Engineering:List of SpaceX Starship flight tests

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SpaceX Starship flight tests include 10 launches of prototypes of the Starship spacecraft, including one orbital flight of the entire Starship launch vehicle with the Starship prototype atop the Super Heavy first-stage booster.[lower-alpha 1][1][2][3][4][5] Designed and operated by private manufacturer SpaceX, the flown prototypes of Starship so far are Starhopper, SN5, SN6, SN8, SN9, SN10, SN11, SN15 and Ship 24 stacked with Booster 7.[6][7]

Starship is planned to be a fully-reusable two-stage super heavy-lift launch vehicle.[8] Unusual for previous launch vehicle and spacecraft designs, the upper stage of Starship is intended to function both as a second stage to reach orbital velocity on launches from Earth, and also eventually[9] be used in outer space as an on-orbit long-duration spacecraft. It is being designed to take people to Mars and beyond into the Solar System.[10]

Prototypes

Low-altitude flights

This section is an excerpt from SpaceX Starship § Low-altitude flights[ edit ]

High-altitude flights

This section is an excerpt from SpaceX Starship § High-altitude flights[ edit ]

Orbital launches

This section is an excerpt from SpaceX_Starship_orbital_test_flight[ edit ]

Starship test flights

Eight prototype Starship second stage vehicles, each with different vehicle configurations, have flown nine suborbital test flights in the period between July 2019 and May 2021.

SpaceX testing is proprietary, and the company does not release a detailed set of test objectives for their vehicle development test flights. All test flights have been launched from the Starbase launch site at Boca Chica in southern Texas .[11]

By August 2021, the iterative development work at the South Texas facility had become focused on the first orbital test flight of the two-stage Starship system.[12]

Suborbital campaign (2019–2021)

Flight
No. 		Date and time
(UTC) 		Vehicle Launch site[lower-alpha 2] Flight apogee Duration Launch Outcome Landing Outcome
- 3 April 2019 Starhopper <0.3 m (1 ft) ~3 seconds Success
- 5 April 2019 Starhopper 1 m (3.3 ft) ~5 seconds Success
Tethered hop which hit tether limits. Used a single Raptor SN2 engine.[1]
1 25 July 2019[13] Starhopper 20 m (65.6 ft)[2] ~22 seconds Success Success
First free (untethered) flight test. Single Raptor engine, SN6.
2 27 August 2019 22:00[3][14] Starhopper 150 m (492 ft)[3] ~1 minute[15] Success Success
Single Raptor engine, SN6. Starhopper was retired after this launch and used as a water tank at the production site.[3][16][17]
3 4 August 2020 23:57[18][19] SN5 Suborbital Pad A 150 m (492 ft)[18] ~45 seconds Success Success
Used a single Raptor engine, SN27.[20] Second 150-meter hop, and first hop of a full Starship prototype.[4]
4 3 September 2020 17:47[21] SN6 Suborbital Pad A 150 m (492 ft)[22] ~45 seconds Success Success
Used a single Raptor engine, SN29. Third 150-meter hop, and second hop of a full Starship prototype.[21]
5 9 December 2020[23] 22:45 SN8 Suborbital Pad A 12.5 km (41,000 ft)[24] 6 minutes, 42 seconds Success Failure
First high-altitude flight test. Used engines SN30, SN36, and SN42.[25] Vehicle successfully launched, ascended, performed the skydive descent maneuver, relit the engines fueled from header tanks, and steered to the landing pad.[24] The flip maneuver from horizontal descent to vertical was successful. However, a sudden pressure loss in the methane header tank caused by the flip maneuver reduced fuel supply and thrust, resulting in a hard landing and explosion.[24]
6 2 February 2021[26] 20:25 SN9 Suborbital Pad B 10 km (32,800 ft)[27][26][28] 6 minutes, 26 seconds[28] Success Failure
Three Raptor engines, including SN45 and SN49.[28][29][30][31] A Raptor failed to start due to a problem with its oxygen preburner,[citation needed] causing SN9 to over-rotate and hit the landing pad. Vehicle destroyed on impact.
7 3 March 2021[32][33] 23:15 SN10 Suborbital Pad A 10 km (32,800 ft)[34] Success Partial success
SN10 experienced a non-destructive hard landing with a slight lean after the landing and a fire near the base of the rocket,[35] and then exploded eight minutes after landing.[undue weight? – discuss][34] SN10 did not decelerate enough, resulting in a hard landing damaging some legs and crushing part of the skirt. The cause was probably due to partial helium ingestion from the fuel header tank.[36]
8 30 March 2021 13:00[37] SN11 Suborbital Pad B 10 km (32,800 ft)[38] ~6 minutes[37] Success Failure
9 5 May 2021 22:24[39] SN15 Suborbital Pad A 10 km (32,800 ft)[40] 5 minutes, 59 seconds Success Success
SN15 was a new iteration of prototype Starship with many upgrades over previous vehicles.[41] SN15 launched in overcast weather and achieved a soft landing, with a small fire starting near the base shortly after landing. The post-flight fire was out within 20 minutes, and SN15 was retired by the end of the month.[42][43]


