Astronomy:List of directly imaged exoplanets

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Short description: Exoplanets confirmed or discovered from direct imaging

Motion interpolation of seven images of the HR 8799 system taken from the W. M. Keck Observatory over seven years, featuring four exoplanets

This is a list of extrasolar planets that have been directly observed, sorted by observed separations. This method works best for young planets that emit infrared light and are far from the glare of the star. Currently, this list includes both directly imaged planets and imaged planetary-mass companions (objects that orbit a star but formed through a binary-star-formation process, not a planet-formation process). This list does not include free-floating planetary-mass objects in star-forming regions or young associations, which are also referred to as rogue planets.

The data given for each planet is taken from the latest published paper on the planet to have that data. In many cases it is not possible to have an exact value, and an estimated range is instead provided. The coldest and oldest planet directly imaged are Epsilon Indi Ab and 14 Herculis c, which have six times Jupiter's mass, an effective temperature of 275 K, an age of about 3.5 Ga and eight times Jupiter's mass, an effective temperature of 275 K, an age of about 4.6 Ga, respectively. This list includes the four members of the multi-planet system that orbit HR 8799.

It is unlikely or at least unclear if objects on a wide orbit (≥100 AU) formed in circumstellar disks and these objects are therefore more often referred as planetary-mass companions.[1][2][3] Only in rare cases, such as for HD 106906 b, the formation of the object in the disk is seen plausible.

Key

Exoplanets have been discovered using several different methods for collecting or combining direct images to isolate planets from the background light of their star. Non-Redundant Aperture Masking Interferometry is a method of combining the views of multiple telescopes into a single image, while the other methods are algorithms for combining multiple direct images taken from the same telescope.

  • ADI = Angular Differential Imaging
  • KLIP = Karhunen–Loève Image Processing
  • LOCI = Locally Optimized Combination of Images
  • NRM = Non-Redundant Aperture Masking Interferometry
  • RSDI = Reference Star Differential Imaging
  • SDI = Spectral Differential Imaging
  • TLOCI = Template Locally Optimized Combination of Images

Exoplanets

Although listed in the table below, the identities of Alpha Centauri candidate 1, FW Tau b, 2MASS J044144 b, CVSO 30 c and HD 100546 b are disputed. They may not actually be true exoplanets.   †   There is no consensus whether these companions of stars should be considered sub-brown dwarfs or planets Check https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/imaging.html to see more directly imaged planets. It contains an updated table of all of them.

