Engineering:List of SpaceX Starship launches

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Short description: SpaceX Starship - including test/development flights


SpaceX Starship SN8 prototype during a flight test, December 2020.

Prototypes of the upper stage of the SpaceX Starship have been flown nine times.[lower-alpha 1][1][2][3][4][5] Designed and operated by private manufacturer SpaceX, the flown prototypes of Starship have been Starhopper, SN5, SN6, SN8, SN9, SN10, SN11, and SN15.[6][7]

Starship is planned to be a fully-reusable two-stage super heavy-lift launch vehicle[8] and unusual for previous launch vehicle and spacecraft designs, the upper stage of Starship is intended to function both as a second stage to reach orbital velocity on launches from Earth, and also eventually[9] be used in outer space as an on-orbit long-duration spacecraft. It is being designed to take people to Mars and beyond into the Solar System.[10]

History

In 2018, SpaceX CEO Elon Musk also contracted to send a selection of space tourists (including Yusaku Maezawa) in a lunar flyby in 2023, as part of the dearMoon project. In 2019, SpaceX planned to launch commercial payloads using Starship no earlier than 2021.[11] In the same year, Space.com said that SpaceX may fly Starship to the Moon in 2022.

In July 2020, SpaceX anticipated a cargo Starship mission to Mars as early as 2022, followed by a crewed Starship mission to Mars in 2024.[12] As of 16 October 2020, the cargo flight will happen in 2024/5 and the crewed flight in 2026/7.[13]

(As of November 2021), Starships SN20 - SN24,[14] Super Heavy Boosters BN4 - BN9[15] and Test Tank BN2.1[14][15] are currently in production or testing. All flights have been launched at the Boca Chica launch site in Texas,[16] which SpaceX began to refer to as Starbase after March 2021.[17][18]

Map of SpaceX launch site at Boca Chica

Starship test flights

Further information: Starship development history § Starship prototypes

Eight prototype Starship second stage vehicles, each with different vehicle configurations, have flown nine suborbital test flights in the period July 2019 to May 2021.

SpaceX testing is proprietary, and the company does not release a detailed set of test objectives for their vehicle development test flights. All test flights have been launched from the SpaceX South Texas launch site at Boca Chica, South Texas.[19]

By August 2021, the iterative development work at the South Texas facility had become focused on the first orbital test flight of the two-stage Starship system.[20]

