Engineering:SpaceX Dragon 2

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Short description: 2020s class of partially reusable spacecraft
Dragon 2
Crew Dragon at the ISS for Demo Mission 1 (cropped).jpg
Crew Dragon approaching the ISS in March 2019, during Demo-1
ManufacturerSpaceX
Country of originUnited States
OperatorSpaceX
ApplicationsISS crew and cargo transport; private astronaut transport
Websitespacex.com/vehicles/dragon
Specifications
Design life
Launch mass12,519 kg (27,600 lb) in-orbit mass at the time of undock from ISS. The reentry capsule weighs 9,616 kg (21,200 lb) including crew + 150 kg (330 lb) payload (Crew Dragon Demo-2)[3]
Dry mass7,700 kg (17,000 lb)[4] (reentry capsule only)[lower-alpha 1]
Payload capacity
  • 6,000 kg (13,000 lb) to orbit[5]
  • 3,307 kg (7,291 lb) to ISS (up to 2,507 kg (5,527 lb) pressurized and up to 800 kg (1,800 lb) unpressurized)[6]
  • 2,507 kg (5,527 lb) return cargo[6]
  • 800 kg (1,800 lb) disposed cargo[6]
Crew capacity4 [lower-alpha 2]
Dimensions
  • Diameter: 4 m (13 ft)[5]
  • Height: 8.1 m (27 ft) (with trunk)[5]
  • Sidewall angle: 15°
Volume
  • 9.3 m3 (330 cu ft) pressurized
  • 12.1 m3 (430 cu ft) unpressurized[5]
  • 37 m3 (1,300 cu ft) unpressurized with extended trunk
EquipmentCrews and pressurized as well as unpressurized logistics
RegimeLEO
Production
StatusActive
Built9 (4 crew, 3 cargo, 1 ECLSS, 1 retired)
1 under construction (crew)
Launched9 cargo, 13 crew (+2 suborbital)
OperationalYes
Retired1 (prototype)
Lost1 (in testing)
Maiden launch2 March 2019 (uncrewed test)
30 May 2020 (crewed)
6 December 2020 (cargo)
Related spacecraft
Derived fromSpaceX Dragon (23 cargo missions)
Engine details
Engines
  • 8 SuperDraco thrusters as launch escape system (LES) (Crew Dragon only)
  • 18 Draco thrusters for in-space maneuvering
Thrust18 × 400 N (90 lbf) (Draco)
Specific impulse300s (vacuum)(Draco)
Fuel2,562 kg (5,648 lb)[4] NTO / MMH propellant[7]
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Dragon 2 is a class of partially reusable spacecraft developed and manufactured by American aerospace manufacturer SpaceX, primarily for flights to the International Space Station (ISS). SpaceX also launches private missions, such as Inspiration4 and Axiom Space Missions. There are two variants of the Dragon spacecraft: Crew Dragon, a spacecraft capable of ferrying four[8] crewmembers, and Cargo Dragon, a replacement for the original Dragon 1 used to carry freight to and from space. The spacecraft consists of a reusable space capsule and an expendable trunk module. The spacecraft launches atop a Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket and the capsule returns to Earth through splashdown.

Cargo Dragon supplies cargo to the ISS under a Commercial Resupply Services-2 contract with NASA. The first flight of Dragon 2 in a cargo configuration launched in December 2020. It shares this duty with Northrop Grumman's Cygnus spacecraft, and Sierra Nevada Corporation's Dream Chaser spaceplane is expected to join them in 2024.[9] As of July 2023 it is the only reusable orbital cargo spacecraft in operation.

As of July 2023, Crew Dragon is the only U.S. human-rated orbital transport spacecraft. Crew Dragon's primary role is to transport crews to and from the ISS under NASA's Commercial Crew Program, succeeding the crew orbital transportation capabilities of the Space Shuttle, which retired from service in 2011. It will be joined by Boeing Starliner in this role in 2025. Crew Dragon is also used for commercial flights, some of them to the ISS, and is expected to be used to shuttle people to and from Axiom Space's planned space station.

Development and variants

There are two variants of Dragon 2: Crew Dragon and Cargo Dragon.[6] Crew Dragon was initially called "DragonRider"[10][11] and it was intended from the beginning to support a crew of seven or a combination of crew and cargo.[12][13] Earlier spacecraft had a berthing port and were berthed to ISS by ISS personnel. Dragon 2 instead has an IDSS-compatible docking port to dock to the International Docking Adapter ports on ISS. It is able to perform fully autonomous rendezvous and docking with manual override ability.[14][15] For typical missions, Crew Dragon will remain docked to the ISS for a nominal period of 180 days, but is designed to remain on the station for up to 210 days, matching the Russian Soyuz spacecraft.[16][17][18][19][20][21] SpaceX uses the Falcon 9 Block 5 launch vehicle to launch Dragon 2.[5]

Crew Dragon

Crew Dragon incorporates an integrated pusher launch escape system consisting of eight SuperDraco engines, capable of accelerating the vehicle away from the rocket in an emergency. SpaceX originally intended to use the SuperDraco engines to land Crew Dragon on land, with parachutes and an ocean splashdown employed only in the case of an aborted launch. Precision water landing under parachutes was proposed to NASA as "the baseline return and recovery approach for the first few flights" of Crew Dragon.[22] Propulsive landing was later cancelled, leaving ocean splashdown under parachutes as the only option.[23]

In 2012, SpaceX was in talks with Orbital Outfitters about developing space suits to wear during launch and re-entry.[24] Each crew member wears a custom space suit fitted for them. The suit is primarily designed for use inside the Dragon (IVA type suit): however, in the case of a rapid cabin depressurization, the suit can protect the crew members. The suit can also provide cooling for astronauts during normal flight.[25][26] For the Demo-1 mission, a test dummy nicknamed Ripley was fitted with the spacesuit and sensors. The spacesuit is made from Nomex, a fire retardant fabric similar to Kevlar.

The spacecraft's design was unveiled on 29 May 2014, during a press event at SpaceX headquarters in Hawthorne, California.[27][28][29] In October 2014, NASA selected the Dragon spacecraft as one of the candidates to fly American astronauts to the International Space Station, under the Commercial Crew Program.[30][31][32] In March 2022, SpaceX President Gwynne Shotwell told Reuters that "We are finishing our final (capsule), but we still are manufacturing components, because we'll be refurbishing".[33] SpaceX later decided to build a fifth Crew Dragon, to be available by 2024.[34]

SpaceX's CCtCap contract values each seat on a Crew Dragon flight to be around US$88 million,[35] while the face value of each seat has been estimated by NASA's Office of Inspector General (OIG) to be around US$55 million.[36][37][38] This contrasts with the 2014 Soyuz launch price of US$76 million per seat for NASA astronauts.[39] In case of private astronauts riding on Crew Dragon, SpaceX gives them Crew Dragon Astronaut Wings.[40][better source needed]

Cargo Dragon

Although Dragon 2 was intended from the earliest design concept to carry crew, or with fewer seats, both crew and cargo, a second round of multi-year cargo supply contracts (also known as CRS-2) was solicited by NASA in 2014, to supply the ISS in 2020–2024. This led to SpaceX proposing a separately-named model, Cargo Dragon, for this mission.[41] SpaceX won a contract award for Cargo Dragon as a result of the CRS-2 bid competition, with contracts awarded in January 2016 for six flights.[42] Space Xs Cargo Dragon has now completed 9 successful missions to and from the international space station, with 6 more planned.

