Biography:Geoffrey Hinton

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Geoffrey Hinton

CC FRS FRSC
Hinton speaking at the Nobel Prize Lectures in Stockholm, 2024
Born
Geoffrey Everest Hinton

(1947-12-06) 6 December 1947 (age 78)
London, England, UK
Education
Known for
Spouse(s)
  • Joanne
  • Rosalind Zalin (died 1994)
  • Jacqueline Ford
    (m. 1997; died 2018)
Awards
  • Rumelhart Prize (2001)
  • Turing Award (2018)
  • Dickson Prize (2021)
  • Princess of Asturias Award (2022)
  • Nobel Prize in Physics (2024)
  • VinFuture Prize (2024)
  • Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering (2025)
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions
ThesisRelaxation and Its Role in Vision (1977)
Doctoral advisorChristopher Longuet-Higgins
Doctoral students
Other notable students
WebsiteOfficial website

Geoffrey Everest Hinton (born 6 December 1947) is a British-Canadian computer scientist, cognitive scientist, and cognitive psychologist known for his work on artificial neural networks, which earned him the title "the Godfather of AI".[8]

Hinton is University Professor Emeritus at the University of Toronto. From 2013 to 2023, he divided his time working for Google (Google Brain) and the University of Toronto before publicly announcing his departure from Google in May 2023, citing concerns about the many risks of artificial intelligence (AI) technology.[9][10] In 2017, he co-founded and became the chief scientific advisor of the Vector Institute in Toronto.[11][12]

With David Rumelhart and Ronald J. Williams, Hinton was co-author of a highly cited paper published in 1986 that popularised the backpropagation algorithm for training multi-layer neural networks,[13] although they were not the first to propose the approach.[14] Hinton is viewed as a leading figure in the deep learning community.[20] The image-recognition milestone of the AlexNet designed in collaboration with his students Alex Krizhevsky[21] and Ilya Sutskever for the ImageNet challenge 2012[7] was a breakthrough in the field of computer vision.[22]

Hinton received the 2018 Turing Award, together with Yoshua Bengio and Yann LeCun for their work on deep learning.[23] They are sometimes referred to as the "Godfathers of Deep Learning"[24][25] and have continued to give public talks together.[26][27] He was also awarded, along with John Hopfield, the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics for "foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks".[28][29]

In May 2023, Hinton announced his resignation from Google to be able to "freely speak out about the risks of A.I."[30] He has voiced concerns about deliberate misuse by malicious actors, technological unemployment, and existential risk from artificial general intelligence.[31] He noted that establishing safety guidelines will require cooperation among those competing in use of AI in order to avoid the worst outcomes.[32] After receiving the Nobel Prize, he called for urgent research into AI safety to figure out how to control AI systems smarter than humans.[33][34][35]

Education

Hinton was born on 6 December 1947[36] in Wimbledon, England, and was educated at Clifton College in Bristol.[37] In 1967, he matriculated as an undergraduate student at King's College, Cambridge, and after repeatedly switching between different fields, like natural sciences, history of art, and philosophy, eventually graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in experimental psychology at the University of Cambridge in 1970.[36][38] He spent a year apprenticing carpentry before returning to academic studies.[39] From 1972 to 1975, he continued his study at the University of Edinburgh, where he was awarded a PhD in artificial intelligence in 1978 for research supervised by Christopher Longuet-Higgins, who favored the symbolic AI approach over the neural network approach.[38][40][41][39]

Career and research

After his PhD, Hinton initially worked at the University of Sussex and at the MRC Applied Psychology Unit. After having difficulty getting funding in Britain,[39] he worked in the US at the University of California, San Diego and Carnegie Mellon University.[36] He was the founding director of the Gatsby Charitable Foundation Computational Neuroscience Unit at University College London.[36] He is currently[42] University Professor Emeritus in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Toronto, where he has been affiliated since 1987.[43]

Upon arrival in Canada, Geoffrey Hinton was appointed at the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) in 1987 as a Fellow in CIFAR's first research program, Artificial Intelligence, Robotics & Society.[44] In 2004, Hinton and collaborators successfully proposed the launch of a new program at CIFAR, "Neural Computation and Adaptive Perception"[45] (NCAP), which today is named "Learning in Machines & Brains". Hinton would go on to lead NCAP for ten years.[46] Among the members of the program are Yoshua Bengio and Yann LeCun, with whom Hinton would go on to win the ACM A.M. Turing Award in 2018.[47] All three Turing winners continue to be members of the CIFAR Learning in Machines & Brains program.[48]

Hinton taught a free online course on Neural Networks on the education platform Coursera in 2012.[49] He co-founded DNNresearch Inc. in 2012 with his two graduate students Alex Krizhevsky and Ilya Sutskever at the University of Toronto’s department of computer science. In March 2013, Google acquired DNNresearch Inc. for $44 million, and Hinton planned to "divide his time between his university research and his work at Google".[50][51][52]

Hinton's research concerns ways of using neural networks for machine learning, memory, perception, and symbol processing. He has written or co-written more than 200 peer-reviewed publications.[53][54]

