Biology:List of human cell types

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The list of human cell types provides an enumeration and description of the various specialized cells found within the human body, highlighting their distinct functions, characteristics, and contributions to overall physiological processes. Cells may be classified[1] by their physiological function, histology (microscopic anatomy),[2] lineage, or gene expression.

Total number of cells

The adult human body is estimated to contain about 30 to 40 trillion (4×1013) human cells,[3][4][5] with the number varying between 20 and 100 trillion depending on factors such as sex, age, and weight. Additionally, there are approximately an equal number of bacterial cells. The exact count of human cells has not yet been empirically measured in its entirety and is estimated using different approaches based on smaller samples of empirical observation.[6][7][8][3][9][10][4] It is generally assumed that these cells share features with each other and thus may be organized as belonging to a smaller number of types.[11][12]

Classification

As a definition of "cell type" is yet to be agreed, it is not possible yet to arrive at a precise number of human cell types.[13] There is, for example, significant variation in these cell types depending on the specific surface proteins they possess.

An extensive listing of human cell types was published by Vickaryous and Hall in 2006, collecting 411 different types of human cells, including 145 types of neurons.[12]

The Human Cell Atlas project, which started in 2016, had as one of its goals to "catalog all cell types (for example, immune cells or brain cells) and sub-types in the human body".[14] By 2018, the Human Cell Atlas description based the project on the assumption that "our characterization of the hundreds of types and subtypes of cells in the human body is limited", but the word hundreds was removed in later versions.[15][14]

On 2021, Stephen Quake guessed that the upper limit of the number of human cell types would be around 6000, based on a reasoning that "if biologists had discovered only 5% of cell types in the human body, then the upper limit of cell types to discover is somewhere around 6000 (i.e., 300/0.05)."[11]

Other different efforts have used different numbers. A count of cells in the human body published in 2023 divided the cells in about 400 types to perform the calculation.[7]

The main cellular components of the human body by count[3]
300px Cell type % cell count
Erythrocytes (red blood cells) 84.0
Platelets 4.9
Bone marrow cells 2.5
Vascular endothelial cells 2.1
Lymphocytes 1.5
Hepatocytes 0.8
Neurons and glia 0.6
Bronchial endothelial cells 0.5
Epidermal cells 0.5
Respiratory interstitial cells 0.5
Adipocytes (fat cells) 0.2
Dermal fibroblasts 0.1
Muscle cells 0.001
Other cells 2.0

In 1996, scientists revealed a 'map' of 16,000 human genes.[16] This led to estimates that humans likely had around 100 000 genes[17] (or regions that code for human proteins). However, actual sequencing did not start before around 1999, and it was not until 2003[18] that the first complete draft of a human genome revealed that there was roughly 20000-25000 protein-coding genes, as most DNA does not code for any protein. It is difficult to say that there have not been similar mistakes when estimating how many cells humans have as there are still substantial gaps in understanding human cells.

Efforts to characterize all human cell types

Several efforts have been made to make a list or a map of all human cells.[19][20][21] One of the largest and most recent is the HuBMAP (Human BioMolecular Atlas Program).[22]

The HuBMAP project has organized 1551 different samples in 17 collections, each dedicated to a different system. However, this project still only mapped about 31 of the human bodies' 70 organs. Their datasets and visualisations place great emphasis on biomarkers and location in the body, but less on cell development and how cells can change over time. Usually specific surface proteins are used to identify cells, and based on this they are put into different categories.

Another major effort to make an overview of these proteins that allows us to observe cell types is the Human Protein Atlas.[23]

A similar project, the Human Brain Project has also attempted to map the human brain, although much of the publicly accessible model does not have cellular resolution.[24][25]

Standards and naming conventions

Some attempts have been made – and some are still in progress– for creating standards for identifying cells consistently.[26][27][28] The Cell Ontology provides arguably the most comprehensive metadata standard to date, cataloging over 2500 cell classes and being used actively by the Human Cell Atlas community.[29]