Star Exoplanet Image Mass (MJ) Radius (RJ) Period (yr) Observed separation (AU) Eccentricity Distance to Earth (ly) Year of Imaging confirmation Year of discovery Year of first image Imaging technique Ref(s).
WISE 0146+4234 WISE 0146+4234 B† 50px 10 ±4 10 0.93+0.12
−0.16 		63 2015 AO
WISE J0336-0143 WISE J0336-0143 B† 50px 4–12.5 5–9 0.97+0.05
−0.09 		32.7 ± 0.7 2023 2023 2022 source subtraction [4]
Alpha Centauri A Alpha Centauri Ab (?) 50px 0.11±0.05 0.459±0.17 ~1 1.1 4.37 2021
CFBDSIR J145829+101343 CFBDSIR J145829+101343 b 50px 10.5±4.5 27.5±7.5 2.6±0.3 104 ± 8 2011 2011 2010 Direct imaging [5][6]
HD 206893 HD 206893 c 12.7+1.2
−1.0 		1.46+0.18
−0.06 		5.7 3.53+0.08
−0.06 		0.41±0.03 133.0 ± 0.2 2023 2023 2021 interferometry [7]
HD 206893 B† 28.0+2.2
−2.1 		1.25±0.02 26 9.6+0.4
−0.3 		0.14±0.05 2016 2016 2015 ADI, PCA [8][7]
WISE 1217+1626 WISE 1217+1626 A b 50px 22 ± 2 0.934 ± 0.029 130–210 8.0 ± 1.3 30.4 ± 1.0 2012 2012 Direct imaging [9]
AF Leporis AF Lep b 50px 3.74+0.53
−0.50 		1.30 ± 0.15 24.38+1.1
−0.41 		9.01+0.20
−0.19 		0.031+0.027
−0.020 		87.55 ± 0.05 2023 2023 2011 Direct imaging [10][11][12][13][14][15]
Beta Pictoris Beta Pictoris b 50px 12.7±0.3 1.46±0.01 22.47+3.77
−2.26 		10.018+0.082
−0.076 		0.08+0.09
−0.05 		63.4±0.1 2010 2008 2003 RSDI [16][17][18][19][20][21][22]
51 Eridani 51 Eridani b 50px 9.1+4.9
−3.3 		1.11+0.16
−0.14 		32+17
−9 		12+4
−2 		0.45+0.10
−0.15 		96.0 ± 1.0 2015 2015 2014 ADI, KLIP [23][24][25][26]
HR 8799 HR 8799 e 50px 9.6+1.9
−1.8 		1.17+0.13
−0.11 		49 14.5 0.14 133.3 ± 0.2 2010 2010 2009 ADI, LOCI [27][28][29]
HR 8799 d 9.2 ± 0.1 1.2 ± 0.1 100 24.5 0.09 133.3 ± 0.2 2008 2008 2008 ADI, LOCI [30][31]
HR 8799 c 8.5 ± 0.4 1.2 ± 0.1 189 37.4 0.24 133.3 ± 0.2 2008 2008 2004/
2007 		ADI, LOCI [30][31]
HR 8799 b 6.0 ± 0.3 1.2 ± 0.1 474 69.2 0.17 133.3 ± 0.2 2008 2008 2004/
2007 		ADI, LOCI [30][31]
2M J044144 2M J044144 b† 50px 9.8 ± 1.8 15 ± 0.6 400 ± 10 2010 2010 2008 Direct imaging [32][33]
WISE 1711+3500 WISE 1711+3500 B 50px 8.1-26 280–430 15 ± 2 75 ± 3 2012 2012 laser AO [9]
TYC 5709-354-1 WISPIT 2c 50x50px 8-12 0.91-2.2 15 437 ± 1 2026 2025 2025 Direct imaging/ Interferometry [34][35]
WISPIT 2b 5.3 ± 1.0 1.6 ± 0.2 54 2025 2025 2023 Direct imaging [36][34]
