Biology:Genitoplasty
| Genitoplasty | |
|---|---|
| ICD-9-CM | 70.64, 70.62, 70.64, 70.94, 70.6, 70.95 |
| MeSH | D013509 |
Genitoplasty is plastic surgery to the genitals. Genitoplasties may be reconstructive to repair injuries, and damage arising from cancer treatment, or congenital disorders, endocrine conditions, or they may be cosmetic.[1]
Medical uses
Genitoplasty surgery includes the following:
- Vaginoplasty
- Correction of congenital conditions
- congenital adrenal hyperplasia[2][3][4]
- microphallus repair[5]
- hypospadias repair[6][7]
- pseudovaginal perineoscrotal hypospadias repair[8]
- androgen insensitivity syndrome repair
- repair of a urethra that is short[9]
- labiaplasty
- vaginal construction[10][11]
- vaginal reconstruction[10][11]
- repair of vaginal vault prolapse[12]
- vaginal suspension and fixation[10][11]
- operations on cul-de-sac[10][11]
- repair of cystocele[10][11]
- repair of rectocele[10][11]
- genital prolapse
- retropubic paravaginal repair[12]
- hymenorrhaphy
The grafts used in genitalplasty can be an allogenic, an autograft, a xenograft, or an autologous material.[13]
Genital reconstruction surgery can correct prolapse of the urinary bladder into the vagina and protrusion of the rectum into the vagina.[2] Female infants born with a 46,XX genotype but have genitalia affected by congenital adrenal hyperplasia may undergo the surgical creation of a vagina.[citation needed] Vaginoplasty is commonly used to treat women with the congenital absence of the vagina.[3] Other reasons for the surgery are to treat adrenal hyperplasia, microphallus, Mayer-Rokitansky-Kustner disorder and for women who have had a vaginectomy after malignancy or trauma. Reconstructive and corrective vaginal surgery restores or creates the vagina.[11]
Surgeries to modify the cosmetic appearance of infants' and children's genitals are controversial due to their human rights implications. There is no clinical consensus about necessity, timing, indications or evaluation.[14]
See also
- Intersex medical interventions
References
- ↑ Ruth A. Hannon (2010). Porth pathophysiology : concepts of altered health states (1st Canadian ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 128. ISBN 9781605477817. https://books.google.com/books?id=2-MFXOEG0lcC&pg=PA128.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Baggish, Michael (2016). Atlas of pelvic anatomy and gynecologic surgery. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. ISBN 9780323225526.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Gundeti, Mohan (2012). Pediatric Robotic and Reconstructive Urology a Comprehensive Guide. City: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781444335538; Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh
- ↑ Horbach, Sophie E.R.; Bouman, Mark-Bram; Smit, Jan Maerten; Özer, Müjde; Buncamper, Marlon E.; Mullender, Margriet G. (2015). "Outcome of Vaginoplasty in Male-to-Female Transgenders: A Systematic Review of Surgical Techniques". The Journal of Sexual Medicine 12 (6): 1499–1512. doi:10.1111/jsm.12868. ISSN 1743-6095. PMID 25817066.
- ↑ Pooler, Charlotte (2009-10-01) (in en). Porth Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9781605477817. https://books.google.com/books?id=2-MFXOEG0lcC&pg=PA128.
- ↑ Entry "hypospadias" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.
- ↑ OED 2nd edition, 1989 as /hɪpəʊˈspeɪdɪəs/~/haɪpəʊˈspeɪdɪəs/
- ↑ Eberhard Nieschlag; Hermann M. Behre; Susan Nieschlag (July 2009). Andrology: Male Reproductive Health and Dysfunction. Springer. pp. 328–. ISBN 978-3-540-78354-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=mEgckDNkonUC&pg=PA328.
- ↑ Hiort, O (2014). Understanding differences and disorders of sex development (DSD. Basel: Karger. ISBN 9783318025590.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 "2016 ICD-10-PCS Procedure Code 0UQG0ZZ : Repair Vagina, Open Approach". ICD10Data.com. http://www.icd10data.com/ICD10PCS/Codes/0/U/Q/G/0UQG0ZZ.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 Hoffman, Barbara (2012). Williams gynecology. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 9780071716727.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Baggish, Michael (2016). Atlas of pelvic anatomy and gynecologic surgery. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. ISBN 9780323225526; Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh
- ↑ "Online ICD9/ICD9CM codes". World Health Organization. http://icd9cm.chrisendres.com/index.php?srchtype=procs&srchtext=Vaginal+reconstruction&Submit=Search&action=search.
- ↑ Lee, Peter A.; Nordenström, Anna; Houk, Christopher P.; Ahmed, S. Faisal; Auchus, Richard; Baratz, Arlene; Baratz Dalke, Katharine; Liao, Lih-Mei et al. (2016-01-28). "Global Disorders of Sex Development Update since 2006: Perceptions, Approach and Care". Hormone Research in Paediatrics 85 (3): 158–180. doi:10.1159/000442975. ISSN 1663-2818. PMID 26820577.
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