Starship second stage sub-orbital flights

Flight
No. 		Date and time
(UTC) 		Vehicle Launch site[lower-alpha 2] Flight apogee Duration
- 3 April 2019 Starhopper Launch site, Boca Chica, Texas <0.3 m (1 ft) ~3 seconds
The first firing of Starhopper and the first tethered hop (according to Musk[21][22]). The burn was a few seconds in duration and the vehicle was tethered to the ground. The vehicle might have lifted off the ground, but only to the height of no more than a foot, and it was not possible to see the lift off in public video recordings of the test.[22][23]
- 5 April 2019 Starhopper Launch site, Boca Chica, Texas 1 m (3.3 ft) ~5 seconds
Tethered hop which hit tether limits. Used a single Raptor SN2 engine.[1]
1 25 July 2019[24] Starhopper Launch site, Boca Chica, Texas 20 m (65.6 ft)[2] ~22 seconds
First free (untethered) flight test. Single Raptor engine, SN6.
2 27 August 2019 22:00[3][25] Starhopper Launch site, Boca Chica, Texas 150 m (492 ft)[3] ~1 minute[26]
Single Raptor engine, SN6. Starhopper was retired after this launch and used as a water tank at the production site.[3][27][28]
3 4 August 2020 23:57[29][30] Starship SN5 Suborbital Pad A, Boca Chica, Texas 150 m (492 ft)[29] ~45 seconds
Used a single Raptor engine, SN27.[31] Second 150-meter hop.[4]
4 3 September 2020 17:47[32] Starship SN6 Suborbital Pad A, Boca Chica, Texas 150 m (492 ft)[33] ~45 seconds
Used a single Raptor engine, SN29. Third 150-meter hop.[32]
5 9 December 2020[34] 22:45 Starship SN8 Suborbital Pad A, Boca Chica, Texas 12.5 km (41,000 ft)[35] 6 minutes, 42 seconds
Three Raptor engines, SN30, SN36, and SN42.[36] The vehicle successfully launched, ascended, performed the skydive descent maneuver, relit the engines fueled by the header tanks, and steered to the landing pad.[35] The flip maneuver from horizontal descent to vertical was successful. However, a sudden pressure loss in the methane header tank caused by the flip maneuver reduced fuel supply and thrust, resulting in a hard landing and destruction of SN8.[35]
6 2 February 2021[37] 20:25 Starship SN9 Suborbital Pad B, Boca Chica, Texas 10 km (32,800 ft)[38][37][39] 6 minutes, 26 seconds[39]
Three Raptor engines, including SN45 and SN49.[39][40][41][42] A Raptor failed to start due to a problem with its oxygen-rich preburner,[citation needed] causing SN9 to over-rotate and hit the landing pad at a 40 degree angle. The vehicle was destroyed by the impact forces and explosion.
7 3 March 2021[43][44] 23:15 Starship SN10 Suborbital Pad A, Boca Chica, Texas 10 km (32,800 ft)[45] 6 minutes, 24 seconds[46][lower-alpha 3]
SN10 experienced a hard landing with a slight lean after the landing and a fire near the base of the rocket,[49] and then exploded eight minutes after landing.[undue weight? – discuss][45] SN10 did not deaccelerate enough, resulting in a hard landing damaging some legs and crushing part of the skirt. The cause was probably due to partial helium ingestion from the fuel header tank.[47]
8 30 March 2021 13:00[50] Starship SN11 Suborbital Pad B, Boca Chica, Texas 10 km (32,800 ft)[51] ~6 minutes[50]
SN11 launched in heavy fog, and had engine issues during ascent (according to Elon Musk).[52] Telemetry was lost at T+5:49, shortly after the defective engine was ignited for the landing burn at an altitude of around 600 meters.[53] Debris were then seen falling from the sky, indicating that the vehicle had exploded just above the landing pad.[54] Elon Musk stated that a "relatively small" methane leak caused a fire on one of the Raptor engines which damaged it, causing hard start attempting landing burn and destruction of SN11.[55]
9 5 May 2021 22:24[56] Starship SN15 Suborbital Pad A, Boca Chica, Texas 10 km (32,800 ft)[57] 5 minutes, 59 seconds
SN15 was a new iteration of prototype Starship with many upgrades over previous vehicles.[58] SN15 launched in overcast weather and achieved a soft landing, with a small fire starting near the base shortly after landing. The post-flight fire was out within 20 minutes.[59][60]

Starship system orbital flights

Test flights of the Starship system—the two-stage-to-orbit launch vehicle—when launched to an orbital trajectory will always consist of both a "ship", Starship, which also serves as the second stage, and also a booster, Super Heavy. On early flights the ship will be merely a second stage test article, as no cargo is planned for the early flights of the iterative test campaign.[20]

Flight

No.

Date and time

(UTC)

Vehicles Launch site Flight apogee Duration
- NET March 2022[61] Starship 20 + SuperHeavy Booster 4 Orbital Launch Pad, Boca Chica, Texas TBD N/A
As of August 2021, Ship 20 is slated to be tested on the first orbital test flight, tentatively launching on top of Super Heavy Booster 4.[62] The booster will separate roughly three minutes after launch and splashdown ~30 km (19 mi) offshore in the Gulf of Mexico.[63] Ship 20 will fly over the Florida Strait, avoiding populated land, and continue to accelerate to orbital velocity. It will then re-enter the atmosphere over the Pacific and perform a soft splashdown ~100 km (62 mi) northwest of Kauai.[64]

Future operational flights

SpaceX has on various occasions made a few public statements about preliminary ideas for future operational orbital flights using the Starship system. All dates for future flights are speculative, and therefore approximate and "no earlier than" (NET) dates. Moreover, it is difficult to compare the dates in the tables since they have come from different sources and at different times over the past three years.