Cargo Dragons are different from the crewed variant by launching without seats, cockpit controls, astronaut life support systems, or SuperDraco abort engines.[43][44] Cargo Dragon improves on many aspects of the original Dragon design, including the recovery and refurbishment process.[45]

Design

Crew Dragon Launch Configuration
Crew Dragon C204 in the LC-39A Horizontal Integration Facility in December 2018 preparing for the launch of DM-1

Dragon 2 includes the following features:[27][28][46]

A Dragon 2 spacecraft consists of a capsule and a trunk. While a new trunk is expended on each mission, the capsule is reusable. After earlier plans of SpaceX to use new capsules for every crewed flight for NASA[47] both agreed to reuse Crew Dragon capsules for NASA flights.[48][49] In 2022, SpaceX stated that a capsule can be reused up to fifteen times.[34] Cargo Dragon can carry 3,307 kg (7,291 lb) to the ISS. Crew Dragon has a capacity of four astronauts.[lower-alpha 2] Above the seats, there is a three-screen control panel, a toilet (with privacy curtain), and the docking hatch. Ocean landings are accomplished with four main parachutes in both variants. The parachute system was fully redesigned from the one used in the prior Dragon capsule, due to the need to deploy the parachutes under a variety of launch abort scenarios.[50]

Crew Dragon has eight side-mounted SuperDraco engines, clustered in redundant pairs in four engine pods, with each engine able to produce 71 kN (16,000 lbf) of thrust to be used for launch aborts.[27] Each pod also contains four Draco thrusters that can be used for attitude control and orbital maneuvers. The SuperDraco engine combustion chamber is printed of Inconel, an alloy of nickel and iron, using a process of direct metal laser sintering. Engines are contained in a protective nacelle to prevent fault propagation if an engine fails.

Once in orbit, Dragon 2 is able to autonomously dock to the ISS. Dragon 1 was berthed using the Canadarm2 robotic arm, requiring substantially more involvement from ISS crew. Pilots of Crew Dragon retain the ability to dock the spacecraft using manual controls interfaced with a static tablet-like computer. The spacecraft can be operated in full vacuum, and "the crew will wear SpaceX-designed space suits to protect them from a rapid cabin depressurization emergency event". Also, the spacecraft will be able to return safely if a leak occurs "of up to an equivalent orifice of 6.35 mm [0.25 in] in diameter".[22]

Propellant and helium pressurant for both launch aborts and on-orbit maneuvering is contained in composite-carbon-overwrap titanium spherical tanks. A PICA-X heat shield protects the capsule during reentry. A reusable nose cone "protects the vessel and the docking adaptor during ascent and reentry",[22] pivoting on a hinge to enable in-space docking and returning to the covered position for reentry and future launches.[29]

The trunk is the third structural element of the spacecraft, containing solar panels, heat-removal radiators, and fins to provide aerodynamic stability during emergency aborts.[22]

The previous Cargo Dragon's deployable solar arrays have been eliminated and are now built into the trunk itself. This increases volume space, reduces the number of mechanisms on the vehicle and further increases reliability.

Announced on 29 August 2021 during the CRS-23 launch is a new feature called Extend-the-Lab installed in the Cargo Dragon. "Our new Cargo Dragon vehicle is also able to act as a laboratory in the advancement of science and research. We call this capability Extend-the-Lab. It allows some powered payloads to remain on Dragon for experimentation during the duration of the mission. This is especially helpful when there is limited to no space on station for additional science. And it also helps cut down the amount of time the crew has to move payloads in and out of Dragon. For CRS-23 there are 3 Extend-the-Lab payloads launching with the mission, and once docked, a 4th which is currently already on the space station will be added to Dragon".[51][52]

For Crew Dragon missions not involving docking, the capsule docking adapter which is normally used to dock with the International Space Station can be replaced by a domed plexiglass window. This provides panoramic views of space and the Earth like the Cupola Module on the ISS to provide interest and make up space left after removal of the docking adapter during flight.[53] The dome's first use was on the Inspiration4 flight.

Crewed flights

The Crew Dragon mockup (background) and four of the astronauts of its first two crewed missions (foreground), from left to right: Douglas Hurley, Robert Behnken, Michael S. Hopkins, and Victor J. Glover

Crew Dragon is used by both commercial and government customers. Axiom launches commercial astronauts to the ISS and intends to eventually launch to their own private space station. NASA flights to the ISS have four astronauts, with the added payload mass and volume used to carry pressurised cargo.[50]

On 16 September 2014, NASA announced that SpaceX and Boeing had been selected to provide crew transportation to the ISS. SpaceX was to receive up to US$2.6 billion under this contract, to provide development test flights, and up to six operational flights.[54] Dragon was the less expensive proposal,[31] but NASA's William H. Gerstenmaier considered the Boeing Starliner proposal the stronger of the two. However, Crew Dragon's first operational flight, SpaceX Crew-1, was on 16 November 2020 after several test flights while Starliner suffered multiple problems and delays, with its first operational flight slipping to no earlier than early 2025.[55]

In a departure from the prior NASA practice, where construction contracts with commercial firms led to direct NASA operation of the spacecraft, NASA is purchasing space transport services from SpaceX, including construction, launch, and operation of the Dragon 2.[56]

In August 2018, NASA and SpaceX agreed on the loading procedures for propellants, vehicle fluids and crew. High-pressure helium will be loaded first, followed by the passengers approximately two hours prior to scheduled launch; the ground crew will then depart the launch pad and move to a safe distance. The launch escape system will be activated approximately 40 minutes prior to launch, with propellant loading commencing several minutes later.[57]

The first automated test mission launched to the International Space Station (ISS) on 2 March 2019.[58] After schedule slips,[59] the first crewed flight launched on 30 May 2020[60] with the launch of the Demo-2 mission.