While Hinton was a postdoc at UC San Diego, David E. Rumelhart and Hinton and Ronald J. Williams applied the backpropagation algorithm to multi-layer neural networks. Their experiments showed that such networks can learn useful internal representations of data.[13] In a 2018 interview,[55] Hinton said that "David E. Rumelhart came up with the basic idea of backpropagation, so it's his invention". Although this work was important in popularising backpropagation, it was not the first to suggest the approach.[14] Reverse-mode automatic differentiation, of which backpropagation is a special case, was proposed by Seppo Linnainmaa in 1970, and Paul Werbos proposed to use it to train neural networks in 1974.[14]

In 1985, Hinton co-invented Boltzmann machines with David Ackley and Terry Sejnowski.[56] His other contributions to neural network research include distributed representations, time delay neural network, mixtures of experts, Helmholtz machines and product of experts.[57] An accessible introduction to Geoffrey Hinton's research can be found in his articles in Scientific American in September 1992 and October 1993.[58] In 2007, Hinton coauthored an unsupervised learning paper titled Unsupervised learning of image transformations.[59] In 2008, he developed the visualization method t-SNE with Laurens van der Maaten.[60][61]

In October and November 2017, Hinton published two open access research papers on the theme of capsule neural networks,[62][63] which, according to Hinton, are "finally something that works well".[64]

At the 2022 Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), Hinton introduced a new learning algorithm for neural networks that he calls the "Forward-Forward" algorithm. The idea of the new algorithm is to replace the traditional forward-backward passes of backpropagation with two forward passes, one with positive (i.e. real) data and the other with negative data that could be generated solely by the network.[65][66]

In May 2023, Hinton publicly announced his resignation from Google. He explained his decision by saying that he wanted to "freely speak out about the risks of A.I." and added that a part of him now regrets his life's work.[9][30]

Notable former PhD students and postdoctoral researchers from his group include Peter Dayan,[67] Sam Roweis,[67] Max Welling,[67] Richard Zemel,[40][1] Brendan Frey,[2] Radford M. Neal,[3] Yee Whye Teh,[4] Ruslan Salakhutdinov,[5] Ilya Sutskever,[6] Yann LeCun,[68] Alex Graves,[67] Zoubin Ghahramani,[67] and Peter Fitzhugh Brown.[69]

Honours and awards

In 2016, from left to right,
Russ Salakhutdinov, Richard S. Sutton, Geoffrey Hinton, Yoshua Bengio, and Steve Jurvetson

Hinton is a Fellow of the US Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (FAAAI) since 1990.[70] He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada (FRSC) in 1996,[71] and then a Fellow of the Royal Society of London (FRS) in 1998.[72] He was the first winner of the Rumelhart Prize in 2001.[73] His certificate of election for the Royal Society reads:

In 2001, Hinton was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science (DSc) degree from the University of Edinburgh.[38][75] He was awarded as International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2003.[76] Also, in this year he was elected a Fellow of the US Cognitive Science Society.[77] He was the 2005 recipient of the IJCAI Award for Research Excellence lifetime-achievement award.[78] He was awarded the 2011 Herzberg Canada Gold Medal for Science and Engineering.[79] In that same year, he also was awarded an honorary DSc degree from the University of Sussex[38] In 2012, he received the Canada Council Killam Prize in Engineering. In 2013, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the Université de Sherbrooke.[38][80] Hinton was elected an Honorary Foreign Member of the Spanish Royal Academy of Engineering in 2015.[38]

In 2016, Hinton was elected an International Member of the US National Academy of Engineering "for contributions to the theory and practice of artificial neural networks and their application to speech recognition and computer vision".[81][82] He received the 2016 IEEE/RSE Wolfson James Clerk Maxwell Award.[83] In 2016, he furthermore won the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in the Information and Communication Technologies category, "for his pioneering and highly influential work" to endow machines with the ability to learn.[84]

Together with Yann LeCun, and Yoshua Bengio, Hinton won the 2018 Turing Award for conceptual and engineering breakthroughs that have made deep neural networks a critical component of computing.[85][86][87] Also in 2018, he became a Companion of the Order of Canada (CC).[88] In 2021, he received the Dickson Prize in Science from the Carnegie Mellon University[89] and in 2022 the Princess of Asturias Award in the Scientific Research category, along with Yann LeCun, Yoshua Bengio, and Demis Hassabis.[90] In the same year, Hinton received an Honorary DSc degree from the University of Toronto.[38] In 2023, he was named an ACM Fellow,[91] elected an International Member of the US National Academy of Sciences,[92] and received Lifeboat Foundation's 2023 Guardian Award along with Ilya Sutskever.[93]

In 2024, he was jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics with John Hopfield "for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks."[94] His development of the Boltzmann machine was explicitly mentioned in the citation.[28][95] When the New York Times reporter Cade Metz asked Hinton to explain in simpler terms how the Boltzmann machine could "pretrain" backpropagation networks, Hinton quipped that Richard Feynman reportedly said: "Listen, buddy, if I could explain it in a couple of minutes, it wouldn't be worth the Nobel Prize."[96] That same year, he received the VinFuture Prize grand award alongside Yoshua Bengio, Yann LeCun, Jen-Hsun Huang, and Fei-Fei Li for groundbreaking contributions to neural networks and deep learning algorithms.[97]

