Astronomy:New Shepard

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Short description: Rocket developed by Blue Origin
New Shepard
New Shepard M7 crop.jpg
A New Shepard booster landing.
FunctionLaunching tourists and cargo on a suborbital trajectory
ManufacturerBlue Origin
Country of originUnited States of America
Size
Height18m (60ft)
Diameter3.7m (12.1ft)
Mass75t (officially)
~40t (estimated)
Stages1
Launch history
StatusActive
Launch sitesLaunch Site One
Total launches24
Successes23
Failures1
Landings22
First flight29 April 2015; 9 years ago (29 April 2015)
Last flight19 December 2023
Single stage
Engines1 BE-3
Thrust490 kN (110,000 lbf)
Burn time141 seconds
FuelLH2 / LOX

New Shepard is a fully reusable sub-orbital launch vehicle developed for space tourism by Blue Origin. The vehicle is named after Alan Shepard, who became the first American to travel into space and the fifth person to walk on the Moon. The vehicle is capable of vertical takeoff and landings. Additionally, it is also capable of carrying humans and customer payloads into a sub-orbital trajectory.

New Shepard consists of a booster rocket and a crew capsule. The capsule can be configured to house up to six passengers, cargo, or a combination of both. The booster rocket is powered by one BE-3PM engine, which sends the capsule above the Kármán line, where passengers and cargo can experience a few minutes of weightlessness before the capsule returns to Earth.

The launch vehicle is designed to be fully reusable, with the capsule returning to Earth via three parachutes and a solid rocket motor. The booster lands vertically on a landing pad 3.2 km north of the launch pad. The company has successfully launched and landed the New Shepard launch vehicle 22 times with 1 partial failure deemed successful[1] and 1 failure. The launch vehicle has a length of 15.0 m, a diameter of 3.7 m and a launch mass of 75 T. The BE-3PM engine produces 490 kN of thrust at liftoff.[2]

History

The first development vehicle of the New Shepard development program was a sub-scale demonstration vehicle named Goddard that was built in 2006 following earlier engine development efforts by Blue Origin. Goddard made its first flight on 13 November 2006.[3] The Goddard launch vehicle was assembled at the Blue Origin facility in Kent, Washington, United States. The test vehicle named Goddard (also known as PM1) that first flew on November 13, 2006. The flight was successful. A second test flight was scheduled for December 2 which never took place.

According to Federal Aviation Administration records, two further flights were performed by Goddard. Blue Engine 1, or BE-1, was the first rocket engine developed by Blue Origin and was used in the company's Goddard development vehicle. On the path to developing the New Shepard launch vehicle, a crew capsule was also needed, and design was begun on a space capsule in the early 2000s. One development milestone along the way became public. On 19 October 2012, Blue Origin conducted a successful pad escape of a full-scale suborbital crew capsule at its West Texas launch site. For the test, the capsule fired its pusher escape motor and launched from a launch vehicle simulator. The Crew Capsule traveled to an altitude of 703 m (2,307 ft) under active thrust vector control before descending safely by parachute to a soft landing 500 m (1,630 ft) downrange.[4][5]

In April 2015, Blue Origin announced that they had completed acceptance testing of the BE-3PM engine that would power the New Shepard launch vehicle. The company also announced that they intended to begin flight testing of the New Shepard later in 2015, with initial flights occurring as frequently as monthly, with "a series of dozens of flights over the extent of the sub-orbital test program [taking] a couple of years to complete".[6] The same month, the FAA announced that the regulatory paperwork for the test program had already been filed and approved, and test flights were expected to begin before mid-May 2015.[7] By February 2016, three New Shepard vehicles had been built. The first was lost in a test in April 2015, the second had flown twice (see below), and the third was completing manufacture at the Blue Origin factory in Kent, Washington, United States. In 2016, the Blue Origin team were awarded the Collier Trophy for demonstrating rocket booster reusability with the New Shepard human spaceflight vehicle.[8]

On July 20, 2021, the company successfully completed its first crewed mission, Blue Origin NS-16, into space using its New Shepard launch vehicle. The flight was approximately 10 minutes and crossed the Kármán line. New Shepard performed six crewed flights between July 2021 and August 2022, taking a mix of sponsored celebrities such as Wally Funk, William Shatner as well as paying customers. New Shepard ticket sales brought in $50 million through June 2022. On July 20, 2021, the New Shepard performed its first crewed mission into space. The flight lasted approximately 10 minutes and crossed the Kármán line. The passengers were Jeff Bezos, his brother Mark Bezos, Wally Funk, and Oliver Daemen. The second and third crewed missions of New Shepard took place in October and December 2021. The Fourth crewed flight happened in March 2022. On June 4, 2022, New Shepard completed its fifth crewed mission launch and the sixth crewed flight took place on August 4, 2022. In September 2022, an uncrewed mission of the New Shepard had an anomaly due to a failure of the BE-3PM main engine. The launch escape system triggered and the capsule landed safely. The remaining New Shepard launch vehicles were grounded pending an FAA investigation into the incident. After a six-month investigation, Blue Origin pinpointed the cause of the anomaly as a thermal-structure failure of the BE-3PM engine nozzle caused a thrust misalignment that triggered the capsule's emergency escape system to activate. Blue Origin said in its press release that New Shepard flights would resume as soon as possible.

New Shepard vehicles

New Shepard 1

The New Shepard Crew Capsule after a successful sub-orbital space flight.

The first flight of the full-scale New Shepard vehicle was NS1,[9] also called "Tail 1"[10] and was conducted on 29 April 2015 during which an altitude of 93.5 km (58.1 mi) was attained. While the test flight itself was deemed a success, and the capsule was successfully recovered via parachute landing, the booster crash landed and was not recovered due to a failure of hydraulic pressure in the vehicle control system during descent.[11][12] The capsule was called RSS Jules Verne.[13]

New Shepard 2

The New Shepard 2 (NS2), also called "Tail 2",[10] flight test article propulsion module made five successful flights in 2015 and 2016, being retired after its fifth flight in October 2016.