Testing

Dragon 2 hover test (24159153709)
Pad abort test of a Dragon 2 article on 6 May 2015 at CCAFS, SLC-40

SpaceX planned a series of four flight tests for the Crew Dragon: a "pad abort" test, an uncrewed orbital flight to the ISS, an in-flight abort test, and finally a 14-day crewed demonstration mission to the ISS,[61] which was initially planned for July 2019,[59] but after a Dragon capsule explosion, was delayed to May 2020.[62]

Pad abort and hover tests

Launch of Demo-1, Crew Dragon's maiden spaceflight

The pad abort test was conducted successfully on 6 May 2015 at SpaceX's leased SLC-40.[50] Dragon landed safely in the ocean to the east of the launchpad 99 seconds after ignition of the SuperDraco engines.[63] While a flight-like Dragon 2 and trunk were used for the pad abort test, they rested atop a truss structure for the test rather than a full Falcon 9 rocket. A crash test dummy embedded with a suite of sensors was placed inside the test vehicle to record acceleration loads and forces at the crew seat, while the remaining six seats were loaded with weights to simulate full-passenger-load weight.[56][64] The test objective was to demonstrate sufficient total impulse, thrust and controllability to conduct a safe pad abort. A fuel mixture ratio issue was detected after the flight in one of the eight SuperDraco engines causing it to under perform, but did not materially affect the flight.[65][66][67]

On 24 November 2015, SpaceX conducted a test of Dragon 2's hovering abilities at the firm's rocket development facility in McGregor, Texas. In a video, the spacecraft is shown suspended by a hoisting cable and igniting its SuperDraco engines to hover for about 5 seconds, balancing on its 8 engines firing at reduced thrust to compensate exactly for gravity.[68] The test vehicle was the same capsule that performed the pad abort test earlier in 2015; it was nicknamed DragonFly.[69]

Demo-1: Orbital flight test

Main page: Engineering:Crew Dragon Demo-1

In 2015, NASA named its first Commercial Crew astronaut cadre of four veteran astronauts to work with SpaceX and Boeing – Robert Behnken, Eric Boe, Sunita Williams, and Douglas Hurley.[70] The Demo-1 mission completed the last milestone of the Commercial Crew Development program, paving the way to starting commercial services under an upcoming ISS Crew Transportation Services contract.[56][71] On 3 August 2018, NASA announced the crew for the DM-2 mission.[72] The crew of two consisted of NASA astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley. Behnken previously flew as mission specialist on the STS-123 and the STS-130 missions. Hurley previously flew as a pilot on the STS-127 mission and on the final Space Shuttle mission, the STS-135 mission.[73]

The first orbital test of Crew Dragon was an uncrewed mission, commonly designated "Demo-1" and launched on 2 March 2019.[74][75] The spacecraft tested the approach and automated docking procedures with the ISS,[76] remained docked until 8 March 2019, then conducted the full re-entry, splashdown and recovery steps to qualify for a crewed mission.[77][78] Life-support systems were monitored all along the test flight. The same capsule was planned to be re-used in June 2019 for an in-flight abort test before it exploded on 20 April 2019.[74][79]

Explosion during testing

Liftoff of Crew Dragon in-flight abort test

On 20 April 2019, the Crew Dragon capsule used in the Demo-1 mission was destroyed in an explosion during static fire testing at the Landing Zone 1 facility.[80][81] On the day of the explosion, the initial testing of the Crew Dragon's Draco thrusters was successful, with the anomaly occurring during the test of the SuperDraco abort system.[82]

Telemetry, high-speed camera footage, and analysis of recovered debris indicate the problem occurred when a small amount of dinitrogen tetroxide leaked into a helium line used to pressurize the propellant tanks. The leakage apparently occurred during pre-test processing. As a result, the pressurization of the system 100 ms before firing damaged a check valve and resulted in the explosion.[82][83]

Since the destroyed capsule had been slated for use in the upcoming in-flight abort test, the explosion and investigation delayed that test and the subsequent crewed orbital test.[84]

The SuperDraco engine test that failed on 20 April 2019 was repeated successfully on 13 November 2019. The full duration static fire test of Crew Dragon's launch escape system took place at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station at SpaceX's Landing Zone 1 at 20:08 UTC. The test was successful, showing that the modifications made to the vehicle to prevent a failure like the one that happened 20 April 2019 were successful. The vehicle used for this ground test would also be used for the following in-flight abort test.[85]

Some of the modifications are:

  • Replacement of the valves with burst discs: Unlike valves, burst discs are designed for single use.
  • Addition of flaps on each SuperDraco in order to reseal the thrusters prior to splashdown in the ocean, preventing water intrusion.[86]

In-flight abort test

Main page: Engineering:Crew Dragon In-Flight Abort Test
SpaceX Crew Dragon Endeavour as it approached the International Space Station
Endeavour capsule being recovered after splashdown

The Crew Dragon in-flight abort test was launched on 19 January 2020 at 15:30 UTC from LC-39A on a suborbital trajectory to conduct a separation and abort scenario in the troposphere at transonic velocities shortly after passing through max Q, where the vehicle experiences maximum aerodynamic pressure. The Dragon 2 used its SuperDraco abort engines to push itself away from the Falcon 9 after an intentional premature engine cutoff, after which the Falcon was destroyed by aerodynamic forces. The Dragon followed its suborbital trajectory to apogee, at which point the spacecraft's trunk was jettisoned. The smaller Draco engines were then used to orient the vehicle for the descent. All major functions were executed, including separation, engine firings, parachute deployment, and landing. Dragon 2 splashed down at 15:38:54 UTC just off the Florida coast in the Atlantic Ocean.[87] The test objective was to demonstrate the ability to safely move away from the ascending rocket under the most challenging atmospheric conditions of the flight trajectory, imposing the worst structural stress of a real flight on the rocket and spacecraft.[50] The abort test was performed using a Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket with a fully fueled second stage with a mass simulator replacing the Merlin engine.[88]

Earlier, this test had been scheduled before the uncrewed orbital test,[89] however, SpaceX and NASA considered it safer to use a flight representative capsule rather than the test article from the pad abort test.[90]

This test was previously planned to use the capsule C204 from Demo-1, however, C204 was destroyed in an explosion during a static fire testing on 20 April 2019.[91] Capsule C205, originally planned for Demo-2 was used for the In-Flight Abort Test[92] with C206 being planned for use during Demo-2. This was the final flight test of the spacecraft before it began carrying astronauts to the International Space Station under NASA's Commercial Crew Program.

Prior to the flight test, teams completed launch day procedures for the first crewed flight test, from suit-up to launch pad operations. The joint teams conducted full data reviews that needed to be completed prior to NASA astronauts flying on the system during SpaceX's Demo-2 mission.[93]

Demo-2: crewed orbital flight test

Main page: Engineering:Crew Dragon Demo-2

On 17 April 2020, NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine announced the first crewed Crew Dragon Demo-2 to the International Space Station would launch on 27 May 2020.[94] Astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley crewed the mission, marking the first crewed launch to the International Space Station from U.S. soil since STS-135 in July 2011. The original launch was postponed to 30 May 2020 due to weather conditions at the launch site.[95] The second launch attempt was successful, with capsule C206, later named Endeavour by the crew, launching on 30 May 2020 19:22 UTC.[96][97] The capsule successfully docked with the International Space Station on 31 May 2020 at 14:27 UTC.[98][better source needed] On 2 August 2020, Crew Dragon undocked and splashed-down successfully in the Atlantic Ocean.

