Biology:Pravastatin
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| Trade names | Pravachol, Selektine, others |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a692025 |
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| Routes of administration | By mouth |
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| Bioavailability | 18%[2] |
| Protein binding | 50%[2] |
| Metabolism | Liver (minimal)[2] |
| Elimination half-life | 1-3 hours[2] |
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| Formula | C23H36O7 |
| Molar mass | 424.534 g·mol−1 |
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Pravastatin, sold under the brand name Pravachol among others, is a statin medication, used for preventing cardiovascular disease in those at high risk and treating abnormal lipids.[3] It is suggested to be used together with diet changes, exercise, and weight loss.[3] It is taken by mouth.[3]
Common side effects include joint pain, diarrhea, nausea, headaches, and muscle pains.[3] Serious side effects may include rhabdomyolysis, liver problems, and diabetes.[3] Use during pregnancy may harm the fetus.[3] Like all statins, pravastatin works by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme found in liver that plays a role in producing cholesterol.[3]
Pravastatin was patented in 1980 and approved for medical use in 1989.[4] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[5] It is available as a generic medication.[3] In 2021, it was the 39th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 15 million prescriptions.[6][7]
Medical uses
Pravastatin is primarily used for the treatment of dyslipidemia and the prevention of cardiovascular disease.[8] It is recommended to be used only after other measures, such as diet, exercise, and weight reduction, have not improved cholesterol levels.[8]
Pravastatin has been shown to have a similar effectiveness at lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol as other statin medications such as fluvastatin but may low level evidence indicates that pravastatin may not be as effective as some other statin medications that are available.[9] The beneficial effect of pravastatin is dependent on the dose and the potential for side effects or unwanted effects from this medication are not clear from clinical trials.[9]
Adverse effects and contraindications
Pravastatin has undergone over 112,000 patient-years of double-blind, randomized trials using the 40 mg, once-daily dose and placebos. These trials indicate pravastatin is well tolerated and displays few noncardiovascular abnormalities in patients.[10] However, side effects may occur. A doctor should be consulted if symptoms such as heartburn or headache are severe and do not go away.
These uncommon side effects should be promptly reported to the prescribing doctor or an emergency medical service:[8]
- muscle pain, tenderness, or weakness
- lack of energy
- fever
- jaundice, yellowing of the skin or eyes
- pain in the upper right part of the stomach
- nausea
- extreme tiredness
- unusual bleeding or bruising
- dark-colored urine
- loss of appetite
- flu-like symptoms
- rash
- hives
- itching
- difficulty breathing or swallowing
- swelling of the face, throat, tongue, lips, eyes, hands, feet, ankles, or lower legs
- hoarseness
These symptoms should be reported to the prescribing doctor if they persist or increase in severity:
- heartburn
- headache
- memory loss or forgetfulness
- confusion
Contraindications, conditions that warrant withholding treatment with pravastatin, include pregnancy and breastfeeding.[11] Taking pravastatin while pregnant could lead to birth defects. While the amount of pravastatin ingested by an infant from breastfeeding is low, patients breastfeeding should not take pravastatin due to potential effects on the infant's lipid metabolism.[12]
Drug interactions
Medications that should not be taken with pravastatin include, but are not limited to:[8][11]
- Cimetidine (Tagamet)
- Colchicine (Colcrys)
- Cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune)
- Ketoconazole (Nizoral)
- Additional cholesterol-lowering medications such as: fenofibrate (Tricor), gemfibrozil (Lopid), cholestyramine (Questran, Questran Light, Cholybar), and niacin (nicotinic acid, Niacor, Niaspan);
- Specific HIV protease inhibitors such as: lopinavir and ritonavir (Kaletra), and ritonavir (Norvir) taken with darunavir (Prezista); and spironolactone (Aldactone).
Pravastatin is cleared by the kidneys, giving it a distinct advantage over other statins when a potential for drug interactions using the hepatic pathway exists.