Orbital campaign (2023–)

Main page: Engineering:SpaceX Starship orbital test flight

The first orbital launch attempt of Starship took place 20 April 2023 and ended in the destruction of the vehicle 4 minutes into flight.

Flight
No. 		Date and time
(UTC) 		Vehicle Launch site[lower-alpha 3] Orbit Launch Outcome Booster Landing Spacecraft Landing
1 20 April 2023 13:33 S24/B7 Orbital Pad Transatmospheric[44] Failure Precluded
(controlled water touchdown) 		Precluded
(water impact)
First orbital test flight attempt, and first flight with both Super Heavy booster and Starship upper stage integrated. Booster lifted off having 3 engines out, with at least three more shutdowns during the flight; it entered an uncontrolled spin before stage separation due to loss of thrust vector control. Flight termination was commanded on the vehicle, but Starship and Super Heavy continued tumbling for over 40 seconds afterwards, before finally being destroyed by aerodynamic forces and loss of tank pressure at T+3:59. Liftoff resulted in extensive damage to the orbital launch mounts and the infrastructures around it, including the tank farm. Had the launch gone as planned, the booster would have performed a controlled touchdown in the Gulf of Mexico, and Starship would have entered a transatmospheric Earth orbit before reentering and performing a hard impact in the Pacific Ocean.

Planned flights

Main article of the Orbital campaign can be the first launch. They all have similar flight profiles as well, it only makes sense.

Date and time
(UTC) 		Vehicle Launch site[lower-alpha 4] Orbit
August 2023 S25/B9[45][46] Orbital Pad LEO
According to Elon Musk, SpaceX intends to perform "next test launch in a few months" after the first attempt in April 2023.[47]

Future operational flights

SpaceX has on various occasions made a few public statements about preliminary ideas for future operational orbital flights using the Starship system. All dates for future flights are speculative, and therefore approximate and "no earlier than" (NET) dates. Moreover, it is difficult to compare the dates in the tables since they have come from different sources and at different times over the past three years.

Elon Musk has stated that Starship would fly hundreds of times before launching with humans.[9] A likely use of some of these flights would be to launch Starlink satellites.[48]