List of human cell types

Cell type Develops from Function Group [30] Subgroup Germ layer of origin Biomarkers
Brunner's gland cell crypt basal stem cells enzyme and alkaline mucus secretion Exocrine secretory epithelial cells Endoderm
Insulated goblet cell respiratory and digestive tracts mucus secretion
Foveolar cell stomach
Chief cell pepsinogen secretion
Parietal cell hydrochloric acid secretion
Pancreatic acinar cell pancreas bicarbonate and digestive enzyme secretion
Paneth cell small intestine antimicrobial secretion
Type II pneumocyte lungs surfactant secretion
Club cell lysozyme secretion and lung detoxification
Type I pneumocyte formation of the Blood-Gas Barrier Barrier cell
Gall bladder epithelial cell gall bladder
Centroacinar cell pancreas bicarbonate and mucin secretion
Intestinal brush border cell (with microvilli)
K cell gastric inhibitory peptide secretion Hormone-secreting cells Enteroendocrine cell
L cell glucagon-like peptide-1, peptide YY3-36, oxyntomodulin, and glucagon-like peptide-2) secretion
I cell cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion
G cell gastrin secretion
Enterochromaffin cell serotonin secretion
Enterochromaffin-like cell histamine secretion
N cell neurotensin secretion
S cell secretin secretion
D cell somatostatin secretion
Mo cell (or M cell) motilin secretion
other hormones secreted: vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, alpha and gamma-endorphin, bombesin
Thyroid epithelial cell Thyroid gland cells
Parafollicular cell
Parathyroid chief cell Parathyroid gland cells
Oxyphil cell
Alpha cell glucagon secretion Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)
Beta cell insulin and amylin secretion
Delta cell somatostatin secretion
Epsilon cell ghrelin secretion
PP cell (gamma cell) pancreatic polypeptide secretion
Salivary gland mucous cell Exocrine secretory epithelial cells Ectoderm
Salivary gland serous cell
Von Ebner's gland cell in tongue (washes taste buds)
Mammary gland cell (milk secretion)
Lacrimal gland cell (tear secretion)
Ceruminous gland cell in ear (earwax secretion)
Eccrine sweat gland dark cell (glycoprotein secretion)
Eccrine sweat gland clear cell (small molecule secretion)
Apocrine sweat gland cell (odoriferous secretion, sex-hormone sensitive)
Gland of Moll cell in eyelid (specialized sweat gland)
Sebaceous gland cell (lipid-rich sebum secretion)
Bowman's gland cell in nose (washes olfactory epithelium)
Corticotropes Hormone-secreting cells Anterior/Intermediate pituitary cells
Gonadotropes Anterior/Intermediate pituitary cells
Lactotropes Anterior/Intermediate pituitary cells
Melanotropes Anterior/Intermediate pituitary cells
Somatotropes Anterior/Intermediate pituitary cells
Thyrotropes Anterior/Intermediate pituitary cells
Magnocellular neurosecretory cells secrete oxytocin and vasopressin
Parvocellular neurosecretory cells secrete thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), vasopressin, oxytocin, neurotensin, and prolactin
Chromaffin cells (adrenal gland)
Keratinocyte Epithelial cells
Epidermal basal cell (stem cell)
Melanocyte
Trichocyte
Medullary hair shaft cell Trichocyte
Cortical hair shaft cell Trichocyte
Cuticular hair shaft cell Trichocyte
Huxley's layer hair root sheath cell Trichocyte
Henle's layer hair root sheath cell Trichocyte
Outer root sheath hair cell Trichocyte
Surface epithelial cell cornea, tongue, mouth, nasal cavity, distal anal canal, distal urethra, and distal vagina