29 Cygni HIP 99770 b 50px 17+6
−5 		1.5 ± 0.3 51.0+17.0
−7.8 		15.8+1.7
−1.0 		0.31+0.06
−0.12 		132.9 ± 0.4 2023 2022 2021 ALOCI [37][38]
HD 135344A HD 135344Ab 10.0+1.4
−1.9 		1.45+0.06
−0.03 – 1.60+0.07
−0.06 		16.5+2.8
−2.0 		0.5±0.2 440 ± 1 2025 2025 2019 coronagraph and interferometry [39]
HIP 21152 HIP 21152 b 24+6
−4 		60.3 17+5
−4 		0.36+0.37
−0.25 		141 2022 Direct imaging [40]
14 Herculis 14 Herculis c 50x50px 7.9+1.6
−1.2 		1.03 ± 0.01 143 ± 3 20.0+12.0
−4.9 		0.52+0.16
−0.12 		58.38 ± 0.03 2025 2006 (RV) 2024 coronagraph [41][42][43]
HR 2562 HR 2562 B 8-18.5 1.11±0.11 20.3±0.3 111 2016 Direct imaging [44]
PDS 70 PDS 70 b 50px 6+6
−4 		1.96+0.20
−0.17 		123.5+9.8
−4.9 		20.7+1.4
−1.2 		0.16+0.12
−0.01 		366.6 ± 0.8 2018 2018 2012/
2016 		ADI, TLOCI [45][46][47]
PDS 70 c 50px 9+9
−6 		1.98+0.39
−0.31 		191.5+15.8
−31.5 		33.9+1.7
−2.1 		0.042+0.027
−0.030 		366.6 ± 0.8 2019 2019 2016/
2018 		SDI [48][46][47]
HIP 81208 C HIP 81208 Cb† 50x50px 14.8±0.4 Template:VAL Template:VAL Template:VAL 477 ± 3 2023 2023 2019 PACO ASDI [49]
HIP 54515 HIP 54515 b 50px 17.7+7.6
−4.9 		1.08±0.23 89+41
−24 		24.8+7.2
−4.7 		0.42+0.13
−0.14 		271.4 2025 2025 2022 Coronagraph, spectroscopy, astrometry [50]
PZ Telescopii PZ Telescopii b 50px 27+25
−9 		2.42+0.28
−0.34 		120.5 27+14
−4 		0.52+0.36
−0.32 		154.1 ± 0.2 2010 2010 2007/
2009 		Direct imaging, radial velocity [51][52][53][54]
Epsilon Indi A Epsilon Indi Ab 50x50px 7.29+0.60
−0.61 		1.08[lower-alpha 1] 180+32
−31 		28.4+10
−7.2 		0.40 11.867 ± 0.004 2024 2019 (RV)/
2002 (RV) 		2019/
2023 		coronagraphic images [55][56][57][58][59]
HD 169142 HD 169142 b 50px 3 ± 2 37.2 375 ± 1 2023 2019 2015 pseudo-ADI, PDI, ASDI, ADI [60][61]
59 Virginis Gliese 504 b† 50px 1–17 1.08+0.04
−0.03 		43.5 57.4 ± 0.1 2013 2013 2011 ADI, LOCI [62][63]
2M1207 2M1207b † 50px 5.5 ± 0.5 1.13 >2029 ≥49.8 ± 1.1 211 ± 2 2005 2004 2004 Direct imaging [64][65][66]
CE Antliae TWA 7b 50px 0.3 550 52 111.2 ± 0.1 2025 2024 Direct imaging [67]
2MASS J01225093-2439505 2MASS J01225093-2439505 b 24.5±2.5 1.0 52 110 2013 Direct imaging
KR Muscae HD 100546 b 50px 1.65-25 3.4 53 ± 2 353 ± 1 2013 2011 Direct imaging [68][69][70]
Kappa Andromedae Kappa Andromedae b 50px 13+12−2 242–900 55 0.69–0.85 0168 168.0