New Shepard 3

New Shepard 3 (NS3), also called "Tail 3",[10] along with capsule RSS H. G. Wells,[14] was modified for increased reusability and improved thermal protection; it includes a redesigned propulsion module and the inclusion of new access panels for more rapid servicing and improved thermal protection. NS3 is the third propulsion module built. It was completed and shipped to the launch site by September 2017,[15] although parts of it had been built as early as March 2016.[9] Flight tests began in 2017 and continued into 2019.[16] The new Crew Capsule 2.0, featuring windows, is integrated to the NS3.[15] NS3 will only ever be used to fly cargo; no passengers will be carried.[17]

Its initial flight test occurred on 12 December 2017.[18] This was the first flight flown under the regulatory regime of a launch license granted by the US Federal Aviation Administration. Previous test flights had flown under an experimental permit, which did not allow Blue Origin to carry cargo for which it is paid for commercially. This made the flight of NS3 the first revenue flight for payloads, and it carried 12 experiments on the flight, as well as a test dummy given the moniker "Mannequin Skywalker."[19]

Since the maiden flight, "Blue Origin has been making updates to the vehicle ... intended primarily to improve operability rather than performance or reliability. Those upgrades took longer than expected" leading to a several-month gap in test flights.[16] The second test flight took place on 29 April 2018.[20] The 10th overall New Shepard flight, and the fourth NS3 flight, had originally been planned for December 2018, but was delayed due to "ground infrastructure issues." Following a diagnostics of the initial issue, Blue Origin rescheduled the launch for early 2019, after discovering "additional systems" that needed repairs as well.[21] The flight launched on 23 January 2019 and successfully flew to space with a maximum altitude of 106.9 km (66.4 mi).[22] It has been used to test SPLICE ("Safe and Precise Landing – Integrated Capabilities Evolution"), a NASA lunar landing technology demonstration, on two separate flights in October 2020 (NS-13) and August 2021 (NS-17).[23]

New Shepard 3 booster was destroyed during the NS-23 mission once it impacted the ground on 12 September 2022 after a booster engine anomaly led to the activation of the in-flight abort system. The capsule made a successful landing under parachutes.[24] This was the ninth flight of NS3, and the flight was not carrying any people on board.[25][26]

New Shepard 4

New Shepard 4 (NS4), also called "Tail 4",[10] which flies with capsule RSS First Step, was the fourth propulsion module to be built and the first to carry human passengers. Bezos himself was a passenger.[27] The vehicle was manufactured in 2018 and moved to the Blue Origin West Texas launch facility in December 2019.[28] The uncrewed maiden launch of NS4 occurred on 14 January 2021.[29] NS4 was successfully launched on 20 July 2021, with four passengers; Jeff Bezos was aboard this maiden crewed flight. On 13 October 2021, NS4 successfully launched and landed, carrying four passengers, including notable passenger William Shatner.[30] On 11 December 2021, the Blue Origin NS-19 successfully launched into space. The ship's passengers included NFL legend and television personality Michael Strahan, Alan Shepard's daughter Laura Shepard Churchley, who flew into space 60 years after her father's flight, and four other people.[31][32] This was the first time New Shepard carried six passengers, the full design passenger complement. The fourth crewed flight took place 31 March 2022, with a Blue Origin employee and five other passengers on board. The fifth crewed flight took place 4 June 2022, and the sixth crewed flight took place 4 August 2022.

Crewed flights

Blue Origin commenced the first flight carrying passengers on the 16th flight of New Shepard (NS-16) on 20 July 2021.[33] One commercial seat was auctioned on 12 June 2021 for $28 million which went to Blue Origin's foundation, Club for the Future, which inspires future generations to pursue careers in STEM. However, due to scheduling problems, the $28 million auction winner did not participate in the NS-16 flight. The $28 million auction winner was rescheduled to fly at a later flight.