basal cell (stem cell) cornea, tongue, mouth, nasal cavity, distal anal canal, distal urethra, and distal vagina
Striated duct cell (salivary glands)
Lactiferous duct cell (mammary glands)
Ameloblast (deposit tooth enamel)
Odontoblast (tooth dentin formation) Oral cells
Cementoblast (tooth cementum formation)
Auditory inner hair cells of organ of Corti Sensory transducer cells
Auditory outer hair cells of organ of Corti
Basal cells of olfactory epithelium
Cold-sensitive primary sensory neurons
Heat-sensitive primary sensory neurons
Merkel cells of epidermis
Olfactory receptor neurons
Pain-sensitive primary sensory neurons
Photoreceptor rod cells Photoreceptor cells of retina in eye
Photoreceptor blue-sensitive cone cells of eye Photoreceptor cells of retina in eye
Photoreceptor green-sensitive cone cells of eye Photoreceptor cells of retina in eye
Photoreceptor red-sensitive cone cells of eye Photoreceptor cells of retina in eye
Proprioceptive primary sensory neurons
Touch-sensitive primary sensory neurons
Chemoreceptor glomus cells of carotid body cell (blood pH sensor)
Outer hair cells of vestibular system of ear (acceleration and gravity)
Inner hair cells of vestibular system of ear
Taste receptor cells of taste bud
Cholinergic neurons (various types) Autonomic neuron cells
Adrenergic neural cells (various types)
Peptidergic neural cells (various types)
Inner pillar cells of organ of Corti Sense organ and peripheral neuron supporting cells
Outer pillar cells of the organ of Corti
Inner phalangeal cells of organ of Corti
Outer phalangeal cells of organ of Corti
Border cells of organ of Corti
Hensen's cells of organ of Corti
Vestibular apparatus supporting cells
Taste bud supporting cells
Olfactory epithelium supporting cells
Olfactory ensheathing cells
Schwann cells
Satellite glial cells
Enteric glial cells
Basket cells Central nervous system neurons and glial cells Neuron Interneurons
Cartwheel cells Interneurons
Stellate cells Interneurons
Golgi cells Interneurons
Granule cells Interneurons
Lugaro cells Interneurons
Interneurons
Martinotti cells Interneurons
Chandelier cells Interneurons
Cajal–Retzius cells Interneurons
Double-bouquet cells Interneurons
Neurogliaform cells Interneurons
Retina horizontal cells Interneurons
Starburst amacrine cells Interneurons - > Amacrine cells
Renshaw cells Interneurons - >Spinal interneurons
Spindle neurons Principal cells
Fork cells Principal cells
Place cells Principal cells-> Pyramidal cells
Grid cells Principal cells-> Pyramidal cells
Speed cells Principal cells-> Pyramidal cells
Head direction cells Principal cells-> Pyramidal cells
Betz cells Principal cells-> Pyramidal cells
Boundary cells Principal cells->Stellate cells
Bushy cells Principal cells
Purkinje cells Principal cells
Medium spiny neurons Principal cells
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Tanycytes Ependymal cells
Pituicytes
Anterior lens epithelial cell Lens cells
Crystallin-containing lens fiber cell
White fat cell Right atrium, atrioventricular junction, left atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle, epicardium Myocardium, atriventricular node Metabolism and storage cells Adipocytes Mesoderm (gene:)FASN, GPAM, LEP,[31]
Brown fat cell
Liver lipocyte
Cells of the Zona glomerulosa produce mineralocorticoids Secretory cells Cells of the adrenal cortex
Cells of the Zona fasciculata produce glucocorticoids
