Astronomy:List of directly imaged exoplanets

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Short description: Exoplanets confirmed or discovered from direct imaging
Motion interpolation of seven images of the HR 8799 system taken from the W. M. Keck Observatory over seven years, featuring four exoplanets

This is a list of extrasolar planets that have been directly observed, sorted by observed separations. This method works best for young planets that emit infrared light and are far from the glare of the star. Currently, this list includes both directly imaged planets and imaged planetary-mass companions (objects that orbit a star but formed through a binary-star-formation process, not a planet-formation process). This list does not include free-floating planetary-mass objects in star-forming regions or young associations, which are also referred to as rogue planets.

The data given for each planet is taken from the latest published paper on the planet to have that data. In many cases it is not possible to have an exact value, and an estimated range is instead provided. The lightest, coldest, and oldest planet directly imaged is Proxima Centauri c, which has seven times Earth's mass, an effective temperature of 39 K, and an age of about 4.8 Ga. This list includes the four members of the multi-planet system that orbit HR 8799.

Key

Exoplanets have been discovered using several different methods for collecting or combining direct images to isolate planets from the background light of their star. Non-Redundant Aperture Masking Interferometry is a method of combining the views of multiple telescopes into a single image, while the other methods are algorithms for combining multiple direct images taken from the same telescope.

  • ADI = Angular Differential Imaging
  • KLIP = Karhunen–Loève Image Processing
  • LOCI = Locally Optimized Combination of Images
  • NRM = Non-Redundant Aperture Masking Interferometry
  • RSDI = Reference Star Differential Imaging
  • SDI = Spectral Differential Imaging
  • TLOCI = Template Locally Optimized Combination of Images

Exoplanets

Although listed in the table below, the identities of Fomalhaut b and Candidate 1 are disputed. They may not actually be true exoplanets.   †   There is no consensus whether these companions of stars should be considered sub-brown dwarfs or planets Check https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/imaging.html to see more directly imaged planets. It contains an updated table of all of them.

Star Exoplanet Image Mass (MJ) Radius (RJ) Period (yr) Observed separation (AU) Eccentricity Distance to Earth (ly) Year of discovery Imaging technique Ref(s).
Alpha Centauri Candidate 1 (?) Candidate1 Discovery.png 0.11±0.05 0.459±0.17 ~1 1.1 4.37 2021
AF Leporis AF Lep b Potw2308a(1).jpg 2-5.5 20.6 8 0.47 87 2023 Direct imaging [1][2][3]
Beta Pictoris Beta Pictoris b Beta Pictoris b orbit animated (2013-2018).gif 12.7±0.3 1.5±0.2 22.47+3.77−2.26 9 0.08+0.09−0.05 0063 63.4±0.1


2008 RSDI [4][5][6][7]
51 Eridani 51 Eridani b 51 Eridani b orbit animated (2014-2018).gif 2.6 1.0 ? 13 ? 0096 96


2014 ADI, KLIP [8]
HR 8799 HR 8799 e HR 8799 Orbiting Exoplanets.gif 7.0 1.3 49 14.5 0.14 0128 128


2010 ADI, LOCI
HR 8799 d 7.0 1.3 100 24.5 0.09 0128 128


2008 ADI, LOCI
HR 8799 c 7.0 1.3 189 37.4 0.24 0128 128


2008 ADI, LOCI
HR 8799 b 5.0 1.2 474 69.2 0.17 0128 128


2008 ADI, LOCI
2M J044144 2M J044144 b† Brown dwarf 2M J044144 and planet.jpg 5–10 15 0456 456


2010 Direct imaging
29 Cygni HIP 99770 b HIP 99770 b.png 13.9-16.1 1.05 51.0 16.9 0.25 130.9 2022 ALOCI [9]
PDS 70 PDS 70 b PDS 70.jpg ? ? 21 370 2018 ADI, TLOCI
PDS 70 c PDS 70 - eso2111b (cropped).jpg ? ? 35 370 2019 SDI
HD 169142 HD 169142 b Protoplanet HD 169142b.gif 1-4 37.2 115 2019/2023 pseudo-ADI, PDI, ASDI, ADI [10][11]
2M1207 2M1207b † 2M1207b - First image of an exoplanet.jpg 4.2 1.5 1620 40.6 0.37 0170 170