  1. The passengers aboard the NS-16 flight on 20 July 2021 were Jeff Bezos, Mark Bezos, Wally Funk and Oliver Daemen. At 82 years old Funk was the oldest person, and at 18 Daemen was the youngest, to travel into space.[34][35][36] Daemen got the commercial seat that the $28 million auction winner did not use. Daemen's flight was paid for by his father Joes Daemen, who, after the anonymous $28 million auction winner dropped out of the flight, was able to secure the seat on the flight due to being the second highest bidder on the auction. Joes paid for the seat and gave it to his son, thus making Oliver Daemen the first commercial passenger of New Shepard.[37][38][39] On December 22, 2021, it was made public that the $28 million mystery auction winner was Justin Sun, a Chinese cryptocurrency entrepreneur. The $28 million he bid was paid to Blue Origin, who in turn gave it to their charity Club for the Future, which in turn distributed most of the money to other space-related nonprofit organizations. Instead of flying on the flight in July 2021 to which he won the auctioned seat, Sun has agreed with Blue Origin to Sun buying (presumably with the $28 million that has already been paid to Blue Origin) a dedicated New Shepard flight in 2022. Sun will choose five passengers to accompany him on this flight in late 2022.[40]
  2. The second crewed flight took place on 13 October 2021, carrying four passengers, two of whom were paying passengers. The flight included the actor William Shatner who flew as "guest" of Blue Origin (i.e., he did not pay for his flight).[30]
  3. On 11 December 2021, the third crewed flight, Blue Origin NS-19, successfully launched into space. The ship's passengers included NFL legend and television personality Michael Strahan and Alan Shepard's daughter Laura Shepard Churchley as "guests" of Blue Origin (i.e., they did not pay for their flights), and four other people who were paying passengers.[31]
  4. The fourth crewed flight, Blue Origin NS-20, flew successfully on 31 March 2022. Onboard was Gary Lai, a Blue Origin employee and five paying passengers. This was the first flight with no celebrity passengers.[41][42]
  5. The fifth crewed flight, Blue Origin NS-21, flew successfully on 4 June 2022. Onboard was educational YouTuber Katya Echazarreta, whose flight had been partly sponsored by Blue Origin, and partly by other sources, and five other paying passengers (it could be that it has been mistakenly claimed that Echazarreta's flight was sponsored by Blue Origin and instead it was fully sponsored by Space for Humanity, a nonprofit organization[43]). Also onboard was Blue Origin's first repeat customer for New Shepard launches, Evan Dick.
  6. The 6th crewed flight took place 4 August 2022. Among the passengers was Coby Cotton, one of the founders of the popular YouTube channel Dude Perfect. His flight was paid for by the organization MoonDAO, which works in cryptocurrency to "decentralize access to space", and bought two seats from Blue Origin. One of the seats was used by Cotton and one to be used in the future by Kejun Yan.[44] It was reported that MoonDAO had paid about $2.5 million for the two seats on Blue Origin flights, or $1.25 million per seat. This is the first public figure available for the price to ride a Blue Origin rocket to suborbital space (not counting the $28 million winning bid in the auction for a seat on the first flight).[45] However, Blue Origin does not charge all their passengers the same price, but tailors the price individually to each passenger, so it is hard to define the "ticket price" for New Shepard.[43] Also on the 4 August 2022 flight were the first space travellers of Egyptian and Portuguese origin, and the flight was the first flight (it may have been that the previous flight Blue Origin NS-21 on 4 June 2022 was actually the first such flight, if Katya Echazarreta's flight was not sponsored by Blue Origin, see above) where all six passengers were paying passengers (i.e., their flights were financed by other entities than Blue Origin).[46][47] In 2023, rocket Scientist Aisha Bowe will be the first Black woman to fly with Blue Origin on the New Shepard rocket.[48]

As of June 2022, the company has generated more than $100M from the New Shepard space tourism program.[43]

Flight list

Launch No. Date Vehicle Apogee Outcome Notes
0 19 October 2012
0.7 km (0.4369 mi) Success Pad abort test of the New Shepard crew capsule.
1 29 April 2015
93.5 km (58.1 mi) Partial success Flight to altitude 93.5 km, capsule recovered, and booster crashed on landing. Blue Origin deemed mission successful.[49]
2 23 November 2015
Success Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing.[50]
3 22 January 2016
101.676 km (63.1784 mi)[51] Success Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing of a reused booster.[52]
4 2 April 2016
103.381 km (64.2383 mi)[53] Success Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing of a reused booster.[54]
5 19 June 2016
101.042 km (62.7843 mi)[55] Success Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing of a reused booster: the fourth launch and landing of the same rocket. Blue Origin published a live webcast of the takeoff and landing.[55]
6 5 October 2016
  • Booster: 93.713 km (58.2307 mi)
  • Capsule: 7.092 km (4.4070 mi)[56]
 Success Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing of a reused booster. Successful test of the in-flight abort system. The fifth and final launch and landing of the same rocket (NS2).[57]
7 12 December 2017
  • Booster: 98.155 km (60.9909 mi)
  • Capsule: 98.269 km (61.0616 mi)[58]
 Success Flight to just under 100 km and landing. The first launch of NS3 and a new Crew Capsule 2.0.[59]
8 29 April 2018
107 km (66.5 mi)[60] Success Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing of a reused booster.[20]
9 18 July 2018
118.825 km (73.8345 mi)[14] Success Sub-orbital spaceflight and landing of a reused booster, with the Crew Capsule 2.0-1 RSS H.G.Wells, carrying a mannequin. Successful test of the in-flight abort system at high altitude. Flight duration was 11 minutes.[14]
10 23 January 2019
c. 106.9 km (66.4 mi)[22] Success Sub-orbital flight, delayed from 18 December 2018. Eight NASA research and technology payloads were flown.[61][62]
11 2 May 2019
c. 105 km (65.5 mi)[63] Success Sub-orbital flight. Maximum Ascent Velocity: 3,568 km/h (2,217 mph),[63] duration: 10 minutes, 10 seconds. Payload: 38 microgravity research payloads (nine sponsored by NASA).
12 11 December 2019
c. 104.5 km (64.9 mi)[64] Success Sub-orbital flight, Payload: Multiple commercial, research (8 sponsored by NASA) and educational payloads, including postcards from Club for the Future.[65][66] The sixth launch and landing of the same rocket.[64]
13 13 October 2020, 13:37
c. 107.0 km (66.52 mi) Success 7th flight of the same capsule/booster. Onboard 12 payloads include Space Lab Technologies, Southwest Research Institute, postcards and seeds for Club for the Future, and multiple payloads for NASA including SPLICE to test future lunar landing technologies in support of the Artemis program.[67]
14 14 January 2021, 16:57[68]
  • Booster: 106.942 km (66.4504 mi)
  • Capsule: 107.050 km (66.5180 mi)
 Success Uncrewed qualification flight for NS4 rocket and capsule and maiden flight for NS4
15 14 April 2021
16:51[69][70]
  • Booster: 106.94 km (66.447 mi)
  • Capsule: 107.052 km (66.5191 mi)
 Success Second flight of NS4, first preflight human passenger process test where Blue Origin conducted an "Astronaut Rehearsal." Gary Lai, Susan Knapp, Clay Mowry, and Audrey Powers, all Blue Origin personnel, were “stand-in astronauts”. Lai and Powers briefly entered the capsule during the test.[71]
16 20 July 2021
13:12[72][73]
  • Booster: 105.823 km (65.7553 mi)
  • Capsule: 107.05 km (66.517 mi)
 Success
17 25 August 2021
14:31[74]
  • Booster: 105.775 km (65.7258 mi)
  • Capsule: 105.898 km (65.8019 mi)
 Success Payload mission consisting of 18 commercial payloads inside the crew capsule, a NASA lunar landing technology demonstration installed on the exterior of the booster and an art installation installed on the exterior of the crew capsule.[75]
18 13 October 2021
14:49[76]
  • Booster: 106.926 km (66.4407 mi)
  • Capsule: 107.041 km (66.5125 mi)
 Success Second crewed New Shepard flight. Crew of four included:[77][78]
- Chris Boshuizen
- Glen de Vries
- William Shatner
- Audrey Powers
19 11 December 2021[79]
  • Booster: 106.939 km (66.4491 mi)
  • Capsule: 107.053 km (66.5199 mi)
 Success Third crewed New Shepard flight. Crew of six included:
- Lane Bess
- Cameron Bess
- Evan Dick
- Laura Shepard Churchley
- Michael Strahan
- Dylan Taylor
20 31 March 2022
13:57[80]
  • Booster: 106.964 km (66.4644 mi)
  • Capsule: 107.069 km (66.5295 mi)
 Success Fourth crewed New Shepard flight. Crew of six included:
- Marty Allen
- Sharon Hagle
- Marc Hagle
- Jim Kitchen
- George Nield
- Gary Lai
21 4 June 2022
13:25[81]
  • Booster: 106.93 km (66.445 mi)
  • Capsule: 107.041 km (66.5123 mi)
 Success Fifth crewed New Shepard flight. Crew of six included:
- Evan Dick
- Katya Echazarreta
- Hamish Harding
- Victor Correa Hespanha
- Jaison Robinson
- Victor Vescovo
22 4 August 2022
13:56[82]
  • Booster: 106.944 km (66.4519 mi)
  • Capsule: 107.056 km (66.5212 mi)
 Success Sixth crewed New Shepard flight. Crew of six included:
- Coby Cotton
- Mário Ferreira
- Vanessa O'Brien
- Clint Kelly III
- Sara Sabry
- Steve Young
23 12 September 2022
14:27[25]
11.400 km (7.0835 mi)[25] Failure[25] Uncrewed research mission with 36 commercial payloads on board including two on the exterior of the booster.[83] The spacecraft's launch escape system activated after the booster's BE-3 main engine failed around a minute after liftoff leading to a loss of control. The capsule was safely recovered whilst the booster was lost as it impacted on ground.[26][25]
24 19 December 2023, 16:43[84]
  • Booster: 106.941 km (66.4498 mi)
  • Capsule: 107.060 km (66.5242 mi)
 Success Successful Return to Flight mission following failure of NS-23 more than a year prior. 33 payloads and 38,000 Club for the Future postcards from students around the world.[85]