In 2025 he was awarded the Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering jointly with Yoshua Bengio, Bill Dally, John Hopfield, Yann LeCun, Jen-Hsun Huang and Fei-Fei Li.[98] He was also awarded the King Charles III Coronation Medal.[99]

Views

Risks of artificial intelligence

See also: AI safety
External video
Geoffrey Hinton shares his thoughts on AI's benefits and dangers, 60 Minutes YouTube video

In 2023, Hinton expressed concerns about the rapid progress of AI.[31][30] He had previously believed that artificial general intelligence (AGI) was "30 to 50 years or even longer away."[30] However, in a March 2023 interview with CBS, he said that "general-purpose AI" might be fewer than 20 years away and could bring about changes "comparable in scale with the industrial revolution or electricity."[31]

In an interview with The New York Times published on 1 May 2023,[30] Hinton announced his resignation from Google so he could "talk about the dangers of AI without considering how this impacts Google."[100] He noted that "a part of him now regrets his life's work".[30][10]

In early May 2023, Hinton said in an interview with BBC that AI might soon surpass the information capacity of the human brain. He described some of the risks posed by these chatbots as "quite scary". Hinton explained that chatbots have the ability to learn independently and share knowledge, so that whenever one copy acquires new information, it is automatically disseminated to the entire group, allowing AI chatbots to have the capability to accumulate knowledge far beyond the capacity of any individual.[101] In 2025, he said "My greatest fear is that, in the long run, it'll turn out that these kind of digital beings we're creating are just a better form of intelligence than people. […] We'd no longer be needed. […] If you want to know how it's like not to be the apex intelligence, ask a chicken.[102]

Existential risk from AGI

Hinton has expressed concerns about the possibility of an AI takeover, stating that "it's not inconceivable" that AI could "wipe out humanity".[31] Hinton said in 2023 that AI systems capable of intelligent agency would be useful for military or economic purposes.[103] He worries that generally intelligent AI systems could "create sub-goals" that are unaligned with their programmers' interests.[104] He says that AI systems may become power-seeking or prevent themselves from being shut off, not because programmers intended them to, but because those sub-goals are useful for achieving later goals.[101] In particular, Hinton says "we have to think hard about how to control" AI systems capable of self-improvement.[105]

Catastrophic misuse

Hinton reports concerns about deliberate misuse of AI by malicious actors, stating that "it is hard to see how you can prevent the bad actors from using [AI] for bad things."[30] In 2017, Hinton called for an international ban on lethal autonomous weapons.[106] In 2025, in an interview, Hinton cited the use of AI by bad actors to create lethal viruses one of the greatest existential threats posed in the short term. "It just requires one crazy guy with a grudge...you can now create new viruses relatively cheaply using AI. And you don't need to be a very skilled molecular biologist to do it."[107]

Economic impacts

Hinton was previously optimistic about the economic effects of AI, noting in 2018 that: "The phrase 'artificial general intelligence' carries with it the implication that this sort of single robot is suddenly going to be smarter than you. I don't think it's going to be that. I think more and more of the routine things we do are going to be replaced by AI systems."[108] Hinton had also argued that AGI would not make humans redundant: "[AI in the future is] going to know a lot about what you're probably going to want to do... But it's not going to replace you."[108]

In 2023, however, Hinton became "worried that AI technologies will in time upend the job market" and take away more than just "drudge work".[30] He said in 2024 that the British government would have to establish a universal basic income to deal with the impact of AI on inequality.[109] In Hinton's view, AI will boost productivity and generate more wealth. But unless the government intervenes, it will only make the rich richer and hurt the people who might lose their jobs. "That's going to be very bad for society," he said.[110]

At Christmas 2024 he had become somewhat more pessimistic, saying that there was a "10 to 20 percent chance" that AI would be the cause of human extinction within the following three decades (he had previously suggested a 10% chance, without a timescale).[111] He expressed surprise at the speed with which AI was advancing, and said that most experts expected AI to advance, probably in the next 20 years, to be "smarter than people ... a scary thought. ... So just leaving it to the profit motive of large companies is not going to be sufficient to make sure they develop it safely. The only thing that can force those big companies to do more research on safety is government regulation."[111] Another "godfather of AI", Yann LeCun, disagreed, saying AI "could actually save humanity from extinction".[111]

Politics

Hinton is a socialist.[112] He moved from the US to Canada in part due to disillusionment with Ronald Reagan–era politics and disapproval of military funding of artificial intelligence.[39]

In August 2024, Hinton co-authored a letter with Yoshua Bengio, Stuart Russell, and Lawrence Lessig in support of SB 1047, a California AI safety bill that would require companies training models which cost more than US$100 million to perform risk assessments before deployment. They said the legislation was the "bare minimum for effective regulation of this technology."[113][114]

Personal life

Hinton's first wife, Rosalind Zalin, died of ovarian cancer in 1994; his second wife, Jacqueline "Jackie" Ford, died of pancreatic cancer in 2018.[8][115]

Hinton is the great-great-grandson of the mathematician and educator Mary Everest Boole and her husband, the logician George Boole.[116] George Boole's work eventually became one of the foundations of modern computer science. Another great-great-grandfather of his was the surgeon and author James Hinton,[117] who was the father of the mathematician Charles Howard Hinton.

