Chemistry:Probucol
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| Pronunciation | /ˈproʊbjukɒl/ PROH-bew-kol |
| Trade names | Lorelco |
| Other names | 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-({2-[(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfanyl]propan-2-yl}sulfanyl)phenol |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information |
| MedlinePlus | a611037 |
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| Formula | C31H48O2S2 |
| Molar mass | 516.84 g·mol−1 |
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Probucol, sold under the trade name Lorelco among others, is an anti-hyperlipidemic drug[1] initially developed for the treatment of coronary artery disease. Clinical use was discontinued in some countries after it was found that the drug may have the undesired effect of lowering HDL in patients with a previous history of heart disease.[2][3] It may also cause QT interval prolongation.[3][4]
Probucol was originally developed as an industrial antioxidant added to tires to maximize their longevity.[5]
Mechanism of action
Probucol lowers the level of cholesterol in the bloodstream by increasing the rate of LDL catabolism. Additionally, probucol may inhibit cholesterol synthesis and delay cholesterol absorption.[6] Probucol is a powerful antioxidant which inhibits the oxidation of cholesterol in LDLs; this slows the formation of foam cells, which form atherosclerotic plaques.
Probucol has also been shown to inhibit ABCA1-dependent cholesterol transport,[7] which may contribute to its known effect of lowering HDL.[8]
Research
Probucol has been found to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties via several different mechanisms.[9] These properties have led to research into the drug's potential capacity to treat sensorineural hearing loss related to oxidative stress,[9][10] as well as formulations to improve the delivery of the drug into the ear.[10]
After promising test results in mouse models, probucol is under study at Weston Brain Institute of McGill University as a possible aid in delaying the onset of Alzheimer's disease.[citation needed]
References
- ↑ Yamamoto A (11 December 2008). "A Unique Antilipidemic Drug - Probucol". Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis 15 (6): 304–5. doi:10.5551/jat.E621. PMID 19075491. http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jat/15/6/15_E621/_article. Retrieved 2020-01-29.
- ↑ "Did we abandon probucol too soon?". Current Opinion in Lipidology 26 (4): 304–16. August 2015. doi:10.1097/MOL.0000000000000199. PMID 26125504. "Probucol has been used as a lipid-lowering drug for a long time especially in Japan, although Western countries quitted its use because of the reduction in serum HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C).".
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Where are we with probucol: a new life for an old drug?". Atherosclerosis 207 (1): 16–23. November 2009. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.04.002. PMID 19457483.
- ↑ "Toward a broader view of mechanisms of drug cardiotoxicity". Cell Reports 2 (3): 100216. March 2021. doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100216. PMID 33763655.
- ↑ "New Horizons for Probucol, an Old, Mysterious Drug". Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis 28 (2): 100–102. February 2021. doi:10.5551/jat.ED132. PMID 32507832. "Probucol was developed as an anti-oxidative compound to prevent the degradation of tire rubber and later applied to reduce serum LDL-C levels in patients with hypercholesterolemia.".
- ↑ "Probucol (Systemic)". 1998-08-24. https://www.drugs.com/MMX/Probucol.html.
- ↑ "Probucol inhibits ABCA1-mediated cellular lipid efflux". Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 24 (12): 2345–50. 28 October 2004. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000148706.15947.8a. PMID 15514211.
- ↑ "Probucol markedly reduces HDL phospholipids and elevated prebeta1-HDL without delayed conversion into alpha-migrating HDL: putative role of angiopoietin-like protein 3 in probucol-induced HDL remodeling". Atherosclerosis 200 (2): 329–35. October 2008. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.12.031. PMID 18279878. https://www.atherosclerosis-journal.com/article/S0021-9150(08)00002-6/fulltext. Retrieved 2020-01-29.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 "A Review on Recent Advancement on Age-Related Hearing Loss: The Applications of Nanotechnology, Drug Pharmacology, and Biotechnology". Pharmaceutics 13 (7): 1041. July 2021. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics13071041. PMID 34371732.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Pharmaceutical characterization of probucol bile acid-lithocholic acid nanoparticles to prevent chronic hearing related and similar cellular oxidative stress pathologies". Nanomedicine 18 (12): 923–940. May 2023. doi:10.2217/nnm-2023-0092. PMID 37529927.
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