Design

New Shepard Crew Capsule RSS H. G. Wells after landing on 12 December 2017

The New Shepard is a fully reusable, vertical takeoff, vertical landing (VTVL) space vehicle composed of two principal parts: a pressurized crew capsule and a booster rocket that Blue Origin calls a propulsion module.[12] The New Shepard is controlled entirely by on-board computers, without ground control[6] or a human pilot.[86]

Crew capsule

The New Shepard crew capsule is a pressurized crew capsule that can carry six people, and supports a "full-envelope" launch escape system that can separate the capsule from the booster rocket anywhere during the ascent.[87] The interior volume of the capsule is 15 cubic meters (530 cu ft).[88] The Crew Capsule Escape Solid Rocket Motor (CCE-SRM) is sourced from Aerojet Rocketdyne.[89] After separation from the booster, three parachutes deploy for a soft landing (aproximently 24 km/h or 15 mph for the passengers)

New Shepard booster landing at Launch Site One (LS1)

Flight profile

The New Shepard is launched 30 miles north of Van Horn, Texas called Launch Site One (LS1) and then performs a powered flight for about 110 seconds, up to an altitude of 40 km (25 mi).

The vehicle then continues climbing due to the capsule's momentum and reaches an apogee above the Kármán Line. After reaching apogee, the vehicle performs a descent and restarts its main engines a few tens of seconds before vertical landing, close to its launch site.[90][91] The total flight duration of the rocket is over 7 minutes.

The crewed variant features a separate crew module that separates close to peak altitude, and the propulsion module performs a powered landing while the crew module lands under three parachutes and a solid rocket motor. Total flight time is around 10 minutes. The crew module can also separate in case of a vehicle malfunction or other emergency using solid propellant separation boosters, then performing a parachute landing.[86][92]

NASA suborbital research payloads

NASA Suborbital Research Payloads

"New Shepard offers flights to space over 100 kilometers (62 miles) for payloads inside our cabin or with direct exposure to the space environment. With minutes of high-quality microgravity or partial-G, access to the Kármán Line, and gentle return of payload, New Shepard is transforming access to space research."- New Shepard Payloads, Blueorigin.com

(As of March 2011), Blue Origin had submitted the New Shepard reusable launch vehicle for use as an uncrewed rocket for NASA's suborbital reusable launch vehicle (sRLV) solicitation under NASA's Flight Opportunities Program. Blue Origin projects 100 km (62 mi) altitude in flights of approximately ten minutes duration, while carrying an 11.3 kg (25 lb) research payload.[93] By March 2016, Blue Origin noted that they are "due to start flying unaccompanied scientific payloads later [in 2016]."[86] On April 29, 2018, during its eighth flight New Shepard carried the Schmitt Space Communicator SC-1x, a three-pound device developed by Solstar that launched the first commercial wi-fi hotspot service in space and sent the first commercial Twitter message from space.[94][95] NASA provided a part of the $2 million project's funding as a part of its Flight Opportunities program.[96][97]