Hinton's father was the entomologist Howard Hinton.[36][118] His middle name comes from another relative, George Everest, the Surveyor General of India after whom the mountain is named.[39] He is the nephew of the economist Colin Clark,[119] and nuclear physicist Joan Hinton, one of the two female physicists at the Manhattan Project, was his first cousin once removed.[120]

Hinton injured his back at age 19, which makes sitting painful for him. He has dealt with depression throughout his life.[121]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Zemel, Richard Stanley (1994). A minimum description length framework for unsupervised learning (PhD thesis). University of Toronto. OCLC 222081343. ProQuest 304161918.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Frey, Brendan John (1998). Bayesian networks for pattern classification, data compression, and channel coding (PhD thesis). University of Toronto. OCLC 46557340. ProQuest 304396112.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Neal, Radford (1995). Bayesian learning for neural networks (PhD thesis). University of Toronto. OCLC 46499792. ProQuest 304260778.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Whye Teh, Yee (2003). Bethe free energy and contrastive divergence approximations for undirected graphical models. utoronto.ca (PhD thesis). University of Toronto. hdl:1807/122253. OCLC 56683361. ProQuest 305242430. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Salakhutdinov, Ruslan (2009). Learning deep generative models (PhD thesis). University of Toronto. ISBN 978-0-494-61080-0. OCLC 785764071. ProQuest 577365583.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Sutskever, Ilya (2013). Training Recurrent Neural Networks. utoronto.ca (PhD thesis). University of Toronto. hdl:1807/36012. OCLC 889910425. ProQuest 1501655550. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Krizhevsky, Alex; Sutskever, Ilya; Hinton, Geoffrey E. (3 December 2012). "ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks". in F. Pereira. 1. Curran Associates. pp. 1097–1105. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2999134.2999257. Retrieved 13 March 2018. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Rothman, Joshua (2023-11-13). "Why the Godfather of A.I. Fears What He's Built" (in en-US). The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/11/20/geoffrey-hinton-profile-ai. Retrieved 2025-07-29. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Douglas Heaven, Will (1 May 2023). "Deep learning pioneer Geoffrey Hinton quits Google" (in en-US). https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/05/01/1072478/deep-learning-pioneer-geoffrey-hinton-quits-google/. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Taylor, Josh; Hern, Alex (2 May 2023). "'Godfather of AI' Geoffrey Hinton quits Google and warns over dangers of misinformation". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/may/02/geoffrey-hinton-godfather-of-ai-quits-google-warns-dangers-of-machine-learning. 
  11. ↑ Hernandez, Daniela (7 May 2013). "The Man Behind the Google Brain: Andrew Ng and the Quest for the New AI" (in en-US). Wired. https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2013/05/neuro-artificial-intelligence/all/. Retrieved 10 May 2013. 
  12. ↑ "Geoffrey E. Hinton – Google AI" (in en-US). https://ai.google/research/people/GeoffreyHinton. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Rumelhart, David E.; Hinton, Geoffrey E.; Williams, Ronald J. (9 October 1986). "Learning representations by back-propagating errors" (in en-US). Nature 323 (6088): 533–536. doi:10.1038/323533a0. ISSN 1476-4687. Bibcode: 1986Natur.323..533R. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Schmidhuber, Jürgen (1 January 2015). "Deep learning in neural networks: An overview" (in en-US). Neural Networks 61: 85–117. doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2014.09.003. PMID 25462637. 
  15. ↑ Mannes, John (14 September 2017). "Geoffrey Hinton was briefly a Google intern in 2012 because of bureaucracy – TechCrunch" (in en-US). https://techcrunch.com/2017/09/14/geoffrey-hinton-was-briefly-a-google-intern-in-2012-because-of-bureaucracy/. 
  16. ↑ Somers, James (29 September 2017). "Progress in AI seems like it's accelerating, but here's why it could be plateauing" (in en-US). MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608911/is-ai-riding-a-one-trick-pony/. 
  17. ↑ Sorensen, Chris (2 November 2017). "How U of T's 'godfather' of deep learning is reimagining AI" (in en-US). https://www.utoronto.ca/news/how-u-t-s-godfather-deep-learning-reimagining-ai. 
  18. ↑ Sorensen, Chris (3 November 2017). "'Godfather' of deep learning is reimagining AI" (in en-US). Phys.org. https://phys.org/news/2017-11-godfather-deep-reimagining-ai.html. 
