Qutrit

Short description: Unit of quantum information

A qutrit (or quantum trit) is a unit of quantum information that is realized by a 3-level quantum system, that may be in a superposition of three mutually orthogonal quantum states.

The qutrit is analogous to the classical radix-3 trit, just as the qubit, a quantum system described by a superposition of two orthogonal states, is analogous to the classical radix-2 bit.

There is ongoing work to develop quantum computers using qutrits and qudits in general.

Representation

A qutrit has three orthonormal basis states or vectors, often denoted [math]\displaystyle{ |0\rangle }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ |1\rangle }[/math], and [math]\displaystyle{ |2\rangle }[/math] in Dirac or bra–ket notation. These are used to describe the qutrit as a superposition state vector in the form of a linear combination of the three orthonormal basis states:

[math]\displaystyle{ |\psi\rangle = \alpha |0\rangle + \beta |1\rangle + \gamma |2\rangle }[/math],

where the coefficients are complex probability amplitudes, such that the sum of their squares is unity (normalization):

[math]\displaystyle{ | \alpha |^2 + | \beta |^2 + | \gamma |^2 = 1 \, }[/math]

The qubit's orthonormal basis states [math]\displaystyle{ \{|0\rangle,|1\rangle\} }[/math] span the two-dimensional complex Hilbert space [math]\displaystyle{ H_2 }[/math], corresponding to spin-up and spin-down of a spin-1/2 particle. Qutrits require a Hilbert space of higher dimension, namely the three-dimensional [math]\displaystyle{ H_3 }[/math] spanned by the qutrit's basis [math]\displaystyle{ \{|0\rangle,|1\rangle,|2\rangle\} }[/math], which can be realized by a three-level quantum system.

An n-qutrit register can represent 3ⁿ different states simultaneously, i.e., a superposition state vector in 3ⁿ-dimensional complex Hilbert space.

Qutrits have several peculiar features when used for storing quantum information. For example, they are more robust to decoherence under certain environmental interactions. In reality, manipulating qutrits directly might be tricky, and one way to do that is by using an entanglement with a qubit.

Qutrit quantum gates

The quantum logic gates operating on single qutrits are [math]\displaystyle{ 3 \times 3 }[/math] unitary matrices and gates that act on registers of [math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math] qutrits are [math]\displaystyle{ 3^n \times 3^n }[/math] unitary matrices (the elements of the unitary groups U(3) and U(3ⁿ) respectively).

The rotation operator gates for SU(3) are [math]\displaystyle{ \operatorname{Rot}(\Theta_1, \Theta_2, \dots, \Theta_8)=\exp \left( -i\sum_{a=1}^8 \Theta_a \frac{\lambda_a}{2} \right) }[/math], where [math]\displaystyle{ \lambda_a }[/math] is the a'th Gell-Mann matrix, and [math]\displaystyle{ \Theta_a }[/math] is a real value (with period [math]\displaystyle{ 4\pi }[/math]). The Lie algebra of the matrix exponential is provided here. The same rotation operators are used for gluon interactions, where the three basis states are the three colors ([math]\displaystyle{ |0\rangle=\text{red}, |1\rangle=\text{green}, |2\rangle=\text{blue} }[/math]) of the strong interaction.

The global phase shift gate for the qutrit is [math]\displaystyle{ \operatorname{Ph}(\delta) = \begin{bmatrix} e^{i\delta} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & e^{i\delta} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & e^{i\delta} \end{bmatrix} = \exp \left( i\delta I \right) = e^{i\delta}I }[/math] where the phase factor [math]\displaystyle{ e^{i\delta} }[/math] is called the global phase.

This phase gate performs the mapping [math]\displaystyle{ |\Psi\rangle \mapsto e^{i\delta}|\Psi\rangle }[/math] and together with the 8 rotation operators is capable of expressing any single-qutrit gate in U(3), as a series circuit of at most 9 gates.

See also

• Gell-Mann matrices
• Generalizations of Pauli matrices
• Mutually unbiased bases
• Quantum computing
• Radix economy
• Ternary computing

External links

• Zyga, Lisa (Feb 26, 2008). "Physicists Demonstrate Qubit-Qutrit Entanglement". Physorg.com. http://www.physorg.com/news123244300.html.