Launching in the Dragon 2 spacecraft was described by astronaut Bob Behnken as "smooth off the pad" but "we were definitely driving and riding a dragon all the way up ... a little bit less g's [than the Space Shuttle] but more 'alive' is probably the best way I would describe it".[99]

Regarding descent in the spacecraft, Behnken stated, "Once we descended a little bit into the atmosphere, Dragon really came alive. It started to fire thrusters and keep us pointed in the appropriate direction. The atmosphere starts to make noise—you can hear that rumble outside the vehicle. And as the vehicle tries to control, you feel a little bit of that shimmy in your body. ... We could feel those small rolls and pitches and yaws—all those little motions were things we picked up on inside the vehicle. ... All the separation events, from the trunk separation through the parachute firings, were very much like getting hit in the back of the chair with a baseball bat ... pretty light for the trunk separation but with the parachutes it was a pretty significant jolt".[100]

List of vehicles

Dragon 2 vehicles[101][102][103]
Serial Name Type Status Flights Flight time Total flight time Notes Cat.
C201 DragonFly Prototype Retired 1 100 seconds

(Pad Abort Test)

100s Prototype used for pad abort test at Cape Canaveral and tethered hover tests at the McGregor Test Facility.
C202 Qual Module Prototype Retired N/A N/A N/A Pressure vessel qualification module used for structural testing.
C203 ECLSS Module Prototype Grounded N/A N/A N/A Environmental Control & Life Support System module. Still used for human-in-the-loop testing.
C204 None Crew Destroyed 1 6d, 5h, 56m (Demo-1) 6d, 5h, 56m First Dragon 2 to fly in space. Only flight was Demo-1; accidentally destroyed during ground testing of the abort thrusters weeks after the flight.
C205 None Crew Retired 1 8m, 54s (In-Flight Abort Test) 8m, 54s Was originally to be used on Demo-2 but instead flew the Crew Dragon In-Flight Abort Test due to the destruction of C204 and was retired afterwards.
C206 Endeavour Crew Active 4 63d, 23h, 25m (Demo-2)
199d, 17h, 44m (Crew-2)
17d, 1h, 49m (Axiom-1)
185d, 22h, 43m (Crew-6) 		466d, 17h, 41m First vehicle to carry crew; named after Space Shuttle Endeavour. First flown during Crew Demo-2.[104] Has since flown the Crew-2,[49] Axiom-1, and Crew-6 missions.
C207 Resilience Crew Active 2 167d, 6h, 29m (Crew-1)
2d, 23h, 3m (Inspiration4) 		170d, 5h, 32m First full-production Crew Dragon used for Crew-1.[105] Has since flown the Inspiration4 mission, featuring the largest window ever flown in space called the cupola window which was in place of the docking adapter.[106]Resilience will return to space in (NET April 2024) hosting the Polaris Dawn crew.
C208 N/A Cargo Active 4 38d, 9h, 9m (CRS-21)
32d, 19h, 42m (CRS-23)
36d, 18h, 9m (CRS-25)
24d, 22h, 43m (CRS-28) 		132d, 21h, 43m First Cargo Dragon 2, which flew the CRS-21, CRS-23, CRS-25 and CRS-28 missions.[107]
C209 N/A Cargo Active 3 36d, 9h, 59m (CRS-22)
34d, 10h, 57m (CRS-24)
31d, 20h, 28m (CRS-27) 		92d, 17h, 24m Second Cargo Dragon 2, which flew the CRS-22, CRS-24 and CRS-27 missions.
C210[108] Endurance Crew Active
Docked to ISS 		3 176d, 2h, 39m (Crew-3)
157d, 10h, 1m (Crew-5)
321d, 14h, 50m (Crew-7 in progress) 		333d, 12h, 40m+ First flew the Crew-3 mission launched in November 2021.[109] It has since flown the SpaceX Crew-5 and SpaceX Crew-7 missions.
C211 N/A Cargo Active 2 45d, 14h, 59m (CRS-26)
42d, 16h, 5m (CRS-29) 		88d, 7h, 5m Third Cargo Dragon 2, which flew the CRS-26 and CRS-29 missions.[110][111]
C212[112] Freedom Crew Active
Docked to ISS 		3 170d, 13h, 2m (Crew-4)
9d, 5h, 27m (Axiom-2)

11d, 1h, 31m (Axiom-3 in progress)

179d, 18h, 29m First flew the Crew-4 mission launched on the 24th of April 2022.[110] It Has also flown the Axiom 2 mission launched on the 23rd of may 2023, as-well as currently being in space for the Axiom-3 mission, Launched on the 18th of January 2024.
C213 N/A Crew Under construction[34] 0 TBD TBD Final Crew Dragon to be built. Construction is planned to finish in 2024.

List of flights

List includes only completed or currently manifested missions. Launch dates are listed in UTC.

Crew Dragon flights

NET means 'no earlier than'. All dates are with respect to the launch point time zone, US Eastern Time Zone .

