Physics:Isotopes of tellurium

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Short description: Tellurium isotopes
Main isotopes of Chemistry:tellurium (52Te)
Iso­tope Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
120Te 0.09% stable
121Te syn 16.78 d ε 121Sb
122Te 2.55% stable
123Te 0.89%[1] stable
124Te 4.74% stable
125Te 7.07% stable
126Te 18.84% stable
127Te syn 9.35 h β− 127I
128Te 31.74% 2.2×1024 y β−β− 128Xe
129Te syn 69.6 min β− 129I
130Te 34.08% 8.2×1020 y β−β− 130Xe
Standard atomic weight Ar, standard(Te)
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There are 39 known isotopes and 17 nuclear isomers of tellurium (52Te), with atomic masses that range from 104 to 142. These are listed in the table below.

Naturally-occurring tellurium on Earth consists of eight isotopes. Two of these have been found to be radioactive: 128Te and 130Te undergo double beta decay with half-lives of, respectively, 2.2×1024 (2.2 septillion) years (the longest half-life of all nuclides proven to be radioactive)[3] and 8.2×1020 (820 quintillion) years. The longest-lived artificial radioisotope of tellurium is 121Te with a half-life of about 19 days. Several nuclear isomers have longer half-lives, the longest being 121mTe with a half-life of 154 days.

The very-long-lived radioisotopes 128Te and 130Te are the two most common isotopes of tellurium. Of elements with at least one stable isotope, only indium and rhenium likewise have a radioisotope in greater abundance than a stable one.

It has been claimed that electron capture of 123Te was observed, but more recent measurements of the same team have disproved this.[4] The half-life of 123Te is longer than 9.2 × 1016 years, and probably much longer.[4]

124Te can be used as a starting material in the production of radionuclides by a cyclotron or other particle accelerators. Some common radionuclides that can be produced from tellurium-124 are iodine-123 and iodine-124.

The short-lived isotope 135Te (half-life 19 seconds) is produced as a fission product in nuclear reactors. It decays, via two beta decays, to 135Xe, the most powerful known neutron absorber, and the cause of the iodine pit phenomenon.

With the exception of beryllium, tellurium is the second lightest element observed to have isotopes capable of undergoing alpha decay, with isotopes 104Te to 109Te being seen to undergo this mode of decay. Some lighter elements, namely those in the vicinity of 8Be, have isotopes with delayed alpha emission (following proton or beta emission) as a rare branch.