2013 ADI, LOCI
HD 95086 HD 95086 b 50px 5.0 ? 56 ? 0295 295


2013 ADI, LOCI
HD 143811AB HD 143811 AB b 50px 6.1+0.7
−0.9 		319+248
−86 		63+30
−12 		0.19±0.12 446±1 2025 2025 2016 Coronagraphic imaging [71][72]
Delorme 1 (AB) Delorme 1 (AB) b† 50px 12-14 84 154 2013 AO [73][74]
HIP 65426 HIP 65426 b 50px 6-12 1.5 600 92 0363 363


2017 ADI, TLOCI [75][76]
AB Aurigae AB Aurigae b 50px 9-20 <2.75 93 0.19-0.60 509 ± 3 2022 2022 2007/
2016 		ADI/RSDI, ALOCI [77][78]
MWC 758 MWC 758 c 50px 100 508 ± 2 2019 2016 Direct imaging [79][80]
GQ Lupi GQ Lupi b 50px 1–36 3.7 114 ± 33 495 ± 4 2005 2004 1994/
1999 		Direct imaging [81][82][83]
2MASS J04372171+2651014 2M0437 b 3-5 118 418 2021 AO [84]
ROXs 42B ROXs 42Bb 50px 10+8
−4 		2.10 ± 0.35 1968 157 440 ± 16 2013 2005 2001/
2011 		Speckle Imaging & Direct imaging [85][86][87][88]
2MASS J02192210-3925225 2MASS J02192210-3925225 b 50x50px 13.9±1.1 1.44±0.03 160 131 2015 Direct imaging [89]
TYC 8998-760-1 TYC 8998-760-1 b † 50x50px 14±3 160 309 2020 imaging + coronagraph [90]
TYC 8998-760-1 c 6±1 320 2020 [91]
NIRISS-NGC1333-10 NIRISS-NGC1333-10 B 50px ~15 164 978 2024 2023 direct imaging +slitless spectroscopy [92]
2MASS J16262785−2625152 KOINTREAU-4b 50px 11.5+1.2
−1.6 or 15.3+0.7
−0.8 		182±2 462.6±3.2 2026 2022 Direct imaging [93]
AB Pictoris AB Pictoris b† 50px 10±1 1.57 - 1.8 190 163.5 ± 0.1 2005 2005 2003 Imaging+ coronagraph [94][95][96]
CFHTWIR-Oph 98 CFHTWIR-Oph 98 b 50px 7.8+0.7
−0.8 		1.86±0.05 ~22000 200±6 447 2021 Direct imaging
CHXR 73 CHXR 73 b 50px 12.6+8.4
−5.2 		210 620 ± 20 2006 2005 Direct imaging [97]
ROXs 12 ROXs 12 b 50px 16±4 214 0.83 452 2013 Direct imaging
2MASS J22362452+4751425 2M2236+4751 b† 50px 11-14 230 205 2017 AO [98]
Mu2 Scorpii Mu2 Scorpii b†l 14.4±0.8 242.4 0.56 474 2022 Direct imaging
Ophiuchi 11 Ophiuchi 11 b 50px 21 ± 3 20000 243 ± 55 430 ± 20 2006 2006 2005 Direct imaging [99][100][101]
GSC 6214-00210 GSC 6214-00210 b† 50x50px 17 ± 3 1.91 ± 0.07 320 355 2011 2008 2007 NRM [102][103][104][101][105]
FW Tauri FW Tauri b† 50px 10±4

or star[106]

~12000[107] 330 ? 0472 472.93

[108]

2013 Direct imaging [109][110]
DH Tauri DH Tauri b† 50px 11 ± 3 2.7 ± 0.8 330 441 ± 4 2005 2004 1999 Coronagraph, AO [111][112]
1RXS J1609 1RXS 1609 b† 50x50px 14+2
−3 		1.7 6518 331.1 0.08 450 ± 1 2010 2008 2008 Direct imaging [113][114][101]
WISPIT 1AB WISPIT 1b 50px 10.4+1.1
−0.8 		338 746 2025 2025 2022 Direct imaging [115]
WISPIT 1c 5.3+1.1
−0.6 		840 746 2025 2025 2022 Direct imaging [115]
ISO-Oph 96 KOINTREAU-3b 50px 3.4±0.7 or 7.5+0.9
−1.0 		342±4 449.3±5.0 2026 2022 Direct imaging [93]
HIP 79098 AB HIP 79098 AB b 20.5±4.5 345±6 500 2019 Direct imaging
VHS 1256-1257 VHS 1256 b † 50px 16 ± 1 /
12.0 ± 0.1 		1.22 /
1.30 		16000+7000
−10000 		350+110
−150 		0.68+0.11
−0.10 		69.0 ± 0.7 2015 2015 2011 Direct imaging [116][117]
HD 203030 HD 203030 B 50px 11+4
−3 		1.27+0.06
−0.04 		487 128.2 ± 0.3 2006 2006 2002 SDI [118][119]
CT Chamaeleontis CT Chamaeleontis b† 50px 17±6 2.20+0.81
−0.60 		507 625 ± 3 2008 2007 2006 Direct imaging [120]
b Centauri b Centauri b 50x50px 10.9±1.6 556 330 2021 coronagraph+ classical angular differential imaging [121]
HD 106906 HD 106906 b† 50px 11±2 650 0300 300