Cells of the zona reticularis produce androgens
Theca interna cell ovarian follicle secreting estrogen
Corpus luteum cell ruptured ovarian follicle secreting progesterone
Granulosa lutein cells Corpus luteum cell
Theca lutein cells
Leydig cell testes secreting testosterone
Seminal vesicle cell (secretes seminal fluid components, including fructose for swimming sperm)
Prostate gland cell (secretes seminal fluid components)
Bulbourethral gland cell (mucus secretion)
Bartholin's gland cell (vaginal lubricant secretion)
Gland of Littré cell (mucus secretion)
Uterus endometrium cell (carbohydrate secretion)
Juxtaglomerular cell (renin secretion)
Macula densa cell kidney
Peripolar cell
Mesangial cell
Parietal epithelial cell Urinary system Barrier cells
Podocyte
Proximal tubule brush border cell
Loop of Henle thin segment cell
Kidney distal tubule cell
Principal cell Kidney collecting duct cell
Intercalated cell Epithelial / Barrier cells Mesoderm
Transitional epithelium urinary bladder Barrier cells Mesoderm
Duct cell seminal vesicle, prostate gland, and similar Reproductive system Barrier cells
Efferent ducts cell
Epididymal principal cell
Epididymal basal cell
Endothelial cells circulatory system ABCC9, KCNJ8, RGS5
Planum semilunar epithelial cell of vestibular system of ear (proteoglycan secretion) Extracellular matrix cells
Organ of Corti interdental epithelial cell (secreting tectorial membrane covering hair cells)
Loose connective tissue fibroblasts
Corneal fibroblasts (corneal keratocytes)
Tendon fibroblasts
Bone marrow reticular tissue fibroblasts
Other nonepithelial fibroblasts
Hepatic stellate cell (Ito cell) liver Pericyte
Nucleus pulposus cell intervertebral disc
Hyaline cartilage chondrocyte
Fibrocartilage chondrocyte
Elastic cartilage chondrocyte
Osteoblast/osteocyte
Osteoprogenitor cell
Hyalocyte vitreous body of eye
Stellate cell
Pancreatic stellate cell
Red skeletal muscle cell (slow twitch) Contractile cells Skeletal muscle cells
White skeletal muscle cell (fast twitch)
Intermediate skeletal muscle cell
Nuclear bag cell muscle spindle
Nuclear chain cell muscle spindle
Myosatellite cell (stem cell)
Cardiac muscle cell Cardiac muscle cells
SA node cell
Purkinje fiber cell
Smooth muscle cell (various types) iris
Myoepithelial cell exocrine glands
Erythrocyte (red blood cell) erythroblasts Blood and immune system cells
Megakaryocyte
Platelets if considered distinct cells, currently there's debate on the subject.
Monocyte (white blood cell)
Connective tissue macrophage (various types)
Epidermal Langerhans cell
Osteoclast in bone
Dendritic cell
Microglial cell central nervous system
Neutrophil granulocyte myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte
Eosinophil granulocyte myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte
Basophil granulocyte myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte
Mast cell
Helper T cell
Regulatory T cell
Cytotoxic T cell
Natural killer T cell
B cell(/lymphocyte) Left atrium, left ventricle, septum, right ventricle, epicaridum Myocardium
Plasma cell
Natural killer cell
Hematopoietic stem cells and committed progenitors for the blood and immune system (various types)
Oogonium/oocyte Germ cells
Spermatid
Spermatocyte
Spermatogonium cell
Spermatozoon
Granulosa cell In the ovaries Nurse cells
Sertoli cell In the testis
Epithelial reticular cell In the thymus
Interstitial kidney cells Kidney Interstitial cells