On 12 September 2022,18 NASA payloads were flying on NS-23[83] when an in-flight failure of the booster's main engine caused an emergency ejection of the payload capsule. The payload capsule landed safely and was recovered whilst the booster was lost.[25]

Involvement with NASA Commercial Crew Development Program

Blue Origin received US$3.7 million in Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) phase 1 to advance several development objectives of its innovative "pusher" Launch Abort System (LAS) and composite pressure vessel.[98]

In February 2011, with the end of the second ground test nearly complete, the company completed all work envisioned under the phase 1 contract for the pusher escape system. They also "completed work on the other aspect of its award, risk reduction work on a composite pressure vessel" for the vehicle.[99]

References

  1. ↑ Jones, Caleb. "New Shepard | NS-1" (in en). https://spacelaunchnow.me/launch/new-shepard-ns-1/. 
  2. ↑ Jones, Caleb. "Space Launch Now - New Shepard" (in en). https://spacelaunchnow.me/vehicle/launch_vehicle/137. 
  3. ↑ "Blue Origin Flight Test Update". SpaceFellowship. 2 January 2007. http://www.spacefellowship.com/News/?p=1755. "Our first objective is developing New Shepard, a vertical take-off, vertical-landing vehicle designed to take a small number of astronauts on a sub-orbital journey into space. On the morning of 13 November 2006, we launched and landed Goddard – a first development vehicle in the New Shepard program." 
  4. ↑ Lindsay, Clark (22 October 2012). "Blue Origin carries out crew capsule pad escape test". NewSpace Watch. http://www.newspacewatch.com/articles/blue-origin-carries-out-crew-capsule-pad-escape-test-.html. 
  5. ↑ Leone, Dan (October 29, 2012). "Blue Origin Wraps Up Commercial Crew Work with Escape System Test". Space News. https://spacenews.com/31790blue-origin-wraps-up-commercial-crew-work-with-escape-system-test/. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Foust, Jeff (13 April 2015). "Blue Origin's suborbital plans are finally ready for flight". http://www.thespacereview.com/article/2729/1. "We've recently completed acceptance testing, meaning we've accepted the engine for suborbital flight on our New Shepard vehicle, [the end of a] very, very long development program [of] 450 test firings of the engine and a cumulative run time of more than 500 minutes. The completion of those tests sets the stage for Blue Origin to begin test flights of the vehicle later this year at its facility in West Texas [where they] expect a series of flight tests with this vehicle ... flying in autonomous mode... We expect a series of dozens of flights over the extent of the test program [taking] a couple of years to complete." 
  7. ↑ Foust, Jeff (21 April 2015). "Blue Origin To Begin Test Flights Within Weeks". Space news. http://spacenews.com/blue-origin-to-begin-test-flights-within-weeks/. 
  8. ↑ Berry, Stephanie (29 March 2017). "Blue Origin New Shepard to Receive the 2016 Robert J. Collier Trophy". NAA. https://naa.aero/userfiles/files/documents/Press%20Releases/Collier%20Trophy%202016.pdf. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Berger, Eric (9 March 2016). "Behind the curtain: Ars goes inside Blue Origin's secretive rocket factory". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/03/behind-the-curtain-ars-goes-inside-bl01ue-origins-secretive-rocket-factory/. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Richard Tribou (12 September 2022). "FAA grounds Blue Origin New Shepard after emergency abort during launch". Orlando Sentinel. https://www.orlandosentinel.com/space/os-bz-blue-origin-new-shepard-ns-23-launch-20220912-yybpgry23vgntid6y3di4n5f2e-story.html. 
  11. ↑ Bezos, Jeff (27 April 2015). "First Developmental Test Flight of New Shepard". Blue Origin. https://www.blueorigin.com/news/press_release/blue-origin-completes-acceptance-testing-of-be-3-engine-for-new-shepard-sub/. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Foust, Jeff (30 April 2015). "Blue Origin's New Shepard Vehicle Makes First Test Flight". Space News. http://spacenews.com/blue-origins-new-shepard-vehicle-makes-first-test-flight/. 
  13. ↑ @BlueOrigin (30 April 2018). "The previous crew capsule was named “RSS Jules Verne” and “RSS” stands for “Reusable Space Ship”. Thanks for asking!". https://twitter.com/BlueOrigin/status/990808204320878592. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Marcia Dunn (19 July 2018). "Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin launches spacecraft higher than ever". Associated Press. https://apnews.com/1304ed77d0bb4e5c995a8b75a8d52499. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Blue Origin enlarges New Glenn’s payload fairing, preparing to debut upgraded New Shepard, Caleb Henry, SpaceNews, accessed 15 September 2017.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Foust, Jeff (19 April 2018). "Blue Origin expects BE-4 qualification tests to be done by year's end". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/blue-origin-expects-be-4-qualification-tests-to-be-done-by-years-end/. 
  17. ↑ first time we've had two rockets in the barn in West Texas, Blue Origin, 17 December 2018, accessed 26 December 2018.
  18. ↑ "Jeff Bezos says Blue Origin gives test dummy 'a great ride' on New Shepard suborbital spaceship". GeekWire. 13 December 2017. https://www.geekwire.com/2017/blue-origin-launches-updated-version-new-shepard-suborbital-spaceship-test-flight/. 
  19. ↑ Foust, Jeff (19 December 2017). "Blue Origin a year away from crewed New Shepard flights". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/blue-origin-a-year-away-from-crewed-new-shepard-flights/. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Clark, Stephen (29 April 2018). "Video: Blue Origin flies New Shepard rocket for eighth time". https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/04/29/video-blue-origin-flies-new-shepard-rocket-for-eighth-time/. 