Date Vehicle Mission Notes
NET 2024 Starship Cargo Superbird-9 Superbird-9 is a SKY Perfect JSAT's fully flexible HTS (High Throughput Satellites) mounted the payload missions to be configured and combined to match end-user needs. The satellite will be based on Airbus' standardised OneSat product line. Superbird-9 will be launched by SpaceX's Starship launch vehicle in 2024 to geosynchronous transfer orbit.[49][50]
TBD Starship Crew Third Polaris Program Flight On behalf of Jared Isaacman, last flight of planned Polaris Program and first crewed mission of Starship.[51][lower-alpha 5]
NET 2024[52] Starship Crew dearMoon (As of 2018), the dearMoon project—an aspirational plan for a flyby loop around the Moon no earlier than 2023—was announced.[53]
NET 2024[52] Starship Crew Unnamed (As of 2022), Dennis and Akiko Tito are the first two crewmembers announced on Starship's second commercial spaceflight around the Moon. This will be Dennis' second mission to space after becoming the first commercial astronaut to visit the International Space Station in 2001, and Akiko will be among the first women to fly around the Moon on a Starship. The Titos joined the mission to contribute to SpaceX's long-term goal to advance human spaceflight and help make life multiplanetary.

Over the course of a week, Starship and the crew will travel to the Moon, fly within 200 km of the Moon's surface, and complete a full journey around the Moon before safely returning to Earth. Ten other seats on Starship remain unsold and are available. Tito said he was not at liberty to disclose the price he paid.[54]

NLT 2025[55] Starship HLS HLS Demo NASA demonstration mission for the Human Landing System prior to Artemis 3, announced in April 2021. Includes refueling and landing vehicles.
Starship Cargo (refueling)
NET 2025[56][57][58][59] Starship HLS Artemis 3 Human Landing System vehicle for Artemis Program. Date is dependent on many NASA Artemis program and SpaceX Starship development contingencies.
Starship Cargo (refueling)
NET Mid 2026 Starship Cargo Astrolab FLEX rover mission[60] Could be a rideshare. Flexible Logistics and Exploration (FLEX) rover will include 1,000 kilograms of customer payloads.
NET 2027 Starship HLS On November 15, 2022, NASA announced it had awarded a contract to SpaceX as part of Option B of the Appendix H contract. This would allow SpaceX to use a second-generation Starship HLS design to conduct a Lunar Gateway-based demonstration mission as part of Artemis 4.[61]
NET 2024 Starship Cargo (As of 2020), this was mentioned as the earliest potential cargo flight to Mars.[62]
NET 2029 Starship Crew
(Heart of Gold[63]) 		(As of March 2022), 2029 was mentioned as the earliest potential crewed flight to Mars.[64]

Orbital launch statistics

Other flights

The HLS variant of Starship was selected by NASA in April 2021 to be the lander for the Artemis missions to the Moon. Artemis 3 is intended to be the first human mission to the Moon to use Starship for long-duration crewed lunar landings as part of the Artemis program.

According to space journalist Mike Wall in 2020, and as part of SpaceX's Mars ambitions, Musk is said to envision that eventually more than 1,000 Starships could be needed to depart for Mars every 26 months, which could lead to the development of a sustainable Martian city in 50–100 years.[65]