List of isotopes

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Nuclide
[n 1] 		Z N Isotopic mass (u)
[n 2][n 3] 		Half-life
[n 4][n 5] 		Decay
mode
[n 6] 		Daughter
isotope
[n 7] 		Spin and
parity
[n 8][n 5] 		Physics:Natural abundance (mole fraction)
Excitation energy Normal proportion Range of variation
104Te[5] 52 52 <18 ns α 100Sn 0+
105Te 52 53 104.94364(54)# 620(70) ns α 101Sn 5/2+#
106Te 52 54 105.93750(14) 70(20) µs
[70(+20−10) µs] 		α 102Sn 0+
107Te 52 55 106.93501(32)# 3.1(1) ms α (70%) 103Sn 5/2+#
β+ (30%) 107Sb
108Te 52 56 107.92944(11) 2.1(1) s α (49%) 104Sn 0+
β+ (48.5%) 108Sb
β+, p (2.4%) 107Sn
β+, α (.065%) 104In
109Te 52 57 108.92742(7) 4.6(3) s β+ (86.99%) 109Sb (5/2+)
β+, p (9.4%) 108Sn
α (7.9%) 105Sn
β+, α (.005%) 105In
110Te 52 58 109.92241(6) 18.6(8) s β+ (99.99%) 110Sb 0+
β+, p (.003%) 109Sn
111Te 52 59 110.92111(8) 19.3(4) s β+ 111Sb (5/2)+#
β+, p (rare) 110Sn
112Te 52 60 111.91701(18) 2.0(2) min β+ 112Sb 0+
113Te 52 61 112.91589(3) 1.7(2) min β+ 113Sb (7/2+)
114Te 52 62 113.91209(3) 15.2(7) min β+ 114Sb 0+
115Te 52 63 114.91190(3) 5.8(2) min β+ 115Sb 7/2+
115m1Te 10(7) keV 6.7(4) min β+ 115Sb (1/2)+
IT 115Te
115m2Te 280.05(20) keV 7.5(2) µs 11/2−
116Te 52 64 115.90846(3) 2.49(4) h β+ 116Sb 0+
117Te 52 65 116.908645(14) 62(2) min β+ 117Sb 1/2+
117mTe 296.1(5) keV 103(3) ms IT 117Te (11/2−)
118Te 52 66 117.905828(16) 6.00(2) d EC 118Sb 0+
119Te 52 67 118.906404(9) 16.05(5) h β+ 119Sb 1/2+
119mTe 260.96(5) keV 4.70(4) d β+ (99.99%) 119Sb 11/2−
IT (.008%) 119Te
120Te 52 68 119.90402(1) Observationally Stable[n 9] 0+ 9(1)×10−4
121Te 52 69 120.904936(28) 19.16(5) d β+ 121Sb 1/2+
121mTe 293.991(22) keV 154(7) d IT (88.6%) 121Te 11/2−
β+ (11.4%) 121Sb
122Te 52 70 121.9030439(16) Stable 0+ 0.0255(12)
123Te 52 71 122.9042700(16) Observationally Stable[n 10] 1/2+ 0.0089(3)
123mTe 247.47(4) keV 119.2(1) d IT 123Te 11/2−
124Te 52 72 123.9028179(16) Stable 0+ 0.0474(14)
125Te[n 11] 52 73 124.9044307(16) Stable 1/2+ 0.0707(15)
125mTe 144.772(9) keV 57.40(15) d IT 125Te 11/2−
126Te 52 74 125.9033117(16) Stable 0+ 0.1884(25)
127Te[n 11] 52 75 126.9052263(16) 9.35(7) h β− 127I 3/2+
127mTe 88.26(8) keV 109(2) d IT (97.6%) 127Te 11/2−
β− (2.4%) 127I
128Te[n 11][n 12] 52 76 127.9044631(19) 2.2(3)×1024 y[n 13] β−β− 128Xe 0+ 0.3174(8)
128mTe 2790.7(4) keV 370(30) ns 10+
129Te[n 11] 52 77 128.9065982(19) 69.6(3) min β− 129I 3/2+
129mTe 105.50(5) keV 33.6(1) d β− (36%) 129I 11/2−
IT (64%) 129Te
130Te[n 11][n 12] 52 78 129.9062244(21) 8.2(0.2 (stat.), 0.6 (syst.))×1020 y β−β− 130Xe 0+ 0.3408(62)
130m1Te 2146.41(4) keV 115(8) ns (7)−
130m2Te 2661(7) keV 1.90(8) µs (10+)
130m3Te 4375.4(18) keV 261(33) ns
131Te[n 11] 52 79 130.9085239(21) 25.0(1) min β− 131I 3/2+
131mTe 182.250(20) keV 30(2) h β− (77.8%) 131I 11/2−
IT (22.2%) 131Te
132Te[n 11] 52 80 131.908553(7) 3.204(13) d β− 132I 0+
133Te 52 81 132.910955(26) 12.5(3) min β− 133I (3/2+)
133mTe 334.26(4) keV 55.4(4) min β− (82.5%) 133I (11/2−)
IT (17.5%) 133Te
134Te 52 82 133.911369(11) 41.8(8) min β− 134I 0+
134mTe 1691.34(16) keV 164.1(9) ns 6+
135Te[n 14] 52 83 134.91645(10) 19.0(2) s β− 135I (7/2−)
135mTe 1554.88(17) keV 510(20) ns (19/2−)
136Te 52 84 135.92010(5) 17.63(8) s β− (98.7%) 136I 0+
β−, n (1.3%) 135I
137Te 52 85 136.92532(13) 2.49(5) s β− (97.01%) 137I 3/2−#
β−, n (2.99%) 136I
138Te 52 86 137.92922(22)# 1.4(4) s β− (93.7%) 138I 0+
β−, n (6.3%) 137I
139Te 52 87 138.93473(43)# 500 ms
[>300 ns]# 		β− 139I 5/2−#
β−, n 138I
140Te 52 88 139.93885(32)# 300 ms
[>300 ns]# 		β− 140I 0+
β−, n 139I
141Te 52 89 140.94465(43)# 100 ms
[>300 ns]# 		β− 141I 5/2−#
β−, n 140I
142Te 52 90 141.94908(64)# 50 ms
[>300 ns]# 		β− 142I 0+
  1. ↑ mTe – Excited nuclear isomer.
  2. ↑ ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
  3. ↑ # – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
  4. ↑ Bold half-life – nearly stable, half-life longer than age of universe.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 # – Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides (TNN).
  6. ↑ Modes of decay:
    EC: Electron capture
    IT: Isomeric transition
    n: Neutron emission
    p: Proton emission
  7. ↑ Bold symbol as daughter – Daughter product is stable.
  8. ↑ ( ) spin value – Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments.
  9. ↑ Believed to undergo β+β+ decay to 120Sn with a half-life over 2.2×1016 years
  10. ↑ Believed to undergo β+ decay to 123Sb with a half-life over 9.2×1016 years
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 Fission product
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Primordial radionuclide
  13. ↑ Longest measured half-life of any nuclide
  14. ↑ Very short-lived fission product, responsible for the iodine pit as precursor of 135Xe via 135I

References

  1. ↑ Alessandrello, A.; Arnaboldi, C.; Brofferio, C.; Capelli, S.; Cremonesi, O.; Fiorini, E.; Nucciotti, A.; Pavan, M. et al. (2003). "New limits on naturally occurring electron capture of 123Te". Physical Review C 67: 014323. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.67.014323. Bibcode: 2003PhRvC..67a4323A. 
  2. ↑ Meija, Juris; Coplen, Tyler B.; Berglund, Michael; Brand, Willi A.; De Bièvre, Paul; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Irrgeher, Johanna et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. 
  3. ↑ Many isotopes are expected to have longer half-lives, but decay has not yet been observed in these, allowing only a lower limit to be placed on their half-lives
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 A. Alessandrello (January 2003). "New Limits on Naturally Occurring Electron Capture of 123Te". Physical Review C 67 (1): 014323. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.67.014323. Bibcode: 2003PhRvC..67a4323A. 
  5. ↑ Auranen, K. (2018). "Superallowed α decay to doubly magic 100Sn". Physical Review Letters 121 (18): 182501. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.182501. PMID 30444390. Bibcode: 2018PhRvL.121r2501A. https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/files/77942573/PhysRevLett.121.pdf. 



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