  21. ↑ Bartels, Meghan (20 December 2019). "Blue Origin Delays Next New Shepard Launch to Early 2019". Space.com. https://www.space.com/42807-blue-origin-new-shepard-launch-delayed-to-2019.html. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 New Shepard makes 10th launch as Blue Origin aims to fly humans late in 2019. Eric Berger, Ars Technica. 23 January 2019, accessed 26 January 2019.
  23. ↑ Newton, Laura (24 August 2021). "NASA Technologies Slated for Testing on Blue Origin's New Shepard". http://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/features/nasa-tech-testing-on-blue-origin-shepard.html. 
  24. ↑ "New Shepard suffers in-flight abort on uncrewed NS-23 mission". NASASpaceFlight.com. 12 September 2022. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/09/new-shepard-ns-23/. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 Foust, Jeff (12 September 2022). "New Shepard suffers in-flight abort on uncrewed suborbital flight". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/new-shepard-suffers-in-flight-abort-on-uncrewed-suborbital-flight/. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 @blueorigin. "During today’s flight, the capsule escape system successfully separated" (in en). https://twitter.com/blueorigin/status/1569389844316721152.  Missing or empty |date= (help)
  27. ↑ Jackie Wattles (7 June 2021). "Jeff Bezos is going to space". https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/07/tech/jeff-bezos-space-blue-origin-new-shepard-flight-scn/index.html. 
  28. ↑ Wall, Mike (4 October 2019). "Blue Origin Probably Won't Launch People to Space This Year". space.com. https://www.space.com/blue-origin-fly-people-2020.html. 
  29. ↑ Burghardt, Thomas (14 January 2021). "Blue Origin tests New Shepard capsule upgrades on NS-14 mission". NASAspaceflight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/01/blue-origin-test-upgrades-ns-14/. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "William Shatner Completes Trip to Space Aboard Blue Origin Rocket". The New York Times. 13 October 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/10/13/science/blue-origin-william-shatner. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "Watch Live: Michael Strahan and the daughter of astronaut Alan Shepard launch to space with Blue Origin". CBS News. 11 December 2021. https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/blue-origin-launch-space-michael-strahan-laura-shepard-churchley-watch-live-stream-today-2021-12-11/. 
  32. ↑ Skipper, Joe; GormanZ, Steve (11 December 2021). "Daughter of pioneering astronaut Alan Shepard soars to space aboard Blue Origin rocket". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/daughter-pioneering-astronaut-alan-shepard-set-blue-origin-spaceflight-2021-12-11/. 
  33. ↑ Foust, Jeff (20 July 2021). "Blue Origin launches Bezos on first crewed New Shepard flight". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/blue-origin-launches-bezos-on-first-crewed-new-shepard-flight/. 
  34. ↑ "Blue Origin will launch an 18-year-old as its final passenger on 1st crewed flight". 15 July 2021. https://www.space.com/blue-origin-18-year-old-passenger-identity-revealed. 
  35. ↑ "$28M is winning bid for seat aboard Blue Origin's 1st human space flight". ABC News. 12 June 2021. https://abcnews.go.com/US/28m-winning-bid-seat-aboard-blue-origins-1st/story?id=78241176. 
  36. ↑ @blueorigin (1 July 2021). "Welcome aboard, Wally. Here’s the moment Jeff Bezos asked Wally Funk to join our first human flight on July 20 as our honored guest." (in en). https://twitter.com/blueorigin/status/1410587533105262593. 
  37. ↑ "Bidder pays $28m for space trip with Amazon's Bezos". BBC News. 12 June 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57457378. "After a nearly month-long bidding process the top bid had stood at just under $5m – but once Saturday's online auction got under way that figure rose more than five times. "The winning bid amount will be donated to Blue Origin's foundation, @ClubforFuture," Blue Origin tweeted...." 
  38. ↑ Pesce, Nicole Lyn (16 July 2021). "Oliver Daemen, 18, is 'super excited' to join the Blue Origin crew and become the youngest person in space". MarketWatch. https://www.marketwatch.com/story/oliver-daemen-18-is-super-excited-to-join-bezos-flight-and-become-the-youngest-person-in-space-11626467426. "The fully automated rocket and space capsule will carry six passengers, including Bezos, his brother – and now the son of Joes Daemen, founder and CEO of Somerset Capital Partners" 
  39. ↑ "Meet Oliver Daemen, the Dutch teenager who will fly to space with Jeff Bezos after his hedge fund dad paid millions for the ticket". https://www.businessinsider.in/science/space/news/meet-oliver-daemen-the-dutch-teenager-who-will-fly-to-space-with-jeff-bezos-after-his-hedge-fund-dad-paid-millions-for-the-ticket/articleshow/84459621.cms. 
  40. ↑ "Crypto entrepreneur to go to space on New Shepard". 23 December 2021. https://spacenews.com/crypto-entrepreneur-to-go-to-space-on-new-shepard/. 
  41. ↑ Gorman, Steve (29 March 2022). "Blue Origin's 4th astro-tourism flight set to launch without big names". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/blue-origins-4th-astro-tourism-flight-set-launch-without-big-names-2022-03-29/. 
  42. ↑ Wall, Mike (21 March 2022). "Pete Davidson's spaceflight replacement is Blue Origin's Gary Lai". Space.com. https://www.space.com/pete-davidson-replacement-blue-origin-spaceflight. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 "What You Pay for Blue Origin's Spaceflight Depends on Who You Are". 23 June 2022. https://observer.com/2022/06/blue-origin-space-tourism-pricing-marketing/. 
  44. ↑ Mackisack, Daniel (2022-11-08). "The Crypto Community That's Going To The Moon - Literally" (in en-US). https://www.zenger.news/2022/11/08/the-crypto-community-thats-going-to-the-moon-literally/. 