2013 ADI
CVSO 30 CVSO 30 c† 50px 4.7+5.5
−2.0 		1.63+0.87
−0.34 		27000 660 1140 ± 30 2016 2010 Direct imaging [122]
USco CTIO 108 USco CTIO 108 b 50px 16±2 670 473 ± 6 2007 2007 Direct imaging [123][101]
XEST 17-036 KOINTREAU-1b 50px 10.6+2.5
−2.3 		690 519 ± 10 2025 2005 Direct imaging [124]
2MASS J23225240-6151114 2MASS J23225299-6151275 50px 12.6-13.3[125] 705 138.4 2014 Direct imaging [126][127]
FU Tauri FU Tauri b 50px 19 ± 4 3.2 ± 0.3 719 429 ± 8 2009 2008 2007 Direct imaging [128][129]
2M1006(ABC) 2M1006(ABC) b 3–5 730 ± 10 444 2025 2018 Direct imaging (candidate) [130]
HIP 78530 HIP 78530 b 28 ± 10 1.83+0.16
−0.14 		12000 740 ± 60 445.8+4.87
−4.77 		2011 2010 2000/
2008 		Direct imaging [131][132]
HN Pegasi HN Pegasi b 50px 22 ± 9.4 1.05+0.14
−0.06 		795 ± 15.0 59.14 ± 0.04 2007 2006 2006 Direct imaging [133]
SR 12 SR 12(AB) c† 50x50px 11 ± 3 2.38+0.27
−0.32 		980 370 ± 20 2011 2011 1998/
2002 		Direct imaging [134][105][2]
2MASS J05581644–4501559 2MASS J0558 B 50px 6–12 1043 87.93 ± 0.03 2024 2019 2010 Direct imaging [135][136]
Ross 458 Ross 458(AB) c† 50px 27 ± 4 1.45 ± 0.06 33081 1167.7 0.17 37.53 ± 0.05 2010 2010 ≥2005/
2009 		Direct imaging [137][138][139]
BD+60 1417 BD+60 1417b† 50px 13.47±5.67 1.31±0.06 1662 144±13 2021 Direct imaging [140]
SE 70 S Ori 68 50px 5 1700 ± 300 1290 2006 2001 Direct imaging [141]
UPM J1040-3551 Aa/Ab CWISE J104053.42–355029.7 Ba/Bb 50px 11.5-34.6 &
9.4-28.3 		1700 82.5 2024 2024 Direct imaging [142][143][144]
2MASS J0249-0557AB 2MASS J0249-0557c† 50px 11.6+1.3
−1.0 		1950 159 2018 Direct imaging [3]
GU Piscium GU Piscium b† 50px 11±2 163000 2000 0155 155


2014 Direct imaging
LOri 167 LOri 167B 50px 8+5
−1 		2000 1300 2007 1999 Direct imaging [145]
GSC 00568-01752 SDSS J2249+0044AB 50px 12.5±0.2 (for single object) 2264 &
17 ± 5 		146.7 2010 (motion)/
2024 (mass) 		2010 2006 Direct imaging [146][147][125]
WD 0806-661 WD 0806-661 B† 50px 7–9 1.17 ± 0.07 2500 62.73 ± 0.02 2011 2011 2004 Direct imaging [148][149][150]
USco1621 A USco1621 b 50px 16±2 2880 ±20 452 2019 Direct imaging [151]
USco1556 A USco1556 b 50px 15±2 3500 ±40 461 2019 Direct imaging [151]
L 34-26 COCONUTS-2b† 50px 6.3+1.5
−1.9 		1.1±0.03 ~1100000 6471 35.51±0.01 2021 2011 Direct imaging [152]
TYC 9486-927-1 2MASS J2126–8140 50px 13.3±1.7 ~900000 6684 ? 80.72±13.86 2016 Direct imaging [153]
GJ 900 CW2335+0142 50px 10.5 12000 68.00 ± 0.03 2024 2024 Direct imaging
BD+29 5007 2MASS J2351+3010 50px 11.9+0.40
−0.20 		22106 77.12 ± 0.03 2024 2016 2005 Direct imaging [154][155][147][125][156]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Calculated, using the Stefan-Boltzmann law and the planet's effective temperature and luminosity, with respect to the solar nominal effective temperature of 5,772 K:(5,772275)4⋅10−7.2=0.1106 R⊙.

