Chemistry:Nilotinib

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Short description: Chemical compound
Nilotinib
Nilotinib2DACS.svg
Nilotinib3Dan.gif
Clinical data
Trade namesTasigna, others
Other namesAMN107
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa608002
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: D
Routes of
administration		By mouth
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability30%[1]
Protein binding98%[1]
MetabolismLiver (mostly CYP3A4-mediated)[1]
Elimination half-life15-17 hours[1]
ExcretionFaeces (93%)[1]
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
PDB ligand
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC28H22F3N7O
Molar mass529.527 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
 ☒N☑Y (what is this?)  (verify)

Nilotinib, sold under the brand name Tasigna marketed worldwide by Novartis, is a medication used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) which has the Philadelphia chromosome.[2] It may be used both in initial cases of chronic phase CML as well as in accelerated and chronic phase CML that has not responded to imatinib.[2][3] It is taken by mouth.[3]

Common side effects may include low platelets, low white blood cells, anemia, rashes, vomiting, diarrhea, and joint pains.[3] Other serious side effects may include QT prolongation, sudden death, pancreatitis, and liver problems.[3] It is not safe for use during pregnancy.[3] Nilotinib is a Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor and works by interfering with signalling within the cancer cell.[3]

Nilotinib was approved for medical use in the United States in 2007.[3] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[4]

Medical uses

Nilotinib is used to treat Philadelphia chromosome (Ph+)-positive chronic myelogenous leukaemia.[1]

Adverse effects

Nilotinib has a number of adverse effects including headache, fatigue, gastrointestinal problems such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and constipation, muscle and joint pain, rash and other skin conditions, flu-like symptoms, and reduced blood cell count. Less typical side effects are those of the cardiovascular system, such as high blood pressure, various types of arrhythmia, and prolonged QT interval. Nilotinib can also affect the body's electrolyte and glucose balance.[5] Though lung-related adverse effects are rare when compared with imatinib and dasatinib, there is a case report of acute respiratory failure from diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in a people taking nilotinib.[6]

Nilotinib carries a black box warning in the United States for possible heart complications.[7][8] Contraindications include long QT syndrome, hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia, pregnancy, planned pregnancy, lactation and galactose/lactose intolerance.[1][9]

Cautions include:[1]

  • Myelosuppression
  • Tumour lysis syndrome
  • Liver impairment
  • History of pancreatitis
  • Check serum lipase periodically in order to detect pancreatitis
  • Total gastrectomy
  • Avoid pregnancy or impregnating women


Dose reduction has been recommended in people with liver problems which involves recommendation of lower starting dose and monitoring of any hepatic function abnormalities.[10]

Hepatitis B virus reactivation may also occur.[11]

Interactions

Nilotinib has been reported as a substrate for OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. Interaction of nilotinib with OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 may alter its hepatic disposition and can lead to transporter mediated drug-drug interactions.[10] Nilotinib is an inhibitor of OATP-1B1 transporter but not for OATP-1B3.[12]

It is a substrate for CYP3A4 and hence grapefruit juice and other CYP3A4 inhibitors[13] will increase its action and inducers like St. John's wort[14] will decrease it. Patients report that pomegranates and starfruit may also interfere.

Food should not be eaten two hours before or one hour afterwards because it unpredictably increases its bioavailability, approximately doubling it.

Pharmacology

Crystal structure of Abl kinase domain (blue) in complex with nilotinib (red)

Nilotinib inhibits the kinases BCR-ABL,[15] KIT, LCK, EPHA3, EPHA8, DDR1, DDR2, PDGFRB, MAPK11 and ZAK.[16]

Structurally related to imatinib,[17] It is 10–30 fold more potent than imatinib in inhibiting Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase activity and proliferation of Bcr-Abl expressing cells.[17][18][19][20]

History

Nilotinib was developed by Novartis.[3] It was developed based on the structure of the Abl-imatinib complex to address imatinib intolerance and resistance.[21][18][19]

It was approved for medical use by the FDA in October 2007,[5] EMA in September 2009,[22] MHRA in November 2007,[23] and TGA in January 2008.[9]

Research

Parkinson's disease

There is weak evidence that nilotinib may be beneficial with Parkinson's disease (PD), with a small clinical trial suggesting it might halt progression and improve symptoms.[24] However, there were significant side effects including infection, liver function tests abnormalities, hallucinations and heart attack, and the benefit in PD disappeared at follow up after drug discontinuation, raising question as to whether it was truly a disease modifying therapy. Nilotinib is currently undergoing phase II studies for treatment of Parkinson's.[25] Scientists and medical professionals have advised caution with over-optimistic interpretation of its effects in Parkinson's due to the significant media hype surrounding the small and early clinical trial.[26][27] Dystonia and cognitive impairment have also been reported as side effects.[28]

Other

Novartis announced on April 11, 2011, that it was discontinuing a phase III trial of nilotinib as the first-line treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) based on the recommendation of an independent data monitoring committee. Interim results showed Tasigna is unlikely to demonstrate superiority compared to Novartis's Gleevec (imatinib)*, the current standard of care in this setting.[29]