Notes

  1. ↑ Not including tethered, short hops of Starhopper on 3 and 5 April 2019.
  2. ↑ All launches are from the same Boca Chica site. SpaceX started calling this Starbase from March 2021 after discussions called a "casual inquiry". See Boca Chica (Texas) § Starbase
  3. ↑ All launches are from the same Boca Chica site. SpaceX started calling this Starbase from March 2021 after discussions called a "casual inquiry". See Boca Chica (Texas) § Starbase
  4. ↑ All launches are from the same Boca Chica site. SpaceX started calling this Starbase from March 2021 after discussions called a "casual inquiry". See Boca Chica (Texas) § Starbase
  5. ↑ The first (Polaris Dawn) and second mission of this program will be launched with Crew Dragon.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Baylor, Michael (2 June 2019). "SpaceX readying Starhopper for hops in Texas as Pad 39A plans materialize in Florida". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/06/spacex-starhopper-hops-texas-pad-39a-plans-materialize-florida/. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Burghardt, Thomas (25 July 2019). "Starhopper successfully conducts debut Boca Chica Hop". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/07/spacex-resume-starhopper-tests/. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Baylor, Michael (27 August 2019). "SpaceX's Starhopper completes 150 meter test hop". NASASpaceFlight. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/08/faa-spacexs-starhopper-hop/. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Clark, Stephen (5 August 2020). "SpaceX clears big hurdle on next-gen Starship rocket program". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/08/05/spacex-clears-big-hurdle-on-next-gen-starship-rocket-program/. 
  5. ↑ "Starship SN8 12.5-Kilometer hop". 10 November 2020. https://everydayastronaut.com/starship-sn8-12-5-kilometer-hop/. 
  6. ↑ "SpaceX Starship hardware mystery solved amid reports of Florida factory upheaval". 2 December 2019. https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-starship-hardware-mystery-solved/. 
  7. ↑ Ralph, Eric (2020-07-17). "SpaceX scraps Florida Starship Mk2 prototype". TESLARATI. https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-starship-mk2-prototype-florida-scrapped/. 
  8. ↑ "Starship". SpaceX. https://www.spacex.com/starship. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Sheetz, Michael (1 September 2020). "Elon Musk says SpaceX's Starship rocket will launch "hundreds of missions" before flying people". CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/01/elon-musk-spacex-starship-to-fly-hundreds-of-missions-before-people.html. Retrieved 7 February 2021. 
  10. ↑ Starship Update. SpaceX. 29 September 2019. Archived from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2022 – via YouTube.
  11. ↑ "Starship SN8 12.5-Kilometer hop". 10 November 2020. https://everydayastronaut.com/starship-sn8-12-5-kilometer-hop/. 
  12. ↑ Starbase Tour with Elon Musk [PART 2 // Summer 2021]. Everyday Astronaut. 7 August 2021. Archived from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2022 – via YouTube.
  13. ↑ Berger, Eric (26 July 2019). "SpaceX's Starship prototype has taken flight for the first time". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/07/spacexs-starship-prototype-has-taken-flight-for-the-first-time/. 
  14. ↑ "SpaceX Starhopper Rocket Prototype Aces Highest (and Final) Test Flight". 27 August 2019. https://www.space.com/spacex-starhopper-aces-final-test-launch-landing.html. 
  15. ↑ 150 Meter Starhopper Test. SpaceX. 27 August 2019. Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2022 – via YouTube.
  16. ↑ Mosher, Dave (7 August 2019). "SpaceX may cannibalize its first Mars rocket-ship prototype in Elon Musk's race to launch Starship". Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-starhopper-rocket-ship-final-launch-starship-plans-2019-8. 
  17. ↑ Ralph, Eric (27 August 2019). "SpaceX scrubs Starhopper's final Raptor-powered flight as Elon Musk talks finicky igniters". Teslarati. https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-scrubs-final-starhopper-flight-test-elon-musk/. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Ralph, Eric (4 August 2020). "SpaceX Starship leaps towards Mars with picture-perfect hop debut". Teslarati. https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-starship-sn5-hop-debut-success-mars/. 
  19. ↑ Baylor, Michael (3 August 2020). "Starship SN5 conducts successful 150-meter flight test". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/08/starship-sn5-set-150-meter-flight-test/. 