Mission and Patch Capsule
[103] 		Launch date Landing date Description Crew Outcome
Test flights
Pad Abort Test (patch) C201 DragonFly 6 May 2015 6 May 2015 Pad Abort Test, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida.[113] N/A Success
Demo-1 (patch) C204 2 March 2019[74] 8 March 2019 Uncrewed orbital test flight; docked to ISS 3 March 2019, 08:50 UTC; departed 8 March 2019, 05:32 UTC. N/A Success
In-Flight Abort Test (patch) C205.1 19 January 2020[114] 19 January 2020 Used the capsule originally planned for Demo-2.[115] N/A Success
Demo-2 Crew Dragon Demo-2 Patch.png C206.1 Endeavour 30 May 2020[116][117] 2 August 2020 First crewed flight test of Dragon 2. The mission was extended from two weeks to nine, in order to allow the crew to bolster activity on the ISS ahead of Crew-1, including partaking in four spacewalks.
  • United States Douglas Hurley
  • United States Robert Behnken
 Success
Operational flights
Crew-1 SpaceX Crew-1 logo.svg C207.1 Resilience 16 November 2020[118][119] 2 May 2021[105] First operational Commercial Crew flight, flying four astronauts to the ISS for a six-month mission. Roscosmos had not yet certified the Crew Dragon vehicle, so a third NASA astronaut was added instead of a Russian cosmonaut.[120] Broke the record for the longest spaceflight by a U.S. crew vehicle, previously held by the Skylab 4 mission.[121]
  • United States Michael Hopkins
  • United States Victor Glover
  • Japan Soichi Noguchi
  • United States Shannon Walker
 Success
Crew-2 SpaceX Crew-2 logo.png C206.2 ♺ Endeavour
[49] 		23 April 2021[122] 9 November 2021[123] Second operational Commercial Crew flight, transferring crew to the ISS for a six-month mission. NASA agreed to allow SpaceX to reuse a booster and capsule for the first time on this flight. Crew includes the first ESA astronaut to fly on Crew Dragon, mission specialist Thomas Pesquet. After spending almost 200 days in orbit, the Crew Dragon Endeavour set the record for the longest spaceflight by a U.S. crew vehicle previously set by her sibling Crew Dragon Resilience on May 2, 2021.[124]
Success
Inspiration4 (patch 1 and 2) C207.2 ♺ Resilience
[127] 		16 September 2021[128] 18 September 2021[129] The first all-civilian mission to orbit. The flight reached a 585 km orbit and the crew conducted science and medical experiments and public outreach activities for 3 days.[130] First standalone orbital Crew Dragon flight, and the first flight with the cupola.
  • United States Jared Isaacman
  • United States Sian Proctor
  • United States Hayley Arceneaux
  • United States Christopher Sembroski
 Success
Crew-3 SpaceX Crew-3 logo.svg C210.1 Endurance 11 November 2021[131] 6 May 2022[132] Third operational Commercial Crew flight, transporting four astronauts to the ISS for a six-month mission.
Success
Axiom-1 (patch) C206.3 ♺ Endeavour 8 April 2022[134] 25 April 2022 First Crew Dragon flight contracted by Axiom Space. First fully private flight to the ISS, carrying Michael López-Alegría as Axiom professional astronaut,[135] Eytan Stibbe to conduct educational experiments for a 10-day trip,[136][137] Larry Connor and Mark Pathy.[138]
  • United States /Spain Michael López-Alegría
  • United States Larry Connor
  • Israel Eytan Stibbe[139]
  • Canada Mark Pathy
 Success
Crew-4 SpaceX Crew 4 logo.png C212.1 Freedom 27 April 2022[140] 14 October 2022[141] The fourth flight contracted under CCP contract.[142] Success
Crew-5 SpaceX Crew-5 logo no names.png C210.2 ♺ Endurance
[143] 		5 October 2022[144] 12 March 2023[145] The fifth flight contracted under CCP contract.[142] The fourth astronaut is Russian cosmonaut Anna Kikina, flying on this mission as a part of Dragon–Soyuz swap flights that ensure that both countries have a presence on the station, and the ability to maintain their separate systems, if either Soyuz or commercial crew vehicles are grounded for an extended period.[146]
Success
Crew-6 SpaceX Crew-6 logo.png C206.4 ♺ Endeavour
[150] 		2 March 2023[151] 4 September 2023 The sixth flight contracted under CCP contract.[142]
Success
Axiom-2 (patch) C212.2 ♺ Freedom 21 May 2023[152] 31 May 2023 Second Crew Dragon flight contracted by Axiom Space. Second fully private flight to the ISS, carrying Peggy Whitson as Axiom professional astronaut.[153] On 22 September 2022, Axiom Space partnered with the Saudi Space Commission to send two Saudi astronauts to research cancer, cloud seeding, and microgravity in space.[154] This mission included the first female Saudi astronaut to space.[155]
  • United States Peggy Whitson
  • United States John Shoffner
  • Saudi Arabia Ali AlQarni
  • Saudi Arabia Rayyanah Barnawi
 Success
Crew-7 SpaceX Crew-7 logo.png C210.3 ♺ Endurance 26 August 2023[156] February 2024 In late 2021, NASA contracted SpaceX for three more Commercial Crew Flights starting from Crew-7.[157]
Docked to the ISS
Axiom-3 (patch) C212.3 ♺ Freedom 18 January 2024[161] NET January 2024 Third Crew Dragon flight contracted by Axiom Space. This mission flew the first Turkish astronaut.[162]
  • United States /Spain Michael López-Alegría
  • Italy Walter Villadei
  • Turkey Alper Gezeravcı
  • Sweden Marcus Wandt
 Docked to the ISS
Crew-8 SpaceX Crew-8 logo.png C206.5 ♺ Endeavour NET February 2024[163] Late 2024 In late 2021, NASA contracted SpaceX for three more Commercial Crew Flights starting from Crew-7.[157]
  • United States Matthew Dominick
  • United States Michael Barratt
  • United States Jeanette Epps
  • Russia Alexander Grebenkin[164]
 Planned
Polaris Dawn (patch) C207.3 ♺ Resilience
[165] 		NET April 2024[166][167] NET April 2024 First of planned three flights of Polaris Program by Jared Isaacman. First private flight to include spacewalk. Aimed to fly "farther than any other human spaceflight in 50 years".[168][169]
  • United States Jared Isaacman
  • United States Scott Poteet
  • United States Sarah Gillis
  • United States Anna Menon
 Planned
Crew-9 TBA NET August 2024 Early 2025 In late 2021, NASA contracted SpaceX for three more Commercial Crew Flights starting from Crew-7.[157]
Planned
Axiom-4 TBA NET October 2024[171] NET October 2024 Fourth Crew Dragon flight contracted by Axiom Space.
  • TBA
  • TBA
  • TBA
  • TBA
 Planned
Second Polaris Program flight TBA TBD TBD Second of planned three flights of Polaris Program. Last flight of the Polaris Program using Crew Dragon before planning to use Starship for the next flight.[169] TBA Planned
Vast-1[172] TBA 2025 TBD Servicing of Haven-1 Space Station
  • TBA
  • TBA
  • TBA
  • TBA
 Planned
Crew-10[173] TBA NET Early 2025 TBA In May 2022, NASA contracted SpaceX for five more Commercial Crew Flights starting from Crew-10.
  • United States TBA
  • United States TBA
  • Europe/Canada TBA
  • TBA
 Planned
Crew-11[173] TBA TBA TBA In May 2022, NASA contracted SpaceX for five more Commercial Crew Flights starting from Crew-10. TBA Planned
Crew-12[173] TBA TBA TBA In May 2022, NASA contracted SpaceX for five more Commercial Crew Flights starting from Crew-10. TBA Planned
Crew-13[173] TBA TBA TBA In May 2022, NASA contracted SpaceX for five more Commercial Crew Flights starting from Crew-10. TBA Planned
Crew-14[173] TBA TBA TBA In May 2022, NASA contracted SpaceX for five more Commercial Crew Flights starting from Crew-10. TBA Planned