  45. ↑ "Blue Origin launches six more passengers to suborbital space – Spaceflight Now". https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/08/04/blue-origin-ns-22-live-coverage/. 
  46. ↑ "Jeff Bezos' Blue origin sends first Egyptian national to space". 4 August 2022. https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2022/08/04/Jeff-Bezos-Blue-origin-sends-first-Egyptian-national-to-space-. 
  47. ↑ "Bezos' Blue Origin targets Aug 4 for third space tourism flight of 2022". https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/blue-origin-flight-jeff-bezos-new-shepard-ns-22-launch-spacex-1982288-2022-08-01. 
  48. ↑ "Rocket Scientist Aisha Bowe on a Mission to Inspire Others to Reach for the Stars". https://www.wipo.int/wipo_magazine_digital/en/2023/article_0011.html. 
  49. ↑ Harwood, Bill (30 April 2015). "Bezos' Blue Origin completes first test flight of "New Shepard" spacecraft". Spaceflight Now. http://spaceflightnow.com/2015/04/30/bezos-blue-origin-completes-first-test-flight-of-new-shepard-spacecraft/. 
  50. ↑ Pasztor, Andy (24 November 2015). "Jeff Bezos's Blue Origin Succeeds in Landing Spent Rocket Back on Earth". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/blue-origin-succeeds-in-vertically-landing-spent-rocket-back-at-texas-launch-site-1448372666. 
  51. ↑ Berger, Brian (23 January 2016). "Launch. Land. Repeat: Blue Origin posts video of New Shepard's Friday flight". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/launch-land-repeat-blue-origin-posts-video-of-new-shepards-friday-flight/. 
  52. ↑ "Launch Land Repeat". https://www.blueorigin.com/news/blog/launch-land-repeat. 
  53. ↑ April 2016, Calla Cofield 04 (4 April 2016). "Launch Land Repeat Blue Origin's Amazing Rocket Liftoff and Landing in Pictures". https://www.space.com/32457-blue-origin-third-rocket-landing-pictures.html. 
  54. ↑ Calandrelli, Emily (2 April 2016). "Blue Origin launches and lands the same rocket for a third time". https://techcrunch.com/2016/04/02/blue-origin-launches-and-lands-the-same-rocket-for-a-third-time/. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Boyle, Alan (19 June 2016). "Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin live-streams its spaceship's risky test flight". GeekWire. http://www.geekwire.com/2016/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-space-launch/. 
  56. ↑ "New Shepard In-flight Escape Test". Blue Origin. https://www.blueorigin.com/news/new-shepard-in-flight-escape-test. 
  57. ↑ Foust, Jeff (5 October 2016). "Blue Origin successfully tests New Shepard abort system". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/blue-origin-successfully-tests-new-shepard-abort-system/. 
  58. ↑ "Crew Capsule 2.0 First Flight". Blue Origin. https://www.blueorigin.com/news/crew-capsule-2-0-first-flight. 
  59. ↑ "Blue Origin flies next-generation New Shepard vehicle". SpaceNews.com. 13 December 2017. https://spacenews.com/blue-origin-flies-next-generation-new-shepard-vehicle/. 
  60. ↑ "Apogee 351,000 Feet". Blue Origin. https://www.blueorigin.com/news/apogee-351-000-feet. 
  61. ↑ Clark, Stephen. "Blue Origin reschedules New Shepard launch for Wednesday". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/01/19/blue-origin-aims-to-launch-delayed-new-shepard-flight-monday/. 
  62. ↑ "Blue Origin New Shepard: Mission 10 (Q1 2019) - collectSPACE: Messages". http://www.collectspace.com/ubb/Forum35/HTML/000903.html. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Clark, Stephen. "Blue Origin "one step closer" to human flights after successful suborbital launch". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/05/02/blue-origin-one-step-closer-to-human-flights-after-successful-suborbital-launch/. 
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 "New Shepard sets reusability mark on latest suborbital spaceflight". SpaceNews.com. 11 December 2019. https://spacenews.com/new-shepard-sets-reusability-mark-on-latest-suborbital-spaceflight/. 
  65. ↑ Boyle, Alan (8 December 2019). "Watch Blue Origin send thousands of postcards to space and back on test flight". https://www.geekwire.com/2019/blue-origin-gets-set-send-thousands-postcards-space-back-test-flight/. 
  66. ↑ "New Shepard Mission NS-12 Updates". Blue Origin. https://www.blueorigin.com/news/new-shepard-mission-ns-12-updates. 
  67. ↑ Sheetz, Michael (13 October 2020). "Blue Origin launches and lands the 13th test flight of its space tourism rocket New Shepard" (in en). https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/12/jeff-bezos-blue-origin-flying-new-shepard-rocket-on-flight-ns-13.html. 
  68. ↑ "OET Special Temporary Authority Report". https://apps.fcc.gov/oetcf/els/reports/STA_Print.cfm?mode=current&application_seq=103369. 
  69. ↑ "NS-15 (Suborbital)" (in en). https://www.rocketlaunch.live/launch/ns-15-suborbital. 
  70. ↑ "Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin launches and lands rocket New Shepard, as it prepares to launch people". 14 April 2021. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/14/watch-jeff-bezos-blue-origin-launch-new-shepard-ns-15-livestream.html. 
  71. ↑ Smith, Marcia (14 January 2021). "Dress Rehearsal Puts Blue Origin Closer to Human Spaceflight" (in en). https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/dress-rehearsal-puts-blue-origin-closer-to-human-spaceflight/. 
  72. ↑ "Bid for the very first seat on New Shepard" (in en). https://www.blueorigin.com/news/bid-for-the-very-first-seat-on-new-shepard. 
  73. ↑ "WATCH LIVE: First Human Flight (NS-16, Suborbital) Mission (New Shepard) - RocketLaunch.Live". https://www.rocketlaunch.live/launch/new-shepard-crewed-1. 
  74. ↑ Blue Origin [@blueorigin] (26 August 2021). "Capsule, touchdown! A wholly successful payload mission for New Shepard. A huge congrats to the entire Blue Origin team on another successful flight.". https://twitter.com/blueorigin/status/1430903439064584207. 