2004 Direct imaging
59 Virginis Gliese 504 b† Composite combines Subaru images of GJ 504 (no labels).jpg 4+4.5−1 ? ? 43.5 ? 0057 57.27


2013 ADI, LOCI
Kappa Andromedae Kappa Andromedae b HR 8976 exoplanet.jpg 13+12−2 ? 242–900 55 0.69–0.85 0168 168.0


2013 ADI, LOCI
HD 95086 HD 95086 b VLT image of exoplanet HD 95086 b.jpg 5.0 ? ? 56 ? 0295 295


2013 ADI, LOCI
2MASS J01033563-5515561(AB) 2MASS J0103 AB b† 12-14 84 154 2013 AO [12]
HIP 65426 HIP 65426 b The unusual exoplanet HIP 65426b — SPHERE's first.jpg 6-12 1.5 600 92 0363 363


2017 ADI, TLOCI [13][14]
AB Aurigae AB Aurigae b Subaru AB Aur b.png 9-12 2.75 ? 93 0.19-0.60 508 2022 ADI/RSDI, ALOCI [15]
VHS 1256-1257 VHS 1256 b † VHS J1256-1257.jpg 11.2 3900 102 0040 40


2015 Direct imaging
Fomalhaut Fomalhaut b (?) NASA's Hubble Reveals Rogue Planetary Orbit For Fomalhaut B.jpg < 2.0 872–2000 116.0 0025 25


2008/2012 RSDI
2MASS J04372171+2651014 2M0437 b 3-5 118 418 2021 AO [16]
ROXs 42B ROXs 42Bb 9±3 2.5 1968.3 0157 157


Unknown 0440 440±16


2013 Direct imaging [17]
2MASS J22362452+4751425 2M2236+4751 b† 11-14 230 205 2017 AO [18]
AB Pictoris AB Pictoris b† The Star AB Pictoris and its Companion - Phot-14d-05-normal.jpg 10-14 260 164 2005 imaging+ coronagraph [19][20]
FW Tauri FW Tauri b† 10±4 ? ~12,000[21] 330 ? 0472 472.93

[22]

2013 Direct imaging [23][24]
DH Tauri DH Tauri b† DH Tauri.jpg 11±3 2.7±0.8 330 441 2005/2014 Coronagraph, AO [25][26]
1RXS J1609 1RXS 1609 b† 1RXS J160929.1−210524.jpg 8–14 1.7 6518 331.1 0.08 0470 470


2008/2010 Direct imaging
HD 203030 HD 203030 B 11+4−3 487 128 2006 SDI [27]
HD 106906 HD 106906 b† HD 106906 b imaged by SPHERE.jpg 11±2 ? ? 650 ? 0300 300


2013 ADI
DT Virginis Ross 458(AB) c† DT Virginis.jpg 8.5 1.8 33,081 1167.7 0.17 0038 38

[28]

2011 Direct imaging
BD+60 1417 BD+60 1417b† Exoplanet BD+60 1417b.jpg 15±5 1.31±0.06 1662 144±13 2021 Direct imaging [29]
2MASS J0249-0557AB 2MASS J0249-0557c† 2MASS J0249-0557 c.jpg 11.6+1.3
−1.0 		1950 159 2018 Direct imaging [30]
GU Piscium GU Piscium b† GUPscb GMOSiz WIRCamJ noinset.jpg 11±2 163,000 2000 0155 155