References

  1. ↑ Bowler, Brendan P. (2016-10-01). "Imaging Extrasolar Giant Planets". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 128 (968). doi:10.1088/1538-3873/128/968/102001. ISSN 0004-6280. Bibcode: 2016PASP..128j2001B. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PASP..128j2001B. Retrieved 26 April 2024. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Wu, Ya-Lin; Bowler, Brendan P.; Sheehan, Patrick D.; Close, Laird M.; Eisner, Joshua A.; Best, William M. J.; Ward-Duong, Kimberly; Zhu, Zhaohuan et al. (2022-05-01). "ALMA Discovery of a Disk around the Planetary-mass Companion SR 12 c". The Astrophysical Journal 930 (1): L3. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac6420. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2022ApJ...930L...3W. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Dupuy, Trent J.; Liu, Michael C.; Allers, Katelyn N.; Biller, Beth A.; Kratter, Kaitlin M.; Mann, Andrew W.; Shkolnik, Evgenya L.; Kraus, Adam L. et al. (2018-08-01). "The Hawaii Infrared Parallax Program. III. 2MASS J0249-0557 c: A Wide Planetary-mass Companion to a Low-mass Binary in the β Pic Moving Group". The Astronomical Journal 156 (2): 57. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aacbc2. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2018AJ....156...57D. 
  4. ↑ Calissendorff, Per; De Furio, Matthew; Meyer, Michael; Albert, Loïc; Aganze, Christian; Ali-Dib, Mohamad; Bardalez Gagliuffi, Daniella C.; Baron, Frederique et al. (2023-04-01). "JWST/NIRCam Discovery of the First Y+Y Brown Dwarf Binary: WISE J033605.05-014350.4". The Astrophysical Journal 947 (2): L30. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acc86d. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2023ApJ...947L..30C. 
  5. ↑ Liu, Michael C.; Delorme, Philippe; Dupuy, Trent J.; Bowler, Brendan P.; Albert, Loic; Artigau, Etienne; Reylé, Celine; Forveille, Thierry et al. (2011-10-20). "Cfbdsir J1458+1013B: A Very Cold (>T10) Brown Dwarf in a Binary System". The Astrophysical Journal 740 (2): 108. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/740/2/108. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2011ApJ...740..108L. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/740/2/108. 
  6. ↑ Delorme, P.; Albert, L.; Forveille, T.; Artigau, E.; Delfosse, X.; Reylé, C.; Willott, C. J.; Bertin, E. et al. (July 2010). "Extending the Canada-France brown dwarfs survey to the near-infrared: first ultracool brown dwarfs from CFBDSIR". Astronomy and Astrophysics 518: A39. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014277. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2010A&A...518A..39D. http://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201014277. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Hinkley, S.; Lacour, S.; Marleau, G. -D.; Lagrange, A.-M.; Wang, J. J.; Kammerer, J.; Cumming, A.; Nowak, M. et al. (2023-03-01). "Direct discovery of the inner exoplanet in the HD 206893 system. Evidence for deuterium burning in a planetary-mass companion". Astronomy and Astrophysics 671: L5. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244727. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2023A&A...671L...5H. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023A&A...671L...5H. 