  75. ↑ "New Shepard Payload Mission NS-17 to Fly NASA Lunar Landing Experiment and Art Installation". Blue Origin. https://www.blueorigin.com/news/new-shepard-mission-ns-17-launch-updates. 
  76. ↑ "Blue Origin successfully and safely completes second human flight to space and back". Blue Origin. 13 October 2021. https://www.blueorigin.com/news/new-shepard-ns-18-mission-updates. 
  77. ↑ "Blue Origin announces next customers to fly on New Shepard's upcoming human flight on October 12". https://www.blueorigin.com/news/next-human-flight-on-october-12. 
  78. ↑ "William Shatner and Blue Origin's Audrey Powers to fly on New Shepard's 18th mission". https://www.blueorigin.com/news/shatner-powers-announced-ns18. 
  79. ↑ Foust, Jeff (13 October 2021). "Blue Origin launches second crewed New Shepard mission". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/blue-origin-launches-second-crewed-new-shepard-mission/. "Company executives said in July that they expected to perform two more crewed flights this year, of which this one was the first. The second, projected for December, may be the first to carry six people, the full crew complement of New Shepard." 
  80. ↑ Sheetz, Michael (31 March 2022). "Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin launches first New Shepard space crew of 2022" (in en). https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/31/watch-live-jeff-bezos-blue-origin-launch-new-shepard-ns-20-crew-to-space.html. 
  81. ↑ Davenport, Justin (4 June 2022). "Blue Origin launches NS-21 suborbital flight with six passengers". NASASpaceFlight. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/06/ns-21-launch/. 
  82. ↑ navin, Joseph (4 August 202). "New Shepard launches sixth suborbital crewed flight". NASASpaceFlight. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/08/ns-22-launch/. 
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 "Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin to launch next space mission on Aug. 31" (in en). 2022-08-24. https://www.space.com/blue-origin-ns-23-mission-august-31. 
  84. ↑ "New Shepard | NS-24" (in en). https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/NextSpaceflight.com/launches/details/7302. 
  85. ↑ "New Shepard’s 24th Mission Will Carry 33 Science Payloads to Space" (in en-US). https://www.blueorigin.com/news/new-shepard-ns-24-mission-announcement. 
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 86.2 Boyle, Alan (5 March 2016). "Jeff Bezos lifts curtain on Blue Origin rocket factory, lays out grand plan for space travel that spans hundreds of years". GeekWire. http://www.geekwire.com/2016/jeff-bezos-lifts-curtain-blue-origin-rocket-factory-vision-space/. 
  87. ↑ Blue Origin. The New Shepard Crew Capsule. YouTube. Archived from the original on 25 July 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  88. ↑ "Our Approach to Technology". https://www.blueorigin.com/technology. "The system consists of a pressurized capsule atop a booster. The combined vehicles launch vertically, accelerating for approximately two and a half minutes, before the engine cuts off. The capsule then separates from the booster to coast quietly into space. After a few minutes of free fall, the booster performs an autonomously controlled rocket-powered vertical landing, while the capsule lands softly under parachutes, both ready to be used again. Reusability allows us to fly the system again and again. ... The New Shepard capsule’s interior is ... 530 cubic feet – offering over 10 times the room Alan Shepard had on his Mercury flight. It seats six astronauts. Three independent parachutes [on the capsule] provide redundancy, while a retro-thrust system further cushions [the] landing. ... Full-envelope escape [system] is built around a solid rocket motor that provides 70,000 lb. of thrust in a two-second burn." 
  89. ↑ "Aerojet Rocketdyne Motor Plays Key Role in Successful Blue Origin In-Flight Crew Escape Test". SpaceRef.com. 6 October 2016. http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=49635. 
  90. ↑ "Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration Finding of No Significant Impact". http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/media/20060829_Blue_Origin_EA_FONSI_signed.pdf. 
  91. ↑ "Blue Origin Completes Third Human Spaceflight" (in en-US). https://www.blueorigin.com/news/new-shepard-ns-19-mission-updates. 
  92. ↑ Harwood, William (September 12, 2022). "Blue Origin rocket malfunctions, triggers dramatic but safe abort for unpiloted New Shepard capsule". CBS News. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/blue-origin-rocket-malfunctions-triggers-dramatic-but-safe-abort-for-unpiloted-new-shepard-capsule/. 
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  94. ↑ "How Humans Will Bring the Internet to Space" (in en). 3 July 2019. https://www.vice.com/en/article/597enb/how-humans-will-bring-the-internet-to-space. 
  95. ↑ "Apogee 351,000 Feet" (in en-US). https://www.blueorigin.com/news/apogee-351-000-feet. 
  96. ↑ Ditzler, Joseph (2 July 2018). "Space Wi-Fi startup aims to raise $1M via crowdfunding investment site" (in en). https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/business/space-wi-fi-startup-aims-to-raise-1m-via-crowdfunding-investment-site/article_ad343c52-9bb8-5f89-8790-a27fdf39421e.html. 
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  98. ↑ Jeff Foust. "Blue Origin proposes orbital vehicle". NewSpace Journal. http://www.newspacejournal.com/2010/02/18/blue-origin-proposes-orbital-vehicle/. 
  99. ↑ "CCDev awardees one year later: where are they now?". NewSpace Journal. 4 February 2011. http://www.newspacejournal.com/2011/02/04/ccdev-awardees-one-year-later-where-are-they-now/. 

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