2014 Direct imaging
WD 0806-661 WD 0806-661 B† WD 0806-661 AB.jpg 7–9 ? ? 2500 ? 0062 62


2011 Direct imaging
L 34-26 COCONUTS-2b† COCONUTS-2b.jpg 6.3+1.5
−1.9 		1.1±0.03 ~1,100,000 6471 35.51±0.01 2021/2011 Direct imaging [31]
TYC 9486-927-1 2MASS J2126–8140 Image of TYC 9486-927-1 and 2MASS J2126.jpg 13.3±1.7 ? ~900,000 6684 ? 80.72±13.86 2016/2006 Direct imaging [32]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Franson, Kyle; Bowler, Brendan P.; Zhou, Yifan; Pearce, Tim D.; Bardalez Gagliuffi, Daniella C.; Biddle, Lauren I.; Brandt, Timothy D.; Crepp, Justin R. et al. (2023). "Astrometric Accelerations as Dynamical Beacons: A Giant Planet Imaged inside the Debris Disk of the Young Star AF Lep". The Astrophysical Journal Letters (American Astronomical Society) 950 (2): L19. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acd6f6. Bibcode: 2023ApJ...950L..19F. 
  2. ↑ Mesa, D.; Gratton, R.; Kervella, P.; Bonavita, M.; Desidera, S.; D'Orazi, V.; Marino, S.; Zurlo, A. et al. (2023-02-13). "AF Lep b: The lowest-mass planet detected by coupling astrometric and direct imaging data". Astronomy & Astrophysics 672: A93. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202345865. Bibcode: 2023A&A...672A..93M. 
  3. ↑ De Rosa, Robert J.; Nielsen, Eric L.; Wahhaj, Zahed; Ruffio, Jean-Baptise; Kalas, Paul G.; Peck, Anne E.; Hirsch, Lea A.; Roberson, William (2023-02-13). "Direct imaging discovery of a super-Jovian around the young Sun-like star AF Leporis". Astronomy & Astrophysics 672: A94. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202345877. Bibcode: 2023A&A...672A..94D. 
  4. ↑ Wang (2016). "The Orbit and Transit Prospects for β Pictoris b Constrained with One Milliarcsecond Astrometry". The Astronomical Journal 152 (4): 97. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/4/97. Bibcode: 2016AJ....152...97W. 
  5. ↑ Bonnefoy (2014). "Physical and orbital properties of β Pictoris b". Astronomy & Astrophysics 567: L9. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424041. Bibcode: 2014A&A...567L...9B. 
  6. ↑ Currie, Thayne et al. (2013). "A Combined Very Large Telescope and Gemini Study of the Atmosphere of the Directly Imaged Planet, β Pictoris b". The Astrophysical Journal 776 (1): 15. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/776/1/15. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2013ApJ...776...15C. 
  7. ↑ Morzinski (2015). "Magellan Adaptive Optics First-light Observations of the Exoplanet β Pic b. II. 3-5 μm Direct Imaging with MagAO+Clio, and the Empirical Bolometric Luminosity of a Self-luminous Giant Planet". The Astrophysical Journal 815 (2): 108. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/815/2/108. Bibcode: 2015ApJ...815..108M. 
  8. ↑ Macintoshi (2015). "Discovery and spectroscopy of the young Jovian planet 51 Eri b with the Gemini Planet Imager". Science 350 (6256): 64–7. doi:10.1126/science.aac5891. PMID 26272904. Bibcode: 2015Sci...350...64M. 
  9. ↑ Currie, Thayne et al. (2023), "Direct imaging and astrometric detection of a gas giant planet orbiting an accelerating star", Science 380 (6641): 198–203, doi:10.1126/science.abo6192, PMID 37053312, Bibcode: 2023Sci...380..198C 
  10. ↑ Gratton, R.; Ligi, R.; Sissa, E.; Desidera, S.; Mesa, D.; Bonnefoy, M.; Chauvin, G.; Cheetham, A. et al. (2019-03-01). "Blobs, spiral arms, and a possible planet around HD 169142". Astronomy and Astrophysics 623: A140. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834760. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2019A&A...623A.140G. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019A&A...623A.140G. 