Elon Musk has stated that Starship would fly hundreds of times before launching with humans.[9] A likely use of some of these flights would be to launch Starlink satellites.[65]

Date Vehicle Mission Notes
NET 2023[66] Starship Crew dearMoon Plan for a flyby loop around the Moon, (As of 2018). Known as dearMoon project.[67]
NLT 2025[68] Starship HLS HLS Demo NASA demonstration mission for the Human Landing System prior to Artemis 3, announced in April 2021. Includes refueling and landing vehicles.
Starship Cargo (refueling)
NET 2025[69][70][71] Starship HLS Artemis 3 Human Landing System vehicle for Artemis Program. Date is dependent on many NASA Artemis program and SpaceX Starship development contingencies.
Starship Cargo (refueling)
NET 2024 Starship Cargo Earliest potential cargo flight to Mars, (As of 2020).[13]
NET 2026 Starship Crew
(Heart of Gold)[72][obsolete source] 		Earliest potential crewed flight to Mars, (As of 2020).[13]

Other flights

The HLS variant of Starship was selected by NASA in April 2021 to be the lander for the Artemis missions to the Moon. Artemis 3 is intended to be the first human mission to the Moon to use Starship for long-duration crewed lunar landings as part of the Artemis program.

According to space journalist Mike Wall in 2020, Musk is said to envision that eventually more than 1,000 Starships could be needed to depart for Mars every 26 months, which could lead to the development of a sustainable Martian city in 50–100 years.[73]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ not including tethered, short hops of Starhopper on 3 and 5 April 2019
  2. ↑ All launches are from the same Boca Chica site. SpaceX started calling this Starbase from March 2021 after discussions called a "casual inquiry". See Boca Chica (Texas) § Starbase
  3. ↑ Despite making an intact landing and beginning the detanking procedures, the vehicle suffered an explosion several minutes later destroying the vehicle in the process. SpaceX called it a successful landing but later acknowledged a problem with lower-than-expected engine thrust causing a hard landing[47] way past leg loads[48] and the vehicle exploded.[44]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Baylor, Michael (2 June 2019). "SpaceX readying Starhopper for hops in Texas as Pad 39A plans materialize in Florida". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/06/spacex-starhopper-hops-texas-pad-39a-plans-materialize-florida/. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Burghardt, Thomas (25 July 2019). "Starhopper successfully conducts debut Boca Chica Hop". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/07/spacex-resume-starhopper-tests/. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Baylor, Michael (27 August 2019). "SpaceX's Starhopper completes 150 meter test hop". NASASpaceFlight. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/08/faa-spacexs-starhopper-hop/. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Clark, Stephen (5 August 2020). "SpaceX clears big hurdle on next-gen Starship rocket program". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/08/05/spacex-clears-big-hurdle-on-next-gen-starship-rocket-program/. 
  5. ↑ "Starship SN8 12.5-Kilometer hop". https://everydayastronaut.com/starship-sn8-12-5-kilometer-hop/. 
  6. ↑ "SpaceX Starship hardware mystery solved amid reports of Florida factory upheaval". 2 December 2019. https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-starship-hardware-mystery-solved/. 
  7. ↑ Ralph, Eric (2020-07-17). "SpaceX scraps Florida Starship Mk2 prototype". TESLARATI. https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-starship-mk2-prototype-florida-scrapped/. 
  8. ↑ "Starship". SpaceX. https://www.spacex.com/starship. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Sheetz, Michael (1 September 2020). "Elon Musk says SpaceX's Starship rocket will launch "hundreds of missions" before flying people". CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/01/elon-musk-spacex-starship-to-fly-hundreds-of-missions-before-people.html. Retrieved 7 February 2021. 
