2017-01-interim-financial-report-en.pdf. 
  21. ↑ "NSCLC MARKET – Global Drug Forecast & Market Analysis to 2025". Drug Development & Delivery (November–December 2016). https://drug-dev.com/nsclc-market-global-drug-forecast-market-analysis-to-2025/. 
  22. ↑ "Zykadia - Patents - Expiry - Expiration - Dates". https://www.pharmacompass.com/patent-expiry-expiration/zykadia. 
  23. ↑ "US Patent No.: 7964592". https://www.lens.org/images/patent/US/7964592/B2/US_7964592_B2.pdf. 
  24. ↑ "US No.: 8399450". https://www.lens.org/lens/patent/US_8399450_B2. 
  25. ↑ "US No.: 8703787". https://www.lens.org/lens/patent/US_8703787_B2. 

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