Physics:Isotopes of gadolinium

Main isotopes of Chemistry:gadolinium (₆₄Gd)
γ	–
Standard atomic weight Ar, standard(Gd)	157.25(3);
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Short description: Nuclides with atomic number of 64 but with different mass numbers

Naturally occurring gadolinium (₆₄Gd) is composed of 6 stable isotopes, ¹⁵⁴Gd, ¹⁵⁵Gd, ¹⁵⁶Gd, ¹⁵⁷Gd, ¹⁵⁸Gd and ¹⁶⁰Gd, and 1 radioisotope, ¹⁵²Gd, with ¹⁵⁸Gd being the most abundant (24.84% natural abundance). The predicted double beta decay of ¹⁶⁰Gd has never been observed; only a lower limit on its half-life of more than 1.3×10²¹ years has been set experimentally.^[2]

Thirty-three radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being alpha-decaying ¹⁵²Gd (naturally occurring) with a half-life of 1.08×10¹⁴ years, and ¹⁵⁰Gd with a half-life of 1.79×10⁶ years. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives less than 100 years, the majority of these having half-lives less than 24.6 seconds. Gadolinium isotopes have 10 metastable isomers, with the most stable being ^143mGd (t_1/2 = 110 seconds), ^145mGd (t_1/2 = 85 seconds) and ^141mGd (t_1/2 = 24.5 seconds).

The primary decay mode at atomic weights lower than the most abundant stable isotope, ¹⁵⁸Gd, is electron capture, and the primary mode at higher atomic weights is beta decay. The primary decay products for isotopes lighter than ¹⁵⁸Gd are isotopes of europium and the primary products of heavier isotopes are isotopes of terbium.