  19. ↑ Lee, Adrian (18 March 2016). "Geoffrey Hinton, the 'godfather' of deep learning, on AlphaGo" (in en-US). Maclean's. http://www.macleans.ca/society/science/the-meaning-of-alphago-the-ai-program-that-beat-a-go-champ/. 
  20. ↑ [15][16][17][18][19]
  21. ↑ Gershgorn, Dave (18 June 2018). "The inside story of how AI got good enough to dominate Silicon Valley" (in en-US). https://qz.com/1307091/the-inside-story-of-how-ai-got-good-enough-to-dominate-silicon-valley/. 
  22. ↑ Allen, Kate (17 April 2015). "How a Toronto professor's research revolutionized artificial intelligence" (in en). Toronto Star. https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2015/04/17/how-a-toronto-professors-research-revolutionized-artificial-intelligence.html. 
  23. ↑ Chung, Emily (27 March 2019). "Canadian researchers who taught AI to learn like humans win $1M award" (in en). Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/turing-award-ai-deep-learning-1.5070415. 
  24. ↑ Ranosa, Ted (29 March 2019). "Godfathers Of AI Win This Year's Turing Award And $1 Million" (in en). https://www.techtimes.com/articles/240511/20190329/godfathers-of-ai-win-this-years-turing-award-and-1-million.htm. 
  25. ↑ Shead, Sam (27 March 2019). "The 3 'Godfathers' Of AI Have Won The Prestigious $1M Turing Prize" (in en). https://www.forbes.com/sites/samshead/2019/03/27/the-3-godfathers-of-ai-have-won-the-prestigious-1m-turing-prize/. 
  26. ↑ Ray, Tiernan (9 March 2021). "Nvidia's GTC will feature deep learning cabal of LeCun, Hinton, and Bengio" (in en). https://www.zdnet.com/article/nvidias-gtc-will-feature-deep-learning-cabal-of-lecun-hinton-bengio/. 
  27. ↑ "50 Years at CMU: The Inaugural Raj Reddy Artificial Intelligence Lecture". 18 November 2020. https://www.cs.cmu.edu/events/raj-reddy-50. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "Press release: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2024" (in en-US). https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2024/press-release/. 
  29. ↑ "Geoffrey Hinton from University of Toronto awarded Nobel Prize in Physics". The Associated Press. CBC News. 8 October 2024. https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/nobel-prize-physics-2024-1.7344607. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 30.6 30.7 Metz, Cade (1 May 2023). "'The Godfather of A.I.' Leaves Google and Warns of Danger Ahead" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/01/technology/ai-google-chatbot-engineer-quits-hinton.html. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 Jacobson, Dana (host); Silva-Braga, Brook (reporter); Frost, Nick; Hinton, Geoffrey (guests) (25 March 2023). "'Godfather of artificial intelligence' talks impact and potential of new AI". CBS Saturday Morning. Season 12. Episode 12. New York City: CBS News. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  32. ↑ Erlichman, Jon (2024-06-14). "'50-50 chance' that AI outsmarts humanity, Geoffrey Hinton says" (in en). https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/business/economics/2024/06/14/50-50-chance-that-ai-outsmarts-humanity-geoffrey-hinton-says/. 
  33. ↑ Hetzner, Christiaan. "New Nobel Prize winner, AI godfather Geoffrey Hinton, says he's proud his student fired OpenAI boss Sam Altman" (in en). https://fortune.com/2024/10/09/openai-sam-altman-geoffrey-hinton-nobel-prize-physics-ilya-sutskever-toronto/. 
  34. ↑ Coates, Jessica (2024-10-09). "Geoffrey Hinton warns of AI's growing danger after Nobel Prize win" (in en). https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/nobel-prize-university-of-toronto-british-nobel-prize-in-physics-google-b2626208.html. 
  35. ↑ "Geoffrey Hinton – Facts – 2024". Nobel Prize Outreach AB. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2024/hinton/facts/. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 ",". Who's Who (176th ed.). A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc. 2023. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.20261. https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U20261.  (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  37. ↑ Onstad, Katrina (29 January 2018). "Mr. Robot" (in en-US). https://torontolife.com/life/ai-superstars-google-facebook-apple-studied-guy/. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.5 38.6 Curriculum Vitae Geoffrey E. Hinton - website of the Department of Computer Science at the University of Toronto
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 Smith, Craig S. (23 June 2017). "The Man Who Helped Turn Toronto into a High-Tech Hotbed". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/23/world/canada/the-man-who-helped-turn-toronto-into-a-high-tech-hotbed.html. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Geoffrey Hinton at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