  10. ↑ Elon Musk (28 September 2019). Starship Update (video). SpaceX. Event occurs at 1:45. Retrieved 30 September 2019 – via YouTube.
  11. ↑ Henry, Caleb (28 June 2019). "SpaceX targets 2021 commercial Starship launch". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/spacex-targets-2021-commercial-starship-launch/. 
  12. ↑ Arevalo, Evelyn (14 July 2020). "SpaceX aims to launch the first Starship with cargo to Mars by 2022". Tesmanian. https://www.tesmanian.com/blogs/tesmanian-blog/mars-2022. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "Elon Musk says SpaceX's 1st Starship trip to Mars could fly in 4 years". 16 October 2020. https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/elon-musk-says-spacexs-1st-starship-trip-to-mars-could-fly-in-4-years/ar-BB1a72Tq. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "SpaceX Development Diagram" (in en). https://twitter.com/_brendan_lewis/status/1451889827742244868/photo/1. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Search Vehicles" (in en-AU). https://starshipcampaign.com/search-vehicles/. 
  16. ↑ Clark, Stephen. "After second hop, SpaceX preps for next phase of Starship testing – Spaceflight Now" (in en-US). https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/09/09/after-second-hop-spacex-preps-for-next-phase-of-starship-testing/. 
  17. ↑ "With ‘Starbase’ and a new Starlink factory, Musk deepens foray into Texas". 3 March 2021. https://www.theverge.com/2021/3/3/22309889/elon-musk-city-texas-starbase-starlink. 
  18. ↑ @elonmusk (2 March 2021). "Creating the city of Starbase, Texas". https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1366848696298561536. 
  19. ↑ "Starship SN8 12.5-Kilometer hop". https://everydayastronaut.com/starship-sn8-12-5-kilometer-hop/. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Starbase Factory Tour with Elon Musk [Part 2"]. Everyday Astronaut. 7 August 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SA8ZBJWo73E. 
  21. ↑ Musk, Elon [@elonmusk]. "Starhopper completed tethered hop. All systems green.". https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1113613409767964673.  Missing or empty |date= (help)
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Gebhardt, Chris (3 April 2019). "Starhopper conducts Raptor Static Fire test". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/04/starhopper-first-flight-starship-superheavy-updates/. 
  23. ↑ Grush, Loren (3 April 2019). "SpaceX just fired up the engine on its test Starship vehicle for the first time". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2019/4/3/18271547/spacex-starship-starhopper-raptor-engine-ignition-hop-static-fire-test. 
  24. ↑ Berger, Eric (26 July 2019). "SpaceX's Starship prototype has taken flight for the first time". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/07/spacexs-starship-prototype-has-taken-flight-for-the-first-time/. 
  25. ↑ "SpaceX Starhopper Rocket Prototype Aces Highest (and Final) Test Flight". https://www.space.com/spacex-starhopper-aces-final-test-launch-landing.html. 
  26. ↑ 150 Meter Starhopper Test. SpaceX. 27 August 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019 – via YouTube.
  27. ↑ Mosher, Dave (7 August 2019). "SpaceX may cannibalize its first Mars rocket-ship prototype in Elon Musk's race to launch Starship". Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-starhopper-rocket-ship-final-launch-starship-plans-2019-8. 
  28. ↑ Ralph, Eric (27 August 2019). "SpaceX scrubs Starhopper's final Raptor-powered flight as Elon Musk talks finicky igniters". Teslarati. https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-scrubs-final-starhopper-flight-test-elon-musk/. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Ralph, Eric (4 August 2020). "SpaceX Starship leaps towards Mars with picture-perfect hop debut". Teslarati. https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-starship-sn5-hop-debut-success-mars/. 
  30. ↑ Baylor, Michael (3 August 2020). "Starship SN5 conducts successful 150-meter flight test". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/08/starship-sn5-set-150-meter-flight-test/. 