List of isotopes

Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Z	N	Isotopic mass (u) ^{[n 2]}^{[n 3]}	Half-life ^{[n 4]}^{[n 5]}	Decay mode ^{[n 6]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 7]}^{[n 8]}	Spin and parity ^{[n 9]}^{[n 5]}	Physics:Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Nuclide ^{[n 1]}	Excitation energy^{[n 5]}			Half-life ^{[n 4]}^{[n 5]}	Decay mode ^{[n 6]}	Daughter isotope ^{[n 7]}^{[n 8]}	Spin and parity ^{[n 9]}^{[n 5]}	Normal proportion	Range of variation
¹³⁵Gd	64	71	134.95250(43)#	1.1(2) s	β⁺ (98%)	¹³⁵Eu	(5/2+)
¹³⁵Gd	64	71	134.95250(43)#	1.1(2) s	β⁺, p (98%)	¹³⁴Sm	(5/2+)
¹³⁶Gd	64	72	135.94730(32)#	1# s [>200 ns]	β⁺?	¹³⁶Eu	0+
¹³⁶Gd	64	72	135.94730(32)#	1# s [>200 ns]	β⁺, p?	¹³⁵Sm	0+
¹³⁷Gd	64	73	136.94502(32)#	2.2(2) s	β⁺	¹³⁷Eu	(7/2)+#
¹³⁷Gd	64	73	136.94502(32)#	2.2(2) s	β⁺, p?	¹³⁶Sm	(7/2)+#
¹³⁸Gd	64	74	137.94025(22)#	4.7(9) s	β⁺	¹³⁸Eu	0+
^138mGd	2232.6(11) keV			6.2(0.2) μs	IT	¹³⁸Gd	(8−)
¹³⁹Gd	64	75	138.93813(21)#	5.7(3) s	β⁺	¹³⁹Eu	9/2−#
¹³⁹Gd	64	75	138.93813(21)#	5.7(3) s	β⁺, p?	¹³⁸Sm	9/2−#
^139mGd	250(150)# keV			4.8(9) s	β⁺	¹³⁹Eu	1/2+#
^139mGd	250(150)# keV			4.8(9) s	β⁺, p?	¹³⁸Sm	1/2+#
¹⁴⁰Gd	64	76	139.933674(30)	15.8(4) s	β⁺ (67(8)%)	¹⁴⁰Eu	0+
¹⁴⁰Gd	64	76	139.933674(30)	15.8(4) s	EC (33(8)%)	¹⁴⁰Eu	0+
¹⁴¹Gd	64	77	140.932126(21)	14(4) s	β⁺ (99.97%)	¹⁴¹Eu	(1/2+)
¹⁴¹Gd	64	77	140.932126(21)	14(4) s	β⁺, p (0.03%)	¹⁴⁰Sm	(1/2+)
^141mGd	377.76(9) keV			24.5(5) s	β⁺ (89%)	¹⁴¹Eu	(11/2−)
^141mGd	377.76(9) keV			24.5(5) s	IT (11%)	¹⁴¹Gd	(11/2−)
¹⁴²Gd	64	78	141.928116(30)	70.2(6) s	EC (52(5)%)	¹⁴²Eu	0+
¹⁴²Gd	64	78	141.928116(30)	70.2(6) s	β⁺ (48(5)%)	¹⁴²Eu	0+
¹⁴³Gd	64	79	142.92675(22)	39(2) s	β⁺	¹⁴³Eu	1/2+
					β⁺, p?	¹⁴²Sm
					β⁺, α?	¹³⁹Pm
^143mGd	152.6(5) keV			110.0(14) s	β⁺	¹⁴³Eu	11/2−
					β⁺, p?	¹⁴²Sm
					β⁺, α?	¹³⁹Pm
¹⁴⁴Gd	64	80	143.922963(30)	4.47(6) min	β⁺	¹⁴⁴Eu	0+
^144mGd	3433.1(5) keV			145(30) ns	IT	¹⁴⁴Gd	(10+)
¹⁴⁵Gd	64	81	144.921710(21)	23.0(4) min	β⁺	¹⁴⁵Eu	1/2+
^145mGd	749.1(2) keV			85(3) s	IT (94.3%)	¹⁴⁵Gd	11/2−
^145mGd	749.1(2) keV			85(3) s	β⁺ (5.7%)	¹⁴⁵Eu	11/2−
¹⁴⁶Gd	64	82	145.9183185(44)	48.27(10) d	EC	¹⁴⁶Eu	0+
¹⁴⁷Gd	64	83	146.9191010(20)	38.06(12) h	β⁺	¹⁴⁷Eu	7/2−
^147mGd	8587.8(5) keV			510(20) ns	IT	¹⁴⁷Gd	49/2+
¹⁴⁸Gd	64	84	147.9181214(16)	86.9(39) y^[3]	α^{[n 10]}	¹⁴⁴Sm	0+
¹⁴⁹Gd	64	85	148.919341(4)	9.28(10) d	β⁺	¹⁴⁹Eu	7/2−
¹⁴⁹Gd	64	85	148.919341(4)	9.28(10) d	α (4.34×10⁻⁴%)	¹⁴⁵Sm	7/2−
¹⁵⁰Gd	64	86	149.918659(7)	1.79(8)×10⁶ y	α^{[n 11]}	¹⁴⁶Sm	0+
¹⁵¹Gd	64	87	150.920348(4)	124(1) d	EC	¹⁵¹Eu	7/2−
¹⁵¹Gd	64	87	150.920348(4)	124(1) d	α (1.1(6)×10⁻⁶%)	¹⁴⁷Sm	7/2−
¹⁵²Gd^{[n 12]}	64	88	151.9197910(27)	1.08(8)×10¹⁴ y	α^{[n 13]}	¹⁴⁸Sm	0+	0.0020(1)
¹⁵³Gd	64	89	152.9217495(27)	240.4(10) d	EC	¹⁵³Eu	3/2−
^153m1Gd	95.1737(12) keV			3.5(4) µs			(9/2+)
^153m2Gd	171.189(5) keV			76.0(14) µs			(11/2−)
¹⁵⁴Gd	64	90	153.9208656(27)	Observationally Stable^{[n 14]}			0+	0.0218(3)
¹⁵⁵Gd^{[n 15]}	64	91	154.9226220(27)	Observationally Stable^{[n 16]}			3/2−	0.1480(12)
^155mGd	121.05(19) keV			31.97(27) ms	IT	¹⁵⁵Gd	11/2−
¹⁵⁶Gd^{[n 15]}	64	92	155.9221227(27)	Stable			0+	0.2047(9)
^156mGd	2137.60(5) keV			1.3(1) µs			7-
¹⁵⁷Gd^{[n 15]}	64	93	156.9239601(27)	Stable			3/2−	0.1565(2)
¹⁵⁸Gd^{[n 15]}	64	94	157.9241039(27)	Stable			0+	0.2484(7)
¹⁵⁹Gd^{[n 15]}	64	95	158.9263887(27)	18.479(4) h	β⁻	¹⁵⁹Tb	3/2−
¹⁶⁰Gd^{[n 15]}	64	96	159.9270541(27)	Observationally Stable^{[n 17]}			0+	0.2186(19)
¹⁶¹Gd	64	97	160.9296692(29)	3.646(3) min	β⁻	¹⁶¹Tb	5/2−
¹⁶²Gd	64	98	161.930985(5)	8.4(2) min	β⁻	¹⁶²Tb	0+
¹⁶³Gd	64	99	162.93399(32)#	68(3) s	β⁻	¹⁶³Tb	7/2+#
¹⁶⁴Gd	64	100	163.93586(43)#	45(3) s	β⁻	¹⁶⁴Tb	0+
¹⁶⁵Gd	64	101	164.93938(54)#	10.3(16) s	β⁻	¹⁶⁵Tb	1/2−#
¹⁶⁶Gd	64	102	165.94160(64)#	4.8(10) s	β⁻	¹⁶⁶Tb	0+
¹⁶⁷Gd	64	103	166.94557(64)#	4.2(3) s	β⁻	¹⁶⁷Tb	5/2−#
¹⁶⁸Gd	64	104	167.94836(75)#	3.03(16) s	β⁻	¹⁶⁸Tb	0+
¹⁶⁹Gd	64	105	168.95287(86)#	750(210) ms	β⁻	¹⁶⁹Tb	7/2−#
¹⁷⁰Gd	64	106		675+94 −75 ms^[4]	β⁻	¹⁷⁰Tb	0+
¹⁷¹Gd	64	107		392+145 −136 ms^[4]	β⁻	¹⁷¹Tb
¹⁷²Gd	64	108		163+113 −99 ms^[4]	β⁻	¹⁷²Tb	0+