Low dose nilotinib is also being investigated for use in Alzheimer's disease, as well as for ALS, dementia and Huntington's disease.[30]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 "Tasigna (nilotinib) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". Medscape Reference. WebMD. http://reference.medscape.com/drug/tasigna-nilotinib-342198#showall. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Nilotinib" (in en). 1 February 2008. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/nilotinib. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 "Nilotinib Monograph for Professionals" (in en). https://www.drugs.com/monograph/nilotinib.html. 
  4. ↑ World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2019. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Complete Nilotinib information from Drugs.com". Drugs.com. https://www.drugs.com/ppa/nilotinib.html. 
  6. ↑ "Acute respiratory failure from nilotinib-associated diffuse alveolar hemorrhage". Leukemia & Lymphoma 55 (10): 2408–2409. October 2014. doi:10.3109/10428194.2014.887714. PMID 24467220. 
  7. ↑ "FDA Approves Tasigna for Treatment of Philadelphia Chromosome Positive Chronic Myeloid Leukemia". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2007-10-30. https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2007/ucm109017.htm. 
  8. ↑ "Prescribing information for Tasigna (nilotinib) Capsules". NDA 022068. U.S. FDA. 2007-10-29. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2007/022068lbl.pdf. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "TASIGNA® nilotinib" (PDF). TGA eBusiness Services. 21 October 2013. https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2009-PI-00292-3. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Role of OATP-1B1 and/or OATP-1B3 in hepatic disposition of tyrosine kinase inhibitors". Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions 29 (3): 179–190. March 2014. doi:10.1515/dmdi-2013-0062. PMID 24643910. 
  11. ↑ British national formulary : BNF 76 (76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. pp. 960. ISBN 9780857113382. 
  12. ↑ "Inhibition of OATP-1B1 and OATP-1B3 by tyrosine kinase inhibitors". Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions 29 (4): 249–259. May 2014. doi:10.1515/dmdi-2014-0014. PMID 24807167. 
  13. ↑ "Grapefruit juice-drug interactions". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 46 (2): 101–110. August 1998. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2125.1998.00764.x. PMID 9723817. 
  14. ↑ "Induction and inhibition of cytochromes P450 by the St. John's wort constituent hyperforin in human hepatocyte cultures". Drug Metabolism and Disposition 32 (5): 512–518. May 2004. doi:10.1124/dmd.32.5.512. PMID 15100173. 
  15. ↑ "AMN107 (nilotinib): a novel and selective inhibitor of BCR-ABL". British Journal of Cancer 94 (12): 1765–1769. June 2006. doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6603170. PMID 16721371. 
  16. ↑ "Extended kinase profile and properties of the protein kinase inhibitor nilotinib". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics 1804 (3): 445–453. March 2010. doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.11.008. PMID 19922818. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Advances in the structural biology, design and clinical development of Bcr-Abl kinase inhibitors for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics 1754 (1–2): 3–13. December 2005. doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2005.07.040. PMID 16172030. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Nilotinib for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia: An evidence-based review". Core Evidence 4: 207–213. June 2010. doi:10.2147/CE.S6003. PMID 20694077. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Dasatinib: a new step in molecular target therapy". Annals of Oncology 18 (Suppl 6): vi42–vi46. June 2007. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdm223. PMID 17591830. 
  20. ↑ "Nilotinib: a second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor for chronic myeloid leukemia". Leukemia Research 34 (2): 129–134. February 2010. doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2009.08.031. PMID 19783301. 
  21. ↑ "Structural resemblances and comparisons of the relative pharmacological properties of imatinib and nilotinib". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 18 (19): 6977–6986. October 2010. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2010.08.026. PMID 20817538. 
  22. ↑ "Tasigna : EPAR - Product Information". European Medicines Agency. Novartis Europharm Ltd.. 18 October 2013. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/000798/WC500034394.pdf. 
  23. ↑ "Tasigna 150mg Hard Capsules - Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC)". electronic Medicines Compendium. Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd. 9 September 2013. http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/24089/SPC/Tasigna+150mg+Hard+Capsules/. 
  24. ↑ "Nilotinib Effects in Parkinson's disease and Dementia with Lewy bodies". Journal of Parkinson's Disease 6 (3): 503–517. July 2016. doi:10.3233/JPD-160867. PMID 27434297. 
  25. ↑ "Anticancer Drugs for Parkinson's Disease: Is It a Ray of Hope or Only Hype?". Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology 22 (1): 13–16. 2019. doi:10.4103/aian.AIAN_177_18. PMID 30692753. 
  26. ↑ "Media hype: Patient and scientific perspectives on misleading medical news". Movement Disorders 32 (9): 1319–1323. September 2017. doi:10.1002/mds.26993. PMID 28370445. 
  27. ↑ "Nilotinib - Differentiating the Hope from the Hype". Journal of Parkinson's Disease 6 (3): 519–522. July 2016. doi:10.3233/JPD-160904. PMID 27434298. 
  28. ↑ "Anticancer Drugs for Parkinson's Disease: Is It a Ray of Hope or Only Hype?". Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology 22 (1): 13–16. 2019. doi:10.4103/aian.AIAN_177_18. PMID 30692753. 
  29. ↑ "Global Novartis News Archive". http://www.novartis.com/newsroom/media-releases/en/2011/1504991.shtml. 
  30. ↑ "Cancer drug prevents build-up of toxic brain protein". MedicalXpress.com. 10 May 2013. https://medicalxpress.com/news/2013-05-cancer-drug-build-up-toxic-brain.html. 

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