  11. ↑ Hammond, Iain; Christiaens, Valentin; Price, Daniel J.; Toci, Claudia; Pinte, Christophe; Juillard, Sandrine; Garg, Himanshi (2023-03-01). "Confirmation and keplerian motion of the gap-carving protoplanet HD 169142 b". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 522 (1): L51–L55. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slad027. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2023MNRAS.522L..51H. 
  12. ↑ Delorme, P.; Gagné, J.; Girard, J. H.; Lagrange, A. M.; Chauvin, G.; Naud, M. -E.; Lafrenière, D.; Doyon, R. et al. (2013-05-01). "Direct-imaging discovery of a 12-14 Jupiter-mass object orbiting a young binary system of very low-mass stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics 553: L5. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321169. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2013A&A...553L...5D. 
  13. ↑ "ESO's SPHERE Unveils its First Exoplanet". https://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann17041/. 
  14. ↑ Chauvin (2017). "Discovery of a warm, dusty giant planet around HIP 65426". Astronomy & Astrophysics 605: L9. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731152. Bibcode: 2017A&A...605L...9C. 
  15. ↑ Currie, Thayne; Lawson, Kellen; Schneider, Glenn et al. (4 April 2022). "Images of embedded Jovian planet formation at a wide separation around AB Aurigae". Nature Astronomy (Springer Science and Business Media LLC) 6 (6): 751–759. doi:10.1038/s41550-022-01634-x. ISSN 2397-3366. Bibcode: 2022NatAs...6..751C. 
  16. ↑ Gaidos, E.; Hirano, T.; Kraus, A. L.; Kuzuhara, M.; Zhang, Z.; Lee, R. A.; Salama, M.; Berger, T. A. et al. (2022-05-01). "Zodiacal exoplanets in time (ZEIT) XII: a directly imaged planetary-mass companion to a young Taurus M dwarf star". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 512 (1): 583–601. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3069. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2022MNRAS.512..583G. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022MNRAS.512..583G. 
  17. ↑ Currie, Thayne; Daemgen, Sebastian; Debes, John; Lafreniere, David; Itoh, Yoichi; Jayawardhana, Ray; Ratzka, Thorsten; Correia, Serge (2014). "Direct Imaging and Spectroscopy of a Candidate Companion Below/Near the Deuterium-Burning Limit In The Young Binary Star System, ROXs 42B". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 780 (2): 30. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/780/2/L30. Bibcode: 2014ApJ...780L..30C. 
  18. ↑ Bowler, Brendan P.; Liu, Michael C.; Mawet, Dimitri; Ngo, Henry; Malo, Lison; Mace, Gregory N.; McLane, Jacob N.; Lu, Jessica R. et al. (2017-01-01). "Planets around Low-mass Stars (PALMS). VI. Discovery of a Remarkably Red Planetary-mass Companion to the AB Dor Moving Group Candidate 2MASS J22362452+4751425*". The Astronomical Journal 153 (1): 18. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/153/1/18. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2017AJ....153...18B. 
  19. ↑ Chauvin, G.; Lagrange, A. -M.; Zuckerman, B.; Dumas, C.; Mouillet, D.; Song, I.; Beuzit, J. -L.; Lowrance, P. et al. (2005-08-01). "A companion to AB Pic at the planet/brown dwarf boundary". Astronomy and Astrophysics 438 (3): L29–L32. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200500111. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2005A&A...438L..29C. 
  20. ↑ Bonnefoy, M.; Chauvin, G.; Lagrange, A. -M.; Rojo, P.; Allard, F.; Pinte, C.; Dumas, C.; Homeier, D. (2014-02-01). "A library of near-infrared integral field spectra of young M-L dwarfs". Astronomy and Astrophysics 562: A127. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118270. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2014A&A...562A.127B. 
  21. ↑ "Planet FW Tau b.". Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. https://exoplanet.eu/catalog/fw_tau_b--1480/. Retrieved 21 Feb 2018. 