  41. ↑ Hinton, Geoffrey Everest (1977). Relaxation and its role in vision. Edinburgh Research Archive (PhD thesis). University of Edinburgh. hdl:1842/8121. OCLC 18656113. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.482889. Archived from the original on 30 March 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023. Free to read
  42. ↑ Hinton, Geoffrey E. (6 January 2020). "Curriculum Vitae". https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~hinton/fullcv.pdf. 
  43. ↑ "University of Toronto". https://discover.research.utoronto.ca/26059-geoffrey-e-hinton. 
  44. ↑ "How Canada has emerged as a leader in artificial intelligence" (in en-US). 6 December 2017. https://universityaffairs.ca/features/feature-article/canada-emerged-leader-artificial-intelligence/. 
  45. ↑ "Geoffrey Hinton Biography". https://cifar.ca/bios/geoffrey-hinton/. 
  46. ↑ "Geoffrey E Hinton - A.M. Turing Award Laureate". https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/hinton_4791679.cfm. 
  47. ↑ "2018 ACM A.M. Turing Award Laureates" (in en). https://awards.acm.org/about/2018-turing. 
  48. ↑ "CIFAR - Learning in Machines & Brains". https://cifar.ca/research-programs/learning-in-machines-brains/. 
  49. ↑ "Neural Networks for Machine Learning". https://www.coursera.org/learn/neural-networks. 
  50. ↑ "U of T neural networks start-up acquired by Google" (Press release). Toronto, ON. 12 March 2013. Archived from the original on 8 October 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  51. ↑ Kelly, Meghan (2013-03-12). "Google acquires voice and image research firm DNNresearch" (in en-US). https://venturebeat.com/big-data/google-dnnresearch/. 
  52. ↑ Taylor, Chloe. "'The Godfather of A.I.' warns of 'nightmare scenario' where artificial intelligence begins to seek power" (in en). https://fortune.com/2023/05/02/godfather-ai-geoff-hinton-google-warns-artificial-intelligence-nightmare-scenario/. 
  53. ↑ {{Google Scholar id}} template missing ID and not present in Wikidata.
  54. ↑ Geoffrey Hinton publications indexed by the Scopus bibliographic database. (Subscription content?)
  55. ↑ Ford, Martin (2018). Architects of Intelligence: The truth about AI from the people building it. Packt Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78913-151-2. 
  56. ↑ Ackley, David H; Hinton Geoffrey E; Sejnowski, Terrence J (1985), "A learning algorithm for Boltzmann machines", Cognitive science, Elsevier, 9 (1): 147–169
  57. ↑ Hinton, Geoffrey E.. "Geoffrey E. Hinton's Publications in Reverse Chronological Order". http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~hinton/papers.html. 
  58. ↑ "Stories by Geoffrey E. Hinton in Scientific American". https://www.scientificamerican.com/author/geoffrey-e-hinton/. 
  59. ↑ Memisevic, Roland; Hinton, Geoffrey (2006). "Unsupervised Learning of Image Transformations". IEEE CVPR. http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~rfm/pubs/gbmTR.pdf. 
  60. ↑ "An Introduction to t-SNE with Python Example" (in en-US). https://www.kdnuggets.com/an-introduction-to-t-sne-with-python-example. 
  61. ↑ van der Maaten, Laurens; Hinton, Geoffrey (2008). "Visualizing Data using t-SNE". Journal of Machine Learning Research. https://www.jmlr.org/papers/volume9/vandermaaten08a/vandermaaten08a.pdf. 
  62. ↑ Svabour, Sara; Frosst, Nicholas; Hinton, Geoffrey E. (2017). "Dynamic Routing Between Capsules". arXiv:1710.09829 [cs.CV].
  63. ↑ "Matrix capsules with EM routing". https://openreview.net/forum?id=HJWLfGWRb&noteId=HJWLfGWRb. 
  64. ↑ Geib, Claudia (11 February 2017). "We've finally created an AI network that's been decades in the making". https://futurism.com/weve-finally-created-an-ai-network-thats-been-decades-in-the-making. 
  65. ↑ Hinton, Geoffrey (2022). "The Forward-Forward Algorithm: Some Preliminary Investigations". arXiv:2212.13345 [cs.LG].
  66. ↑ "Hinton's Forward Forward Algorithm is the New Way Ahead for Neural Networks". 16 December 2022. https://analyticsindiamag.com/hintons-forward-forward-algorithm-is-the-new-way-ahead-for-neural-networks/. 
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 67.3 67.4 Geoffrey Hinton. "Geoffrey Hinton's postdocs". http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~hinton/postdocs.html. 
  68. ↑ "Yann LeCun's Research and Contributions". http://yann.lecun.com/ex/research/index.html. 
  69. ↑ "A conversation with Renaissance Technologies CEO Peter Brown". https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/goldman-sachs-exchanges/09-11-2023-peter-brown.html. 
  70. ↑ "Elected AAAI Fellows" (in en-US). https://aaai.org/about-aaai/aaai-awards/the-aaai-fellows-program/elected-aaai-fellows/#1990. 
  71. ↑ Geoffrey Hinton, FRSC, Awarded 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics - website of the Royal Society of Canada
  72. ↑ "Professor Geoffrey Hinton FRS". London. 1998. https://royalsociety.org/people/geoffrey-hinton-11624/.  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where:

    "All text published under the heading 'Biography' on Fellow profile pages is available under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License." --"Royal Society Terms, conditions and policies". https://royalsociety.org/about-us/terms-conditions-policies/. 
  73. ↑ "Current and Previous Recipients". http://rumelhartprize.org/?page_id=12. 
  74. ↑ "Certificate of election EC/1998/21: Geoffrey Everest Hinton". London. 1998. https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=show.tcl&dsqSearch=(RefNo==%27EC%2F1998%2F21%27). 
  75. ↑ "Distinguished Edinburgh graduate receives ACM A.M. Turing Award". The University of Edinburgh. 2 April 2019. https://www.ed.ac.uk/informatics/news-events/stories/2019/distinguished-edinburgh-graduate-receives-acm-tur. 
  76. ↑ "Geoffrey E. Hinton" (in en). 26 April 2025. https://www.amacad.org/person/geoffrey-e-hinton. 
  77. ↑ "Fellows" (in en-US). https://cognitivesciencesociety.org/fellows/. 
  78. ↑ "IJCAI-22 Award for Research Excellence". https://www.ijcai.org/awards. 
  79. ↑ "Artificial intelligence scientist gets M prize". CBC News. 14 February 2011. https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/artificial-intelligence-scientist-gets-1m-prize-1.1034093. 
  80. ↑ "Geoffrey Hinton, keystone researcher in artificial intelligence, visits the Université de Sherbrooke". 19 February 2014. https://www.usherbrooke.ca/actualites/relations-medias/communiques/communiques-details/c/24638/. 
  81. ↑ "National Academy of Engineering Elects 80 Members and 22 Foreign Members". 8 February 2016. https://www.nae.edu/Projects/MediaRoom/20095/149240/149788.aspx. 
  82. ↑ "Professor Geoffrey E. Hinton" (in en). https://www.nae.edu/149909/Professor-Geoffrey-E-Hinton. 
  83. ↑ "2016 IEEE Medals and Recognitions Recipients and Citations". https://www.ieee.org/about/awards/2016_ieee_medal_and_recognition_recipients_and_citations_list.pdf. 
  84. ↑ "The BBVA Foundation bestows its award on the architect of the first machines capable of learning the way people do". 17 January 2017. https://www.bbva.com/en/bbva-foundation-bestows-award-architect-first-machines-capable-learning-way-people/. 
  85. ↑ "Vector Institutes Chief Scientific Advisor Dr.Geoffrey Hinton Receives ACM A.M. Turing Award Alongside Dr.Yoshua Bengio and Dr.Yann Lecun". 27 March 2019. https://vectorinstitute.ai/2019/03/27/vector-institutes-chief-scientific-advisor-dr-geoffrey-hinton-receives-acm-a-m-turing-award-alongside-dr-yoshua-bengio-and-dr-yann-lecun/. 
  86. ↑ Metz, Cade (27 March 2019). "Three Pioneers in Artificial Intelligence Win Turing Award". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/27/technology/turing-award-hinton-lecun-bengio.html. 
  87. ↑ "Fathers of the Deep Learning Revolution Receive ACM A.M. Turing Award – Bengio, Hinton and LeCun Ushered in Major Breakthroughs in Artificial Intelligence". Association for Computing Machinery. 27 March 2019. https://www.acm.org/media-center/2019/march/turing-award-2018. 
  88. ↑ "Governor General Announces 103 New Appointments to the Order of Canada, December 2018.". 27 December 2018. https://www.gg.ca/en/media/news/2018/governor-general-announces-103-new-appointments-order-canada. 
  89. ↑ University, Carnegie Mellon. "Past Winners - Dickson Prize in Science - Carnegie Mellon University". https://www.cmu.edu/dickson-prize/past-winners/index.html. 
  90. ↑ "Geoffrey Hinton, Yann LeCun, Yoshua Bengio and Demis Hassabis – Laureates – Princess of Asturias Awards" (in en). 2022. https://www.fpa.es/en/princess-of-asturias-awards/laureates/2022-geoffrey-hinton-yann-lecun-yoshua-bengio-and-demis-hassabis.html?especifica=0&idCategoria=0&anio=2022&especifica=0. 
  91. ↑ "Geoffrey E Hinton" (in en). https://awards.acm.org/award-recipients/hinton_4791679. 
  92. ↑ "Geoffrey E. Hinton" (in en-US). https://www.nasonline.org/directory-entry/geoffrey-e-hinton-c2tmwf/. 
  93. ↑ "Lifeboat Foundation Guardian Award 2023: Geoffrey Hinton & Ilya Sutskever: Teacher and Student" (in en). https://lifeboat.com/ex/guardian2023. 
  94. ↑ McClelland, James L. (2025-04-17). "Profile of John Hopfield and Geoffrey Hinton: 2024 Nobel laureates in physics". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 122 (16). doi:10.1073/PNAS.2423094122. PMID 40244659. PMC 12037045. Bibcode: 2025PNAS..12223094M. https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134052937. 
  95. ↑ Nobel Prize (8 October 2024). Announcement of the 2024 Nobel Prize in Physics. Retrieved 8 October 2024 – via YouTube.
  96. ↑ Metz, Cade (October 8, 2024). "How Does It Feel to Win a Nobel Prize? Ask the 'Godfather of A.I.'". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/08/technology/nobel-prize-geoffrey-hinton-ai.html. 
  97. ↑ "The VinFuture 2024 Grand Prize honours 5 scientists for transformational contributions to the advancement of deep learning". December 7, 2024. https://vietnamnews.vn/Society/1688552/the-vinfuture-2024-grand-prize-honours-5-scientists-for-transformational-contributions-to-the-advancement-of-deep-learning.html. 