  31. ↑ Baylor, Michael (4 August 2020). "Starship SN5 conducts successful 150-meter flight test". NASASpaceflight. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/08/starship-sn5-set-150-meter-flight-test/. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Starship SN6 maiden hop complete - Super Heavy is coming". NASASpaceFlight.com. 3 September 2020. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/09/starship-sn6-hop-super-heavy-coming/. 
  33. ↑ "SN6 begins test campaign as future Starships hatch plans for SpaceX's next leap". 16 August 2020. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/08/sn6-campaign-future-starships-hatch-next-leap/. 
  34. ↑ "NOTAM". https://tfr.faa.gov/save_pages/detail_0_0092.html. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Bergin, Chris (9 December 2020). "From hops to hopes - Starship SN8 advances test program into the next phase". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/12/from-hops-hopes-starship-sn8-test-program-next-phase/. 
  36. ↑ Bergin, Chris (18 October 2020). "Starship SN8 pressing to Static Fire and nosecone installation firsts". NASASpaceflight. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/10/starship-sn8-static-fire-nosecone-firsts/. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Cotton, Ethan. "Starship SN9: 10 kilometer flight". https://everydayastronaut.com/starship-sn9-10-km-test-flight/. 
  38. ↑ What's really going on with Elon Musk, the FAA, and Starship? , Eric Berger, Ars Technica, 29 January 2021, retrieved 30 January 2021.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Starship SN9 High-Altitude Flight Test (YouTube). SpaceX. 2 February 2021.
  40. ↑ Baylor, Michael. "Starship SN9 History". https://nextspaceflight.com/starship/hardware/12. 
  41. ↑ What's holding up the next test of SpaceX's Starship? Elon Musk blames the FAA. , Washington Post, 28 January 2021, accessed 30 January 2021.
  42. ↑ Bergin, Chris (28 January 2021). "Starship SN9 fails to gain FAA green light for Friday attempt". https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/01/starship-sn9-speedy-recovery-static-fire-launch/. 
  43. ↑ Cotton, Ethan (22 February 2021). "When will SN10 launch? Live Updates". Everyday Astronaut. https://everydayastronaut.com/sn10-launch-live-updates/. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Baylor, Michael. "Starship SN10 History". https://nextspaceflight.com/starship/hardware/14. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Wall, Mike (4 March 2021). "SpaceX's SN10 Starship prototype lands after epic test launch — but then explodes" (in en). space.com. https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-sn10-test-launch-landing-explosion. 
  46. ↑ Starship SN10 High-Altitude Flight Test. SpaceX (YouTube). 3 March 2021.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 @elonmusk (9 March 2021). "SN10 engine was low on thrust due (probably) to partial helium ingestion from fuel header tank. Impact of 10m/s crushed legs & part of skirt. Multiple fixes in work for SN11.". https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1369379914139451406. 
  48. ↑ @elonmusk (6 March 2021). "This was way past leg loads. They got squashed hard.". https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1368048822534868997. 
  49. ↑ Etherington, Darrell. "SpaceX’s Starship prototype flies to 32,000 feet and sticks the landing in third flight test". TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2021/03/03/spacexs-starship-prototype-flies-to-32000-feet-and-sticks-the-landing-in-third-flight-test/. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 (in en) Starship | SN11 | High-Altitude Flight Test, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gjCSJIAKEPM, retrieved 2021-03-30 
  51. ↑ Baylor, Michael [@nextspaceflight]. "SpaceX is targeting March 26 for Starship SN11's static fire and flight test, per a county road and beach clsoure notice.". https://twitter.com/nextspaceflight/status/1375204254818787328.  Missing or empty |date= (help)
  52. ↑ Musk, Elon (30 March 2021). "Looks like engine 2 had issues on ascent & didn’t reach operating chamber pressure during landing burn, but, in theory, it wasn’t needed." (in en-US). https://mobile.twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1376891464333017090. 