Cargo Dragon flights

Mission Patch Capsule
[103] 		Launch date Landing date Description Outcome
CRS-21 SpaceX CRS-21 Patch.png C208.1 6 December 2020 14 January 2021 First SpaceX mission performed under the CRS-2 contract with NASA and the first flight of Cargo Dragon 2. Delivered the Nanoracks Bishop Airlock module to the ISS along with 2,900 kg (6,400 lb) of cargo. Success
CRS-22 SpaceX CRS-22 Patch.png C209.1 3 June 2021 10 July 2021 Second Cargo Dragon 2 flight to the ISS; has delivered solar arrays iROSA 1 and iROSA 2 Success
CRS-23 SpaceX CRS-23 Patch.png C208.2 ♺ 29 August 2021, 07:14 UTC 1 October 2021 Third Cargo Dragon 2 flight to the ISS Success
CRS-24 SpaceX CRS-24 Patch.png C209.2 ♺ 21 December 2021, 10:07 UTC 24 January 2022 Fourth Cargo Dragon 2 flight to the ISS Success
CRS-25 SpaceX CRS-25 Patch.png C208.3 ♺ 15 July 2022, 00:44 UTC 20 August 2022 Fifth Cargo Dragon 2 flight to the ISS Success
CRS-26 SpaceX CRS-26 Patch.png C211.1
[111] 		26 November 2022, 19:20:42 UTC[174] 11 January 2023 Sixth Cargo Dragon 2 flight to the ISS; delivered iROSA 3 and iROSA 4.[175] Success
CRS-27 SpaceX CRS-27 Patch.png C209.3 ♺ 15 March 2023, 00:30[151] 15 April 2023 Seventh Cargo Dragon 2 flight to the ISS Success
CRS-28 SpaceX CRS-28 Patch.png C208.4 ♺ 5 June 2023, 15:47[176] 30 June 2023 Eighth Cargo Dragon 2 flight to the ISS; delivered iROSA 5 and iROSA 6[177] Dragon 2 fleet's 1,324 days in orbit surpassed the Space Shuttle. 38th Dragon 1/2 mission to ISS exceeded Shuttle's 37.[178] Success
CRS-29 SpaceX CRS-29 Patch.png C211.2 ♺ 10 November 2023, 01:28[179] 22 December 2023 Ninth Cargo Dragon 2 flight to the ISS Success
CRS-30 SpaceX CRS-30 Patch.png C209.4 ♺ 4 March 2024 (planned)[180] Tenth Cargo Dragon 2 flight to the ISS Planned
CRS-31 TBA 2024 (planned)[181] Eleventh Cargo Dragon 2 flight to the ISS Planned
CRS-32 TBA 2025 (planned)[181] Twelfth Cargo Dragon 2 flight to the ISS Planned
CRS-33 TBA 2025 (planned)[181] Thirteenth Cargo Dragon 2 flight to the ISS Planned
CRS-34 TBA 2026 (planned)[181] Fourteenth Cargo Dragon 2 flight to the ISS Planned
CRS-35 TBA 2026 (planned)[181] Fifteenth Cargo Dragon 2 flight to the ISS Planned

NASA has ordered six additional flights, CRS-30 to CRS-35, to resupply the ISS through 2026.[181]

Timeline

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Cancelled flights

In June 2019, Bigelow Aerospace announced it had reserved with SpaceX up to four missions of four passengers each to ISS as early as 2020 and planned to sell them for around US$52 million per seat.[182] These plans were cancelled by September 2019.

Space Adventures contracted SpaceX for a five-day, high elliptic orbit space tourism mission with a Crew Dragon in 2022,[183][184] which planned to send four crew members to an altitude over twice the height of the ISS, and higher than the current altitude record for an orbital crewed spacecraft, set by the Gemini 11 mission in 1966.[185] In October 2021, Space Adventures stated that the contract had expired and would not be executed, but left open the possibility of a partnership with SpaceX in the future.[186] Many goals of the Space Adventures flight are currently being targeted by Polaris Dawn, to be flown no earlier than early 2024.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ p.146: The Dragon 2 capsule weighs approximately 16,976 pounds without cargo
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 SpaceX states the crew is "up to seven",[5] but the CEO said that a redesign reduced it to four.[8]
  3. ↑ Alongside the 3 other crew members, Megan McArthur is using the same seat of the SpaceX Crew Dragon Endeavour in this mission which her husband, Bob Behnken, used in SpaceX Demo-2 mission, the first mission of the Endeavour capsule.[125]
  4. ↑ The European Portion of SpaceX Crew-2 is called Mission Alpha, which is headed by Thomas Pesquet shown by the logo
  5. ↑ The European Portion of SpaceX Crew-3 is called Mission Cosmic Kiss, which is headed by Matthias Maurer shown by the logo