↑ ^mGd – Excited nuclear isomer.
↑ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
↑ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
↑ Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
↑ Modes of decay:

EC: Electron capture

IT: Isomeric transition
↑ Bold italics symbol as daughter – Daughter product is nearly stable.
↑ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
↑ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
↑ Theorized to also undergo β⁺β⁺ decay to ¹⁴⁸Sm
↑ Theorized to also undergo β⁺β⁺ decay to ¹⁵⁰Sm
↑ primordial radionuclide
↑ Theorized to also undergo β⁺β⁺ decay to ¹⁵²Sm
↑ Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁵⁰Sm
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 ^15.3 ^15.4 ^15.5 Fission product
↑ Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁵¹Sm
↑ Believed to undergo β⁻β⁻ decay to ¹⁶⁰Dy with a half-life over 1.3×10²¹ years

Gadolinium-148

With a half-life of 86.9±3.9 year via alpha decay alone,^[3] gadolinium-148 would be ideal for radioisotope thermoelectric generators. However, gadolinium-148 cannot be economically synthesized in sufficient quantities to power a RTG.^[5]

Gadolinium-153

Gadolinium-153 has a half-life of 240.4±10 d and emits gamma radiation with strong peaks at 41 keV and 102 keV. It is used as a gamma ray source for X-ray absorptiometry and fluorescence, for bone density gauges for osteoporosis screening, and for radiometric profiling in the Lixiscope portable x-ray imaging system, also known as the Lixi Profiler. In nuclear medicine, it serves to calibrate the equipment needed like single-photon emission computed tomography systems (SPECT) to make x-rays. It ensures that the machines work correctly to produce images of radioisotope distribution inside the patient. This isotope is produced in a nuclear reactor from europium or enriched gadolinium.^[6] It can also detect the loss of calcium in the hip and back bones, allowing the ability to diagnose osteoporosis.^[7]