  98. ↑ "Modern Machine Learning". https://qeprize.org/winners/modern-machine-learning. 
  99. ↑ "Geoffrey Hinton" (in en). https://www.gg.ca/en/honours/recipients/5431-3303. 
  100. ↑ Hinton, Geoffrey [@geoffreyhinton] (1 May 2023). "In the NYT today, Cade Metz implies that I left Google so that I could criticize Google. Actually, I left so that I could talk about the dangers of AI without considering how this impacts Google. Google has acted very responsibly.". https://twitter.com/geoffreyhinton/status/1652993570721210372. 
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 Kleinman, Zoe; Vallance, Chris (2 May 2023). "AI 'godfather' Geoffrey Hinton warns of dangers as he quits Google". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65452940. 
  102. ↑ Hinton, Geoffrey (May 27, 2025). "Humans 'no longer needed' - Godfather of AI" (Interview). Interviewed by Espiner, Guyon. RNZ. 29,30 minutes in. Retrieved May 31, 2025.
  103. ↑ Hinton, Geoffrey (25 March 2023). "Full interview: 'Godfather of artificial intelligence' talks impact and potential of AI" (Interview). Interviewed by Silva-Braga, Brook. New York City: CBS News. Event occurs at 31:45. Archived from the original on 2 May 2023 – via YouTube. Excerpts were broadcast in (Jacobson Silva-Braga), but the full interview was only published online.
  104. ↑ Hinton & Silva-Braga 2023, 31:55.
  105. ↑ Hinton & Silva-Braga 2023, 35:48.
  106. ↑ "Call for an International Ban on the Weaponization of Artificial Intelligence" (in en). https://techlaw.uottawa.ca/bankillerai. 
  107. ↑ The Diary Of A CEO (2025-06-16). Godfather of AI: I Tried to Warn Them, But We've Already Lost Control! Geoffrey Hinton. Retrieved 2025-08-06 – via YouTube.
  108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 Wiggers, Kyle (17 December 2018). "Geoffrey Hinton and Demis Hassabis: AGI is nowhere close to being a reality". https://venturebeat.com/2018/12/17/geoffrey-hinton-and-demis-hassabis-agi-is-nowhere-close-to-being-a-reality/. 
  109. ↑ "AI 'godfather' says universal basic income will be needed" (in en-GB). 18 May 2024. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cnd607ekl99o. 
  110. ↑ Varanasi, Lakshmi (18 May 2024). "AI 'godfather' Geoffrey Hinton says he's 'very worried' about AI taking jobs and has advised the British government to adopt a universal basic income" (in en). https://africa.businessinsider.com/news/ai-godfather-geoffrey-hinton-says-hes-very-worried-about-ai-taking-jobs-and-has/jfsv9lc. 
  111. ↑ 111.0 111.1 111.2 Milmo, Dan (27 December 2024). "'Godfather of AI' shortens odds of the technology wiping out humanity over next 30 years". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2024/dec/27/godfather-of-ai-raises-odds-of-the-technology-wiping-out-humanity-over-next-30-years. 
  112. ↑ Hern, Alex (4 May 2023). "Bernie Sanders, Elon Musk and White House Seeking My Help, Says 'Godfather of AI'". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/may/04/bernie-sanders-elon-musk-and-white-house-seeking-my-help-says-godfather-of-ai. 
  113. ↑ Pillay, Tharin; Booth, Harry (7 August 2024). "Exclusive: Renowned Experts Pen Support for California's Landmark AI Safety Bill" (in en). TIME. https://time.com/7008947/california-ai-bill-letter/. Retrieved 21 August 2024. 
  114. ↑ "Letter from renowned AI experts" (in en-US). https://safesecureai.org/experts. 
  115. ↑ Scanlan, Chip (6 June 2024). "How a reporter prepped to understand A.I. and the man who helped invent it". https://nieman.harvard.edu/stories/profiles-artificial-intelligence-interviewing-geoffrey-hinton-story-structure/. 
  116. ↑ Martin, Alexander (18 March 2021). "Geoffrey Hinton: The story of the British 'Godfather of AI' – who's not sat down since 2005" (in en). Sky News. https://news.sky.com/story/the-story-of-the-british-godfather-of-ai-whos-not-sat-down-since-2005-12249571. 
  117. ↑ Roberts, Siobhan (27 March 2004). "The Isaac Newton of logic". https://www.theglobeandmail.com/technology/science/the-isaac-newton-of-logic/article18262363/. 
  118. ↑ Salt, George (1978). "Howard Everest Hinton. 24 August 1912-2 August 1977". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 24: 150–182. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1978.0006. ISSN 0080-4606. 
  119. ↑ Shute, Joe (26 August 2017). "The 'Godfather of AI' on making machines clever and whether robots really will learn to kill us all?". The Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2017/08/26/godfather-ai-making-machines-clever-whether-robots-really-will/. 
  120. ↑ Godfather of AI: I Tried to Warn Them, But We've Already Lost Control! Geoffrey Hinton. The Diary of a CEO. 16 June 2025. Event occurs at 01:20:40. Retrieved 21 June 2025 – via YouTube.
  121. ↑ Luc Rinaldi (16 November 2023). "Why Geoffrey Hinton is sounding the alarm about AI". https://torontolife.com/deep-dives/geoffrey-hinton-sounding-alarm-artificial-intelligence/. 

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