The combination of fenofibrate with pravastatin is approved for use in the European Union.[13]
Mechanism of action
Pravastatin acts as a lipoprotein-lowering drug through two pathways. In the major pathway, pravastatin inhibits the function of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase. As a reversible competitive inhibitor, pravastatin sterically hinders the action of HMG-CoA reductase by occupying the active site of the enzyme. Taking place primarily in the liver, this enzyme is responsible for the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate in the rate-limiting step of the biosynthetic pathway for cholesterol. Pravastatin also inhibits the synthesis of very-low-density lipoproteins, which are the precursor to low-density lipoproteins (LDL). These reductions increase the number of cellular LDL receptors, thus LDL uptake increases, removing it from the bloodstream.[14] Overall, the result is a reduction in circulating cholesterol and LDL. A minor reduction in triglycerides and an increase in high-density lipoproteins (HDL) are common.
Pharmacokinetics
Oral bioavailability of pravastatin ranges from 17-34% with peak plasma concentration achieved 1-1.5 hours after administration. Absorption of drug is modestly decreased when taken with food however this does not reduce the clinical lipid-lowering effect.[15]
The 3α-hydroxyisomeric metabolite of pravastatin is also an active HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor with approximately 2.5-10% the potency of the parent compound. Pravastatin has a plasma half-life of 1.8 hours whereas this active metabolite has a half-life up to 77 hours.[15]
History
Initially known as CS-514, pravastatin is a derivative of ML236B (compactin), which was identified in a fungus called Penicillium citrinum in the 1970s by researchers of the Sankyo Pharma Inc.[16] It is being marketed outside Japan by the pharmaceutical company Bristol-Myers Squibb. In 2005, Pravachol was the 22nd-highest selling brand-name drug in the United States, with sales totaling $1.3 billion.[17]
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved generic pravastatin for use in the United States on 24 April 2006.[17] Generic pravastatin sodium tablets were manufactured by Biocon Ltd, India and TEVA Pharmaceuticals in Kfar Sava, Israel.[17]
References
- ↑ Human Medicines Evaluation Division (26 November 2020). "Active substance: pravastatin". List of nationally authorised medicinal products. European Medicines Agency. https://www.ema.europa.eu/documents/psusa/pravastatin-list-nationally-authorised-medicinal-products-psusa/00002500/202003_en.pdf.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Pharmacokinetic comparison of the potential over-the-counter statins simvastatin, lovastatin, fluvastatin and pravastatin". Clinical Pharmacokinetics 47 (7): 463–474. 2008. doi:10.2165/00003088-200847070-00003. PMID 18563955.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 "Pravastatin Sodium Monograph for Professionals" (in en). AHFS. https://www.drugs.com/monograph/pravastatin-sodium.html.
- ↑ (in en) Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. 2006. p. 472. ISBN 9783527607495. https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&pg=PA472.
- ↑ World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2021. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
- ↑ "The Top 300 of 2021". https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx.
- ↑ "Pravastatin - Drug Usage Statistics". https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Pravastatin.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 "Pravachol". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. https://www.drugs.com/monograph/pravachol.html.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Pravastatin for lowering lipids". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2023 (9): CD013673. September 2023. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013673.pub2. PMID 37721222.
- ↑ "Safety and tolerability of pravastatin in long-term clinical trials: prospective Pravastatin Pooling (PPP) Project". Circulation 105 (20): 2341–2346. May 2002. doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000017634.00171.24. PMID 12021218.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Pravachol Side Effects Center". RxList. http://www.rxlist.com/pravachol-side-effects-drug-center.htm.
- ↑ "Pravastatin". LactMed. U.S. National Library of Medicine. http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/f?./temp/~MNhuQa:1.
- ↑ "Pravafenix EPAR". 17 September 2018. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/pravafenix.
- ↑ "Update on statins: 2003". Circulation 110 (7): 886–892. August 2004. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000139312.10076.BA. PMID 15313959.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 "DailyMed - PRAVASTATIN SODIUM tablet". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=6c011348-a236-47d3-bbef-3e0b956dd080.
- ↑ "Lovastatin and beyond: the history of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors". Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery 2 (7): 517–526. July 2003. doi:10.1038/nrd1112. PMID 12815379.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "FDA Approves First Generic Pravastatin". Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). Archived from the original on 6 March 2010. Retrieved 20 January 2008.
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