  20. ↑ Baylor, Michael (4 August 2020). "Starship SN5 conducts successful 150-meter flight test". NASASpaceflight. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/08/starship-sn5-set-150-meter-flight-test/. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "Starship SN6 maiden hop complete - Super Heavy is coming". NASASpaceFlight.com. 3 September 2020. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/09/starship-sn6-hop-super-heavy-coming/. 
  22. ↑ "SN6 begins test campaign as future Starships hatch plans for SpaceX's next leap". 16 August 2020. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/08/sn6-campaign-future-starships-hatch-next-leap/. 
  23. ↑ "NOTAM". https://tfr.faa.gov/save_pages/detail_0_0092.html. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Bergin, Chris (9 December 2020). "From hops to hopes - Starship SN8 advances test program into the next phase". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/12/from-hops-hopes-starship-sn8-test-program-next-phase/. 
  25. ↑ Bergin, Chris (18 October 2020). "Starship SN8 pressing to Static Fire and nosecone installation firsts". NASASpaceflight. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/10/starship-sn8-static-fire-nosecone-firsts/. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Cotton, Ethan (24 January 2021). "Starship SN9: 10 kilometer flight". https://everydayastronaut.com/starship-sn9-10-km-test-flight/. 
  27. ↑ What's really going on with Elon Musk, the FAA, and Starship? , Eric Berger, Ars Technica, 29 January 2021, retrieved 30 January 2021.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Starship | SN9 | High-Altitude Flight Test. SpaceX. 2 February 2021. Archived from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2022 – via YouTube.
  29. ↑ Baylor, Michael. "Starship SN9 History". https://nextspaceflight.com/starship/hardware/12. 
  30. ↑ What's holding up the next test of SpaceX's Starship? Elon Musk blames the FAA. , Washington Post, 28 January 2021, accessed 30 January 2021.
  31. ↑ Bergin, Chris (28 January 2021). "Starship SN9 fails to gain FAA green light for Friday attempt". https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/01/starship-sn9-speedy-recovery-static-fire-launch/. 
  32. ↑ Cotton, Ethan (22 February 2021). "When will SN10 launch? Live Updates". Everyday Astronaut. https://everydayastronaut.com/sn10-launch-live-updates/. 
  33. ↑ Baylor, Michael. "Starship SN10 History". https://nextspaceflight.com/starship/hardware/14. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Wall, Mike (4 March 2021). "SpaceX's SN10 Starship prototype lands after epic test launch — but then explodes" (in en). space.com. https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-sn10-test-launch-landing-explosion. 
  35. ↑ Etherington, Darrell. "SpaceX's Starship prototype flies to 32,000 feet and sticks the landing in third flight test". TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2021/03/03/spacexs-starship-prototype-flies-to-32000-feet-and-sticks-the-landing-in-third-flight-test/. 
  36. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named EM9321
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Starship | SN11 | High-Altitude Flight Test. SpaceX. 30 March 2021. Archived from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2022 – via YouTube.
  38. ↑ Baylor, Michael [@nextspaceflight] (25 March 2021). "SpaceX is targeting March 26 for Starship SN11's static fire and flight test, per a county road and beach clsoure notice. The main county page has a typo, but this is the text from the formal notice. t.co/Q9GolL1o9g t.co/wpRka8Pa12" (in en). https://twitter.com/nextspaceflight/status/1375204254818787328. 
  39. ↑ "SpaceX launches Starship SN15 rocket and sticks the landing in high-altitude test flight". Space.com. 5 May 2021. https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-sn15-launch-landing-success. 
  40. ↑ "Starship SN15" (in en). http://nextspaceflight.com/starship/hardware/16. 
  41. ↑ Kettley, Sebastian (2021-04-09). "SpaceX Starship launch: Will Starship SN15 launch this weekend?" (in en). https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1421119/spacex-starship-launch-will-starship-sn15-launch-this-weekend-evg. 
  42. ↑ Timmer, John (5 May 2021). "SpaceX successfully lands a Starship test flight". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/05/spacex-successfully-lands-a-starship-test-flight/. 
  43. ↑ Template:Cite Tweet
  44. ↑ (in en) Starship Flight Test, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-1wcilQ58hI, retrieved 2023-04-20 