References

↑ Meija, Juris; Coplen, Tyler B.; Berglund, Michael; Brand, Willi A.; De Bièvre, Paul; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Irrgeher, Johanna et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
↑ F. A. Danevich (2001). "Quest for double beta decay of ¹⁶⁰Gd and Ce isotopes". Nuclear Physics A 694 (1–2): 375–391. doi:10.1016/S0375-9474(01)00983-6. Bibcode: 2001NuPhA.694..375D.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 148Gd
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Kiss, G. G.Expression error: Unrecognized word "et". (2022). "Measuring the β-decay properties of neutron-rich exotic Pm, Sm, Eu, and Gd isotopes to constrain the nucleosynthesis yields in the rare-earth region". The Astrophysical Journal 936 (107): 107. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac80fc. Bibcode: 2022ApJ...936..107K.
↑ Council, National Research; Sciences, Division on Engineering Physical; Board, Aeronautics Space Engineering; Board, Space Studies; Committee, Radioisotope Power Systems (2009). Radioisotope Power Systems: An Imperative for Maintaining U.S. Leadership in Space Exploration. doi:10.17226/12653. ISBN 978-0-309-13857-4.
↑ "PNNL: Isotope Sciences Program – Gadolinium-153". pnl.gov. http://radioisotopes.pnl.gov/gadolinium.stm.
↑ "Gadolinium". BCIT Chemistry Resource Center. British Columbia Institute of Technology. http://nobel.scas.bcit.ca/resource/ptable/gd.htm.

Isotope masses from:
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A 729: 3–128, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001, Bibcode: 2003NuPhA.729....3A, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- Wieser, Michael E. (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051.
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
- Audi, Georges; Bersillon, Olivier; Blachot, Jean; Wapstra, Aaldert Hendrik (2003), "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties", Nuclear Physics A 729: 3–128, doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001, Bibcode: 2003NuPhA.729....3A, https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00020241/document
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.x database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/.
- Lide, David R., ed (2004). "11. Table of the Isotopes". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes of gadolinium. Read more

[3] Gd – Excited nuclear isomer.

[4] ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.

[TMS-5] # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).

[6] Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.

[TNN-7] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).

[8] Modes of decay:

EC: Electron capture

IT: Isomeric transition

[9] Bold italics symbol as daughter – Daughter product is nearly stable.

[10] Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.

[11] ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.

[13] Theorized to also undergo β⁺β⁺ decay to ¹⁴⁸Sm

[14] Theorized to also undergo β⁺β⁺ decay to ¹⁵⁰Sm

[15] rimordial radionuclide

[16] Theorized to also undergo β⁺β⁺ decay to ¹⁵²Sm

[17] Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁵⁰Sm

[FP-18] 15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 ^15.3 ^15.4 ^15.5 Fission product

[19] Believed to undergo α decay to ¹⁵¹Sm

[20] Believed to undergo β⁻β⁻ decay to ¹⁶⁰Dy with a half-life over 1.3×10²¹ years

[CIAAW2013-1] Meija, Juris; Coplen, Tyler B.; Berglund, Michael; Brand, Willi A.; De Bièvre, Paul; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Irrgeher, Johanna et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.

[DBD-2] F. A. Danevich (2001). "Quest for double beta decay of ¹⁶⁰Gd and Ce isotopes". Nuclear Physics A 694 (1–2): 375–391. doi:10.1016/S0375-9474(01)00983-6. Bibcode: 2001NuPhA.694..375D.

[148Gd-12] 3.0 ^3.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named 148Gd

[Ln922-21] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Kiss, G. G.Expression error: Unrecognized word "et". (2022). "Measuring the β-decay properties of neutron-rich exotic Pm, Sm, Eu, and Gd isotopes to constrain the nucleosynthesis yields in the rare-earth region". The Astrophysical Journal 936 (107): 107. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac80fc. Bibcode: 2022ApJ...936..107K.

[22] Council, National Research; Sciences, Division on Engineering Physical; Board, Aeronautics Space Engineering; Board, Space Studies; Committee, Radioisotope Power Systems (2009). Radioisotope Power Systems: An Imperative for Maintaining U.S. Leadership in Space Exploration. doi:10.17226/12653. ISBN 978-0-309-13857-4.

[23] "PNNL: Isotope Sciences Program – Gadolinium-153". pnl.gov. http://radioisotopes.pnl.gov/gadolinium.stm.

[24] "Gadolinium". BCIT Chemistry Resource Center. British Columbia Institute of Technology. http://nobel.scas.bcit.ca/resource/ptable/gd.htm.

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