Astronomy:Transit-timing variation

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Short description: Exoplanet detection method using transit timing variations

File:201008-2a PlanetOrbits 16x9- Transit timing of 1-planet vs 2-planet systems.ogv

Transit-timing variation is a method for detecting exoplanets by observing variations in the timing of a transit. This provides an extremely sensitive method capable of detecting additional planets in the system with masses potentially as small as that of Earth. In tightly packed planetary systems, the gravitational pull of the planets among themselves causes one planet to accelerate and another planet to decelerate along its orbit. The acceleration causes the orbital period of each planet to change. Detecting this effect by measuring the change is known as transit-timing variations.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] "Timing variation" asks whether the transit occurs with strict periodicity or if there's a variation.

The first significant detection of a non-transiting planet using transit-timing variations was carried out with NASA's Kepler telescope. The transiting planet Kepler-19b shows transit-timing variation with an amplitude of 5 minutes and a period of about 300 days, indicating the presence of a second planet, Kepler-19c, which has a period that is a near-rational multiple of the period of the transiting planet.[8][9]

In 2010, researchers proposed a second planet orbiting WASP-3 based on transit-timing variation,[10][11] but this proposal was debunked in 2012.[12]

Transit-timing variation was first convincingly detected for planets Kepler-9b and Kepler-9c [13] and gained popularity by 2012 for confirming exoplanet discoveries.[14]

TTV can also be used to indirectly measure the mass of the exoplanets in compact, multiple-planet systems and/or system whose planets are in resonant chains. By performing a series of analytical (TTVFaster[15]) and numerical (TTVFast[16] and Mercury[17]) n-body integrations of a system of six gravitationally interacting, co-planar planets, the initial mass estimates for the six inner planets of TRAPPIST-1, along with their orbital eccentricities, were determined.[18]

References

  1. ↑ "The Transit Timing Variation (TTV) Planet-finding Technique Begins to Flower". https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2012/jan/HQ_12-032_Kepler_23-33.html. 
  2. ↑ Steffen, Jason H.; Fabrycky, Daniel C.; Agol, Eric; Ford, Eric B.; Morehead, Robert C.; Cochran, William D.; Lissauer, Jack J.; Adams, Elisabeth R. et al. (2013). "Transit timing observations from Kepler – VII. Confirmation of 27 planets in 13 multiplanet systems via transit timing variations and orbital stability". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 428 (2): 1077–1087. doi:10.1093/mnras/sts090. Bibcode: 2013MNRAS.428.1077S. 
  3. ↑ Xie, Ji-Wei (2013). "Transit Timing Variation of Near-Resonance Planetary Pairs: Confirmation of 12 Multiple-Planet Systems". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 208 (2): 22. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/208/2/22. Bibcode: 2013ApJS..208...22X. 
  4. ↑ Yang, Ming; Liu, Hui-Gen; Zhang, Hui; Yang, Jia-Yi; Zhou, Ji-Lin (2013). "Eight Planets in Four Multi-planet Systems via Transit Timing Variations in 1350 Days". The Astrophysical Journal 778 (2): 110. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/778/2/110. 
  5. ↑ Miralda-Escude (2001). "Orbital perturbations on transiting planets: A possible method to measure stellar quadrupoles and to detect Earth-mass planets". The Astrophysical Journal 564 (2): 1019–1023. doi:10.1086/324279. Bibcode: 2002ApJ...564.1019M. 
  6. ↑ Holman; Murray (2005). "The Use of Transit Timing to Detect Extrasolar Planets with Masses as Small as Earth". Science 307 (1291): 1288–91. doi:10.1126/science.1107822. PMID 15731449. Bibcode: 2005Sci...307.1288H. 
  7. ↑ Agol; Sari; Steffen; Clarkson (2005). "On detecting terrestrial planets with timing of giant planet transits". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 359 (2): 567–579. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.08922.x. Bibcode: 2005MNRAS.359..567A. 
  8. ↑ "Invisible World Discovered". NASA Kepler News. 8 September 2011. http://kepler.nasa.gov/news/nasakeplernews/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=148. 
  9. ↑ Ballard, S.; Fabrycky, D.; Fressin, F.; Charbonneau, D.; Desert, J.-M.; Torres, G.; Marcy, G.; Burke, C. J. et al. (2011), "The Kepler-19 System: A Transiting 2.2 R🜨 Planet and a Second Planet Detected via Transit Timing Variations", Astrophysical Journal 743 (2): 200, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/743/2/200, Bibcode: 2011ApJ...743..200B 
  10. ↑ Planet found tugging on transits , Astronomy Now, 9 July 2010
  11. ↑ Maciejewski, G.; Dimitrov, D.; Neuhäuser, R.; Niedzielski, A.; Raetz, S.; Ginski, C.; Adam, C.; Marka, C. et al. (2010), "Transit timing variation in exoplanet WASP-3b", MNRAS 407 (4): 2625, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17099.x, Bibcode: 2010MNRAS.407.2625M 
  12. ↑ M Montalto (Nov 2, 2012). "A new analysis of the WASP-3 system: no evidence for an additional companion". MNRAS 427 (4): 2757–2771. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21926.x. Bibcode: 2012MNRAS.427.2757M. 
  13. ↑ Harrington, J.D. (26 August 2010). "NASA's Kepler Mission Discovers Two Planets Transiting Same Star". https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/aug/HQ_10-197_Kepler_Results.html. 
  14. ↑ Johnson, Michele (26 January 2012). "NASA's Kepler Announces 11 Planetary Systems Hosting 26 Planets". https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2012/jan/HQ_12-032_Kepler_23-33.html. 
  15. ↑ Agol, E.; Deck, K. (2016), "Transit Timing to First Order in Eccentricity", Astrophysical Journal 818 (2): 177, doi:10.3847/0004-637X/818/2/177, Bibcode: 2016ApJ...818..177A 
  16. ↑ Deck, K. M.; Agol, E.; Holman, M. J.; Nesvorný, D. (2014), "TTVFast: An Efficient and Accurate Code for Transit Timing Inversion Problems", Astrophysical Journal 787 (2): 132, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/787/2/132, Bibcode: 2014ApJ...787..132D 
  17. ↑ Chambers, J. E. (1999), "A hybrid symplectic integrator that permits close encounters between massive bodies", MNRAS 304 (4): 793–799, doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02379.x, Bibcode: 1999MNRAS.304..793C 
  18. ↑ Gillon, M.; Triaud, A. H. M. J.; Demory, B.-O.; Jehin, E.; Agol, E.; Deck, K. M.; Lederer, S. M.; de, Wit J. et al. (2017), "Seven temperate terrestrial planets around the nearby ultracool dwarf star TRAPPIST-1", Nature 542 (7642): 456–460, doi:10.1038/nature21360, PMID 28230125, Bibcode: 2017Natur.542..456G 

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