  8. ↑ Milli, J.; Hibon, P.; Christiaens, V.; Choquet, É.; Bonnefoy, M.; Kennedy, G. M.; Wyatt, M. C.; Absil, O. et al. (2017-01-01). "Discovery of a low-mass companion inside the debris ring surrounding the F5V star HD 206893". Astronomy and Astrophysics 597: L2. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629908. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2017A&A...597L...2M. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017A%26A...597L...2M. Retrieved 4 February 2024. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Liu, Michael C.; Dupuy, Trent J.; Bowler, Brendan P.; Leggett, S. K.; Best, William M. J. (2012-10-01). "Two Extraordinary Substellar Binaries at the T/Y Transition and the Y-band Fluxes of the Coolest Brown Dwarfs". The Astrophysical Journal 758 (1): 57. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/758/1/57. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2012ApJ...758...57L. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0004-637X/758/1/57. 
  10. ↑ Mesa, D.; Gratton, R.; Kervella, P.; Bonavita, M.; Desidera, S.; D'Orazi, V.; Marino, S.; Zurlo, A. et al. (2023-02-13). "AF Lep b: The lowest-mass planet detected by coupling astrometric and direct imaging data". Astronomy & Astrophysics 672: A93. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202345865. Bibcode: 2023A&A...672A..93M. 
  11. ↑ De Rosa, Robert J.; Nielsen, Eric L.; Wahhaj, Zahed; Ruffio, Jean-Baptise; Kalas, Paul G.; Peck, Anne E.; Hirsch, Lea A.; Roberson, William (2023-02-13). "Direct imaging discovery of a super-Jovian around the young Sun-like star AF Leporis". Astronomy & Astrophysics 672: A94. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202345877. Bibcode: 2023A&A...672A..94D. 
  12. ↑ Franson, Kyle; Bowler, Brendan P.; Zhou, Yifan; Pearce, Tim D.; Bardalez Gagliuffi, Daniella C.; Biddle, Lauren I.; Brandt, Timothy D.; Crepp, Justin R. et al. (2023). "Astrometric Accelerations as Dynamical Beacons: A Giant Planet Imaged inside the Debris Disk of the Young Star AF Lep". The Astrophysical Journal Letters (American Astronomical Society) 950 (2): L19. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acd6f6. Bibcode: 2023ApJ...950L..19F. 
  13. ↑ Balmer, William O.; Franson, Kyle; Chomez, Antoine; Pueyo, Laurent; Stolker, Tomas; Lacour, Sylvestre; Nowak, Mathias; Nasedkin, Evert et al. (2025-01-01). "VLTI/GRAVITY Observations of AF Lep b: Preference for Circular Orbits, Cloudy Atmospheres, and a Moderately Enhanced Metallicity". The Astronomical Journal 169 (1): 30. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad9265. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2025AJ....169...30B. 
  14. ↑ Bonse, Markus J.; Gebhard, Timothy D.; Dannert, Felix A.; Absil, Olivier; Cantalloube, Faustine; Christiaens, Valentin; Cugno, Gabriele; Garvin, Emily O. et al. (2025-04-01). "Use the 4S (Signal-Safe Speckle Subtraction): Explainable Machine Learning Reveals the Giant Exoplanet AF Lep b in High-contrast Imaging Data from 2011". The Astronomical Journal 169 (4): 194. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/adab79. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2025AJ....169..194B. 
  15. ↑ Denis, A.; Vigan, A.; Costes, J.; Chauvin, G.; Radcliffe, A.; Ravet, M.; Balmer, W.; Palma-Bifani, P. et al. (April 2025). "Characterization of AF Lep b at high spectral resolution with VLT/HiRISE". Astronomy & Astrophysics 696: A6. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202453108. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2025A&A...696A...6D. https://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202453108. 
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  142. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :5
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  146. ↑ Allers, K. N.; Liu, Michael C.; Dupuy, Trent J.; Cushing, Michael C. (2010-05-01). "Discovery of A Young L Dwarf Binary, SDSS J224953.47+004404.6AB". The Astrophysical Journal 715 (1): 561–571. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/715/1/561. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2010ApJ...715..561A. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...715..561A. Retrieved 14 August 2024. 
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