  22. ↑ "FW Tauri". Universe Guide. https://www.universeguide.com/star/fwtau. 
  23. ↑ Wu, Ya-Lin; Sheehan, Patrick D. (2017-09-08). "An ALMA Dynamical Mass Estimate of the Proposed Planetary-mass Companion FW Tau C". The Astrophysical Journal 846 (2): L26. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa8771. ISSN 2041-8213. Bibcode: 2017ApJ...846L..26W. 
  24. ↑ Mora, Ariel; Wu, Ya-Lin; Bowler, Brendan P.; Sheehan, Patrick (2020-01-08). "Measuring the Mass of the Faint Companion to FW Tau with ALMA". Research Notes of the AAS 4 (1): 9. doi:10.3847/2515-5172/ab6852. ISSN 2515-5172. Bibcode: 2020RNAAS...4....9M. 
  25. ↑ Itoh, Yoichi; Hayashi, Masahiko; Tamura, Motohide; Tsuji, Takashi; Oasa, Yumiko; Fukagawa, Misato; Hayashi, Saeko S.; Naoi, Takahiro et al. (2005-02-01). "A Young Brown Dwarf Companion to DH Tauri". The Astrophysical Journal 620 (2): 984–993. doi:10.1086/427086. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2005ApJ...620..984I. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApJ...620..984I. 
  26. ↑ Zhou, Yifan; Herczeg, Gregory J.; Kraus, Adam L.; Metchev, Stanimir; Cruz, Kelle L. (2014-03-01). "Accretion onto Planetary Mass Companions of Low-mass Young Stars". The Astrophysical Journal 783 (1): L17. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/783/1/L17. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2014ApJ...783L..17Z. 
  27. ↑ Miles-Páez, Paulo A.; Metchev, Stanimir; Luhman, Kevin L.; Marengo, Massimo; Hulsebus, Alan (2017). "The Prototypical Young L/T-Transition Dwarf HD 203030B Likely Has Planetary Mass". The Astronomical Journal 154 (6): 262. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa9711. Bibcode: 2017AJ....154..262M. 
  28. ↑ "Ross 458(AB) c". Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. https://exoplanet.eu/catalog/ross_458_ab_c--845/. Retrieved 2012-10-24. 
  29. ↑ Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Gagné, Jonathan; Popinchalk, Mark; Vos, Johanna M.; Burgasser, Adam J.; Schümann, Jörg; Schneider, Adam C.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy et al. (2021-12-01). "A Wide Planetary Mass Companion Discovered through the Citizen Science Project Backyard Worlds: Planet 9". The Astrophysical Journal 923 (1): 48. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac2499. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2021ApJ...923...48F. 
  30. ↑ Dupuy, Trent J.; Liu, Michael C.; Allers, Katelyn N.; Biller, Beth A.; Kratter, Kaitlin M.; Mann, Andrew W.; Shkolnik, Evgenya L.; Kraus, Adam L. et al. (2018-08-01). "The Hawaii Infrared Parallax Program. III. 2MASS J0249-0557 c: A Wide Planetary-mass Companion to a Low-mass Binary in the β Pic Moving Group". The Astronomical Journal 156 (2): 57. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aacbc2. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2018AJ....156...57D. 
  31. ↑ Zhang, Zhoujian; Liu, Michael C.; Claytor, Zachary R.; Best, William M. J.; Dupuy, Trent J.; Siverd, Robert J. (2021-08-01). "The Second Discovery from the COol Companions ON Ultrawide orbiTS (COCONUTS) Program: A Cold Wide-Orbit Exoplanet around a Young Field M Dwarf at 10.9 pc". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 916 (2): L11. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac1123. ISSN 2041-8205. Bibcode: 2021ApJ...916L..11Z. 
  32. ↑ Deacon, N. R.; Schlieder, J. E.; Murphy, S. J. (2016-02-23). "A nearby young M dwarf with a wide, possibly planetary-mass companion". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 457 (3): 3191–3199. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw172. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2016MNRAS.457.3191D. 

External links



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