References

  1. ↑ "DragonLab datasheet". Hawthorne, California: SpaceX. 8 September 2009. http://www.spacex.com/downloads/dragonlab-datasheet.pdf. 
  2. ↑ ""Commercial Crew Program American Rockets American Spacecraft American Soil" (page 15)". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/commercialcrew_press_kit.pdf.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. ↑ Heiney, Anna (23 July 2020). "Top 10 Things to Know for NASA's SpaceX Demo-2 Return". https://www.nasa.gov/feature/top-10-things-to-know-for-nasa-s-spacex-demo-2-return. "At the time of undock, Dragon Endeavour and its trunk weigh approximately 27,600 pounds"  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Final Environmental Assessment and Finding of No Significant Impact for Issuing SpaceX a Launch License for an In-Flight Dragon Abort Test". Federal Aviation Administration. June 2019. https://www.faa.gov/space/environmental/nepa_docs/media/Final_EA_and_FONSI_for_SpaceX_In-flight_Dragon_Abort_508_A.pdf. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 SpaceX (1 March 2019). "Dragon". SpaceX. https://www.spacex.com/dragon. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Audit of Commercial Resupply Services to the International Space Station NASA 26 April 2018 Report No. IG-18-016 Quote: "For SpaceX, certification of the company's unproven cargo version of its Dragon 2 spacecraft for CRS-2 missions carries risk while the company works to resolve ongoing concerns related to software traceability and systems engineering processes" This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  7. ↑ "The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2012". Federal Aviation Administration. February 2012. http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/media/The_Annual_Compendium_of_Commercial_Space_Transporation_2012.pdf.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Clark, Stephen (7 December 2019). "After redesigns, the finish line is in sight for SpaceX's Crew Dragon spaceship". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/12/07/after-redesigns-the-finish-line-is-in-sight-for-spacexs-crew-dragon/. "'With [the addition of parachutes] and the angle of the seats, we could not get seven anymore', Shotwell said. "So now we only have four seats. That was kind of a big change for us"." 
  9. ↑ "Dream Chaser Lifting Body Set For Delivery To NASA Ahead Of 2024 Launch | Aviation Week Network". https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/space/dream-chaser-lifting-body-set-delivery-nasa-ahead-2024-launch. 
  10. ↑ "Final Environmental Assessment for Issuing an Experimental Permit to SpaceX for Operation of the DragonFly Vehicle at the McGregor Test Site, McGregor, Texas". FAA. pp. 2–3. http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/media/DragonFly_Final_EA_sm.pdf.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  11. ↑ Gwynne Shotwell (21 March 2014). Broadcast 2212: Special Edition, interview with Gwynne Shotwell. The Space Show. Event occurs at 24:05–24:45 and 28:15–28:35. 2212. Archived from the original on 22 March 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2014. we call it v2 for Dragon. That is the primary vehicle for crew, and we will retrofit it back to cargo
  12. ↑ "Q+A: SpaceX Engineer Garrett Reisman on Building the World's Safest Spacecraft". PopSci. 13 April 2012. http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2012-04/qa-former-astronaut-and-spacex-engineer-garrett-reisman-building-worlds-safest-spacecraft. "DragonRider, SpaceX's crew-capable variant of its Dragon capsule" 
  13. ↑ "SpaceX Completes Key Milestone to Fly Astronauts to International Space Station". SpaceX. 20 October 2011. http://www.spacex.com/press.php?page=20111020. 
  14. ↑ "Dragon Overview". SpaceX. http://www.spacex.com/dragon.php. 
  15. ↑ Parma, George (20 March 2011). "Overview of the NASA Docking System and the International Docking System Standard". NASA. http://dockingstandard.nasa.gov/Documents/AIAA_ATS_NDS-IDSS_Overview_Draft1.pdf. "iLIDS was later renamed the NASA Docking System (NDS), and will be NASA's implementation of an IDSS compatible docking system for all future U.S. vehicles"  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  16. ↑ Bayt, Rob (16 July 2011). "Commercial Crew Program: Key Driving Requirements Walkthrough". NASA. http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=107.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  17. ↑ Oberg, Jim (28 March 2007). "Space station trip will push the envelope". NBC News. http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17815821. 
  18. ↑ Bolden, Charles (9 May 2012). "2012-05-09_NASA_Response". NASA. http://oiir.hq.nasa.gov/asap/documents/responses/nasa/2012-05-09_NASA_Response.pdf.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  19. ↑ With the exception of the Project Gemini spacecraft, which used twin ejection seats: "Encyclopedia Astronautica: Gemini Ejection" Astronautix.com Retrieved 24 January 2013
  20. ↑ Chow, Denise (18 April 2011). "Private Spaceship Builders Split Nearly US$270 Million in NASA Funds". Space.com. http://www.space.com/11421-nasa-private-spaceship-funding-astronauts.html. 
  21. ↑ "Spaceship teams seek more funding" MSNBC 10 December 2010 Retrieved 14 December 2010
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 Reisman, Garrett (27 February 2015). "Statement of Garrett Reisman, Director of Crew Operations, Space Explorations Technologies Corp. (SpaceX) before the Subcommittee on Space, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives". United States House of Representatives, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. https://science.house.gov/imo/media/doc/Reisman%20Testimony.pdf.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  23. ↑ "SpaceX Updates – Taking the next step: Commercial Crew Development Round 2". SpaceX. 17 January 2010. http://www.spacex.com/updates.php. 
  24. ↑ Sofge, Eric (19 November 2012). "The Deep-Space Suit". PopSci. http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2012-10/deep-space-suit. 
  25. ↑ "Dragon". SpaceX. https://www.spacex.com/dragon. 
  26. ↑ Gibbens, Sarah. "A First Look at the Spacesuits of the Future". National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/space/a-first-look-at-the-spacesuits-of-the-future.aspx. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Norris, Guy (30 May 2014). "SpaceX Unveils 'Step Change' Dragon 'V2'". Aviation Week. http://aviationweek.com/space/spacex-unveils-step-change-dragon-v2. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Kramer, Miriam (30 May 2014). "SpaceX Unveils Dragon V2 Spaceship, a Manned Space Taxi for Astronauts — Meet Dragon V2: SpaceX's Manned Space Taxi for Astronaut Trips". Space.com. http://www.space.com/26063-spacex-unveils-dragon-v2-manned-spaceship.html. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Bergin, Chris (30 May 2014). "SpaceX lifts the lid on the Dragon V2 crew spacecraft". NASAspaceflight.com. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2014/05/spacex-lifts-the-lid-dragon-v2-crew-spacecraft/. 
  30. ↑ Post, Hannah (16 September 2014). "NASA Selects SpaceX to be Part of America's Human Spaceflight Program". SpaceX. https://www.spacex.com/news/2014/09/16/nasa-selects-spacex-be-part-americas-human-spaceflight-program. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "Why NASA Rejected Sierra Nevada's Commercial Crew Vehicle". Aviation Week. https://aviationweek.com/space/why-nasa-rejected-sierra-nevadas-commercial-crew-vehicle. 
  32. ↑ Berger, Eric (9 June 2017). "So SpaceX is having quite a year". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/06/so-spacex-is-having-quite-a-year/. 
  33. ↑ Roulette, Joey (2022-03-28). "EXCLUSIVE SpaceX ending production of flagship crew capsule" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/exclusive-spacex-ending-production-flagship-crew-capsule-executive-2022-03-28/. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Foust, Jeff (19 November 2022). "SpaceX to launch last new cargo Dragon spacecraft". https://spacenews.com/spacex-to-launch-last-new-cargo-dragon-spacecraft/. "Walker revealed at the briefing SpaceX plans to build a fifth and likely final Crew Dragon." 
  35. ↑ Potter, Sean (Aug 31, 2022). "NASA Awards SpaceX More Crew Flights to Space Station". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-awards-spacex-more-crew-flights-to-space-station. "This is a firm fixed-price, indefinite-delivery/indefinite-quantity contract modification for the Crew-10, Crew-11, Crew-12, Crew-13, and Crew-14 flights. The value of this modification for all five missions and related mission services is $1,436,438,446. The amount includes ground, launch, in-orbit, and return and recovery operations, cargo transportation for each mission, and a lifeboat capability while docked to the International Space Station. The period of performance runs through 2030 and brings the total CCtCap contract value with SpaceX to $4,927,306,350" 
  36. ↑ McCarthy, Niall (4 June 2020). "Why SpaceX Is A Game Changer For NASA [Infographic"]. https://www.forbes.com/sites/niallmccarthy/2020/06/04/why-spacex-is-a-game-changer-for-nasa-infographic/#4c5e22801656. "According to the NASA audit, the SpaceX Crew Dragon's per-seat cost works out at an estimated $55 million while a seat on Boeing's Starliner is approximately $90 million ..." 