  45. ↑ "Another step closer to Mars — the first flight test of a fully integrated Starship and Super Heavy rocket" (in en). https://twitter.com/spacex/status/1662251874936934400. 
  46. ↑ "Starship - First Integrated Flight Test - Recap" (in en). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_krgcofiM6M&t=125s. 
  47. ↑ Elon Musk [@elonmusk] (2023-04-20). "Congrats @SpaceX team on an exciting test launch of Starship! Learned a lot for next test launch in a few months.". https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1649050306943266819. 
  48. ↑ "SpaceX wants to land Starship on the moon within three years, president says, with people soon after". 27 October 2019. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/27/spacex-president-we-will-land-starship-on-moon-before-2022.html. 
  49. ↑ "SKY Perfect JSAT signs contract with Airbus to build Superbird-9 telecommunications satellite | Airbus". 28 October 2021. https://www.airbus.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2021-03-sky-perfect-jsat-signs-contract-with-airbus-to-build-superbird-9. 
  50. ↑ "SKY Perfect JSAT signed Launch Service Contract for Superbird-9 satellite with SpaceX | SKY Perfect JSAT HD". https://www.skyperfectjsat.space/en/news/detail/sky_perfect_jsat_signed_launch_service_contract_for_superbird-9_satellite_with_spacex.html. 
  51. ↑ "Jared Isaacman, who led the first all-private astronaut mission to orbit, has commissioned 3 more flights from SpaceX" (in en-US). Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/02/14/jared-isaacman-polaris-spacex-starship-inspiration4/. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 "Japanese billionaire to fly eight members of the public on SpaceX moon flight". CNBC. 2 March 2021. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/02/yusaku-maezawa-opens-up-public-seats-on-spacex-starship-moon-flight.html. 
  53. ↑ First Private Passenger on Lunar Starship Mission. SpaceX. 18 September 2018. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2022 – via YouTube.
  54. ↑ Berger, Eric (2022-10-12). "SpaceX announces a second private flight to the Moon aboard Starship" (in en-us). https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/10/spacex-announces-a-second-private-flight-to-the-moon-aboard-starship/. 
  55. ↑ "(HLS) Source Selection Statement". NASA. 16 April 2021. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/option-a-source-selection-statement-final.pdf. 
  56. ↑ Foust, Jeff (9 November 2021). "NASA delays human lunar landing to at least 2025". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/nasa-delays-human-lunar-landing-to-at-least-2025/. 
  57. ↑ "Acting NASA chief says 2024 Moon landing no longer a "realistic" target". Ars Technica. 18 February 2021. https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/02/acting-nasa-chief-says-2024-moon-landing-no-longer-a-realistic-target/. 
  58. ↑ Smith, Marcia (26 May 2021). "Nelson: "Watch the Chinese"". SpacePolicyOnline.com. https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nelson-watch-the-chinese/. 
  59. ↑ "NASA's development of next-generation spacesuits". 10 August 2021. https://oig.nasa.gov/docs/IG-21-025.pdf. ", the suits would not be ready for flight until April 2025 at the earliest ... a lunar landing in late 2024 as NASA currently plans is not feasible." 
  60. ↑ "Astrolab to send rover to the moon on SpaceX's Starship". SpaceNews.com. 31 March 2023. https://spacenews.com/astrolab-to-send-rover-to-the-moon-on-spacexs-starship/. 
  61. ↑ "NASA Provides Update to Astronaut Moon Lander Plans Under Artemis". 15 November 2022. https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-awards-spacex-second-contract-option-for-artemis-moon-landing-0. 
  62. ↑ "Elon Musk says SpaceX's 1st Starship trip to Mars could fly in 4 years". 16 October 2020. https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/elon-musk-says-spacexs-1st-starship-trip-to-mars-could-fly-in-4-years/ar-BB1a72Tq. 
  63. ↑ Brandom, Russell (2016-09-27). "Elon Musk might name his first Mars-bound spaceship after Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2016/9/27/13081036/spacex-mars-spaceship-hitchhikers-guide-to-the-galaxy. 
  64. ↑ "Elon Musk Has New Estimate for When Humans Might First Step on Mars". 17 March 2022. https://www.cnet.com/science/space/elon-musk-has-new-estimate-for-when-humans-might-first-step-on-mars. 
  65. ↑ Wall, Mike (12 March 2020). "SpaceX's Starship will soon be made of different stuff". Space.com. https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-new-stainless-steel-alloy.html. 




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