  53. ↑ Bergin, Chris (30 March 2021). "Ended in a RUD." (in en-US). https://mobile.twitter.com/NASASpaceflight/status/1376884533841170432. 
  54. ↑ @thesheetztweetz (2 April 2021). "SpaceX’s Starship SN11 captured hurtling back down, with debris seen flying". https://twitter.com/thesheetztweetz/status/1378041709293146113. 
  55. ↑ Ralph, Eric (2021-04-05). "Musk blames SpaceX’s latest Starship explosion on Raptor engine leak". teslarati.com. https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-starship-sn11-explosion-raptor-leak-elon-musk/. 
  56. ↑ "SpaceX launches Starship SN15 rocket and sticks the landing in high-altitude test flight". Space.com. 5 May 2021. https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-sn15-launch-landing-success. 
  57. ↑ "Starship SN15" (in en). http://nextspaceflight.com/starship/hardware/16. 
  58. ↑ Kettley, Sebastian (2021-04-09). "SpaceX Starship launch: Will Starship SN15 launch this weekend?" (in en). https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1421119/spacex-starship-launch-will-starship-sn15-launch-this-weekend-evg. 
  59. ↑ Timmer, John (5 May 2021). "SpaceX successfully lands a Starship test flight". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/05/spacex-successfully-lands-a-starship-test-flight/. 
  60. ↑ Template:Cite Tweet
  61. ↑ "SpaceX’s first orbital Starship launch slips to March 2022 in NASA document". 18 October 2021. https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-starship-first-orbital-launch-date-nasa-update/. 
  62. ↑ Bergin, Chris (2021-07-03). "Booster 3 opens Super Heavy test campaign as orbital vehicles prepare to stack" (in en-US). https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/07/booster-3-super-heavy-test-campaign/. 
  63. ↑ "Starship Orbital - First Flight FCC Exhibit". 13 May 2021. https://apps.fcc.gov/els/GetAtt.html?id=273481&x=. 
  64. ↑ Clark, Stephen. "SpaceX outlines plans for Starship orbital test flight – Spaceflight Now" (in en-US). https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/05/13/spacex-outlines-plans-for-around-the-world-starship-test-flight/. 
  65. ↑ "SpaceX wants to land Starship on the moon within three years, president says, with people soon after". 27 October 2019. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/27/spacex-president-we-will-land-starship-on-moon-before-2022.html. 
  66. ↑ "Japanese billionaire to fly eight members of the public on SpaceX moon flight". CNBC. 2 March 2021. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/02/yusaku-maezawa-opens-up-public-seats-on-spacex-starship-moon-flight.html. 
  67. ↑ First Private Passenger on Lunar BFR Mission Press conference streamed live at YouTube by SpaceX 17 September 2018
  68. ↑ "(HLS) Source Selection Statement". NASA. 16 April 2021. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/option-a-source-selection-statement-final.pdf. 
  69. ↑ "Acting NASA chief says 2024 Moon landing no longer a “realistic” target". Ars Technica. 18 February 2021. https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/02/acting-nasa-chief-says-2024-moon-landing-no-longer-a-realistic-target/. 
  70. ↑ Smith, Marcia (26 May 2021). "Nelson: "Watch the Chinese"". SpacePolicyOnline.com. https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nelson-watch-the-chinese/. 
  71. ↑ "NASA’s development of next-generation spacesuits". 10 August 2021. https://oig.nasa.gov/docs/IG-21-025.pdf. ", the suits would not be ready for flight until April 2025 at the earliest ... a lunar landing in late 2024 as NASA currently plans is not feasible." 
  72. ↑ Brandom, Russell (2016-09-27). "Elon Musk might name his first Mars-bound spaceship after Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2016/9/27/13081036/spacex-mars-spaceship-hitchhikers-guide-to-the-galaxy. 
  73. ↑ Wall, Mike (12 March 2020). "SpaceX's Starship will soon be made of different stuff". Space.com. https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-new-stainless-steel-alloy.html. 




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