  37. ↑ McFall-Johnsen, Morgan; Mosher, Dave; Secon, Holly (26 January 2020). "SpaceX is set to launch astronauts on Wednesday. Here's how Elon Musk's company became NASA's best shot at resurrecting American spaceflight". https://www.businessinsider.com.au/spacex-boeing-nasa-commercial-crew-program-launch-astronauts-2020-1. "Eventually, a round-trip seat on the Crew Dragon is expected to cost about $US55 million. A seat on Starliner will cost about $US90 million. That's according to a November 2019 report from the NASA Office of Inspector General." 
  38. ↑ Wall, Mike (16 November 2019). "Here's How Much NASA Is Paying Per Seat on SpaceX's Crew Dragon & Boeing's Starliner". https://www.space.com/spacex-boeing-commercial-crew-seat-prices.html. "NASA will likely pay about $90 million for each astronaut who flies aboard Boeing's CST-100 Starliner capsule on International Space Station (ISS) missions, the report estimated. The per-seat cost for SpaceX's Crew Dragon capsule, meanwhile, will be around $55 million, according to the OIG's calculations." 
  39. ↑ "SpaceX scrubs launch to ISS over rocket engine problem". Deccan Chronicle. 19 May 2012. http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/sci-tech/space/spacex-scrubs-launch-iss-over-rocket-engine-problem-933. 
  40. ↑ "SpaceX Crew Dragon astronaut wings". collectSPACE. http://www.collectspace.com/ubb/Forum18/HTML/001704.html. 
  41. ↑ Bergin, Chris. "NASA lines up four additional CRS missions for Dragon and Cygnus". NASASpaceFlight.com. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/03/nasa-crs-missions-dragon-cygnus/. 
  42. ↑ "Sierra Nevada Corp. joins SpaceX and Orbital ATK in winning NASA resupply contracts". The Washington Post. 14 January 2016. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2016/01/14/nasa-expected-to-soon-announce-contracts-to-resupply-the-international-space-station/. 
  43. ↑ Ralph, Eric. "Dragon 2 modifications to Carry Cargo for CRS-2 missions". SpaceX/Teslarati. https://www.teslarati.com/spacex-no-crew-dragon-spaceship-reuse-nasa-astronaut-launches/cargo-dragon-2-required-modifications/. 
  44. ↑ "Audit of Commercial Resupply Services to the International Space Center". Office of Inspector General (NASA) IG-18-016: 24, 28–30. 26 April 2018. https://oig.nasa.gov/docs/IG-18-016.pdf. Retrieved 29 September 2020.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  45. ↑ Clark, Stephen (2 August 2019). "SpaceX to begin flights under new cargo resupply contract next year". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/08/02/spacex-to-begin-flights-under-new-cargo-resupply-contract-next-year/. 
  46. ↑ Clark, Stephen (9 October 2014). "NASA clears commercial crew contractors to resume work". Spaceflight Now. http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1410/09cctcap/#.VDgLfBaum5d. "a highly-modified second-generation Dragon capsule fitted with myriad upgrades and changes – including new rocket thrusters, computers, a different outer mold line, and redesigned solar arrays – from the company's Dragon cargo delivery vehicle already flying to the space station." 
  47. ↑ Sheetz, Michael (10 March 2020). "SpaceX on track to launch first NASA astronauts in May, president says". CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/10/spacex-aiming-for-may-astronaut-launch-will-reuse-crew-dragon.html. 
  48. ↑ "NASA agrees to fly astronauts on reused Crew Dragon spacecraft". Spaceflight Now. 23 June 2020. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/06/23/nasa-agrees-to-fly-astronauts-on-reused-crew-dragon-spacecraft/. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 @jeff_foust (23 July 2020). "McErlean: NASA's plans call for reusing the Falcon 9 booster from the Crew-1 mission on the Crew-2 mission, and to reuse the Demo-2 capsule for Crew-2 as well.". https://twitter.com/jeff_foust/status/1286312153193029633. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 Bergin, Chris (28 August 2014). "Dragon V2 will initially rely on parachute landings". NASASpaceFlight.com. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2014/08/dragon-v2-rely-parachutes-landing/. 
  51. ↑ CRS-23 Mission, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-KiDqxAMU0, retrieved 2021-08-29 
  52. ↑ CRS-21 Mission, https://www.spacex.com/launches/crs-21-splashdown/ 
  53. ↑ Howell, Elizabeth (30 March 2021). "SpaceX's Dragon spaceship is getting the ultimate window for private Inspiration4 spaceflight". Space.com. https://www.space.com/spacex-crew-dragon-cupola-window-inspiration4. 
  54. ↑ "NASA Chooses American Companies to Transport U.S. Astronauts to International Space Station". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/september/nasa-chooses-american-companies-to-transport-us-astronauts-to-international/.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  55. ↑ Scott, Heather (12 October 2023). "NASA Updates Commercial Crew Planning Manifest". NASA. https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2023/10/12/nasa-updates-commercial-crew-planning-manifest/. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 Bergin, Chris (5 March 2015). "Commercial crew demo missions manifested for Dragon 2 and CST-100". NASASpaceFlight.com. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/03/commercial-crew-demo-missions-dragon-cst-100/. 
  57. ↑ Garcia, Mark (17 August 2018). "NASA, SpaceX Agree on Plans for Crew Launch Day Operations". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-spacex-agree-on-plans-for-crew-launch-day-operations/.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  58. ↑ "NASA's Commercial Crew Program Target Test Flight Dates". NASA. 21 November 2018. https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2018/11/21/nasas-commercial-crew-program-target-test-flight-dates-5/.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 "NASA, Partners Update Commercial Crew Launch Dates". NASA Commercial Crew Program Blog. 6 February 2019. https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2019/02/06/.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  60. ↑ Chan, Athena (17 April 2020). "Elon Musk Shares Simulation Video, Schedule Of Crew Dragon's First Crewed Flight". International Business Times. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/04/17/soyuz-with-crew-of-three-lands-safely-in-kazakhstan/. 
  61. ↑ Ray, Justin (13 December 2016). "S.S. John Glenn freighter departs space station after successful cargo delivery". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2017/06/04/s-s-john-glenn-freighter-departs-space-station-after-successful-cargo-delivery/. 
  62. ↑ "NASA sets tentative date for launching astronauts in SpaceX ship". https://futurism.com/the-byte/nasa-tentative-spacex-launch-date. 
  63. ↑ Clark, Stephen (6 May 2015). "SpaceX crew capsule completes dramatic abort test". Spaceflight Now. http://spaceflightnow.com/2015/05/06/spacex-crew-capsule-completes-dramatic-abort-test/. 
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  177. ↑ Clark, Stephen (26 November 2022). "SpaceX launches Dragon cargo ship to deliver new solar arrays to space station – Spaceflight Now" (in en). Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/11/26/spacex-launches-dragon-cargo-ship-to-deliver-new-solar-arrays-to-space-station/. 
  178. ↑ Wall, Mike (2023-06-09). "SpaceX Dragon breaks 2 space shuttle orbital records" (in en). https://www.space.com/spacex-dragon-breaks-space-shuttle-records. 
  179. ↑ "Falcon 9 Block 5 | CRS SpX-29" (in en). https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/NextSpaceflight.com/launches/details/5346. 
  180. ↑ "DORA Satellite Technical Description". Arizona State University. https://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?action=dlattach;topic=59082.0;attach=2216912;sess=61738. 
  181. ↑ 181.0 181.1 181.2 181.3 181.4 181.5 "NASA Orders Additional Cargo Flights to Space Station". NASA. 25 March 2022. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-orders-additional-cargo-flights-to-space-station. 
  182. ↑ "So, You Want to Be a Space Tourist?". Observer. 11 June 2019. https://observer.com/2019/06/international-space-station-commercial-business-tourism/. 
  183. ↑ Jeff Foust (February 18, 2020). "Space Adventures to fly tourists on Crew Dragon mission". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/space-adventures-to-fly-tourists-on-crew-dragon-mission/. 
  184. ↑ Shelley, Tom (2020-03-05). "Private Mission Available on the SpaceX Crew Dragon". Space Adventures. https://spaceadventures.com/private-mission-available-on-the-spacex-dragon/. 
  185. ↑ "Space Adventures, SpaceX to launch private crew to Gemini heights". http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-021820a-space-adventures-spacex-crew-dragon.html. 
  186. ↑ Clark, Anastasia (18 October 2021). "U.S. firm sees 'exciting' moment as space tourism booms". Japan Today. https://japantoday.com/category/features/travel/us-firm-sees-%27exciting%27-moment-as-space-tourism-booms1. 

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