Cell type databases

The above dataset provides a nested list of cell groups with over 400 human cell types with cell count, cell size, and aggregate cell mass (biomass). See Dataset S1, Cell Group by Subgroup Tab, in this reference.[6]
Name Provider Sources of revenue/sponsors Scope Amount of cells identified so far
HubMap[32] A series of US based universities Unknown ~1200
Human Cell Atlas Columbia University Medical Center at Columbia University Chan Zuckerberg Initiative 37 trillion cells
CellXgene[33] Chan Zuckerberg Initiative[34]

Cells derived primarily from endoderm

The endodermal cells primarily generate the lining and glands of the digestive tube.[35]

Cells derived primarily from ectoderm

Nervous system

There are nerve cells, also known as neurons, present in the human body. They are branched out. These cells make up nervous tissue.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "What is a cell type and how to define it?". Cell 185 (15): 2739–2755. July 2022. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.031. PMID 35868277. 
  2. ↑ "Histology, Cell". StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. May 2023. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554382/. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body". PLOS Biology 14 (8). August 2016. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002533. PMID 27541692. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Martinez-Martin, David (2022-02-15). "Dynamics of cell mass and size control in multicellular systems and the human body" (in en). Journal of Biological Research - Thessaloniki: Vol 29 (2022). doi:10.26262/JBRT.V29I0.8600. https://ejournals.lib.auth.gr/jbiolres/article/view/8600. 
  5. ↑ Hatton, Ian A.; Galbraith, Eric D.; Merleau, Nono S. C.; Miettinen, Teemu P.; Smith, Benjamin McDonald; Shander, Jeffery A. (2023-09-26). "The human cell count and size distribution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 120 (39). doi:10.1073/pnas.2303077120. PMID 37722043. Bibcode: 2023PNAS..12003077H. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "The human cell count and size distribution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 120 (39). September 2023. doi:10.1073/pnas.2303077120. PMID 37722043. Bibcode: 2023PNAS..12003077H. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Mapping the human body one cell at a time: New study reveals the intricate relationship between cell size and count" (in en). 2023-09-19. https://www.news-medical.net/news/20230919/Mapping-the-human-body-one-cell-at-a-time-New-study-reveals-the-intricate-relationship-between-cell-size-and-count.aspx. 
  8. ↑ Max Planck Society. "Cellular cartography: Charting the sizes and abundance of our body's cells reveals mathematical order underlying life" (in en). https://medicalxpress.com/news/2023-09-cellular-cartography-sizes-abundance-body.html. 
  9. ↑ "How many cells are in the human body?" (in en). Medical News Today. 12 July 2017. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318342. 
  10. ↑ "How Many Cells Are In Your Body?" (in en). National Geographic. 23 October 2013. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/how-many-cells-are-in-your-body. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "The cell as a bag of RNA". Trends in Genetics 37 (12): 1064–1068. December 2021. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2021.08.003. PMID 34462156. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Human cell type diversity, evolution, development, and classification with special reference to cells derived from the neural crest". Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 81 (3): 425–455. August 2006. doi:10.1017/S1464793106007068. PMID 16790079. 
  13. ↑ "What Is Your Conceptual Definition of 'Cell Type' in the Context of a Mature Organism?". Cell Systems 4 (3): 255–259. March 2017. doi:10.1016/j.cels.2017.03.006. PMID 28334573. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "HCA – Human Cell Atlas". 2022-10-01. https://www.humancellatlas.org/learn-more/. 
  15. ↑ "Human Cell Atlas - Human Cell Atlas". 2018-08-29. https://www.humancellatlas.org/learn-more. 
  16. ↑ "The Human Transcript Map". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SCIENCE96/. 
  17. ↑ "The status of the human gene catalogue". Nature 622 (7981): 41–47. October 2023. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06490-x. PMID 37794265. Bibcode: 2023Natur.622...41A. 
  18. ↑ "Why the human genome was never completed". 13 February 2023. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20230210-the-man-whose-genome-you-can-read-end-to-end. 
  19. ↑ "Home" (in en-GB). https://www.humancellatlas.org/. 
  20. ↑ "NIH to build a detailed map of cells within the human body" (in EN). 26 September 2018. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-build-detailed-map-cells-within-human-body. 
  21. ↑ "The ambitious quest to map every cell in our body" (in en). BBC. 28 July 2022. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20220727-the-ambitious-quest-to-map-every-cell-in-our-body. 
  22. ↑ "The HuBMAP Human BioMolecular Atlas Program" (in en-US). HuBMAP Consortium. https://hubmapconsortium.org/. 
  23. ↑ "The Human Protein Atlas". https://www.proteinatlas.org/about. 
  24. ↑ "Siibra Explorer". https://atlases.ebrains.eu/viewer/. 
  25. ↑ "Medical Data Analytics". The Human Brain Project. https://www.humanbrainproject.eu/en/science-development/focus-areas/medical-data-analytics/. 
  26. ↑ Guidelines for reporting cell types: the MIRACL standard (Preprint). 2022. 
  27. ↑ "Petilla terminology: nomenclature of features of GABAergic interneurons of the cerebral cortex". Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 9 (7): 557–568. July 2008. doi:10.1038/nrn2402. PMID 18568015. 
  28. ↑ "Home" (in en-GB). https://www.humancellatlas.org/. 
  29. ↑ "Cell type ontologies of the Human Cell Atlas". Nature Cell Biology 23 (11): 1129–1135. November 2021. doi:10.1038/s41556-021-00787-7. PMID 34750578. 
  30. ↑ The organization of the cell types in a hierarchy of groups and subgroups is done for organization purposes and does not conform to any particular standard.
  31. ↑ "CCF ASCT+B Reporter". Hubmap Consortium. https://hubmapconsortium.github.io/ccf-asct-reporter/vis?selectedOrgans=heart-v1.2&playground=false. 
  32. ↑ "The Human BioMolecular Atlas Program (HuBMAP)" (in en). 5 January 2017. https://commonfund.nih.gov/HuBMAP. 
  33. ↑ "CellGuide Cell Types and Cell Tissues - CZ CELLxGENE". https://cellxgene.cziscience.com/. 
  34. ↑ "Behind the scenes of Chan Zuckerberg CELLxGENE" (in en-US). https://chanzuckerberg.com/blog/behind-the-scenes-of-chan-zuckerberg-cellxgene/. 
  35. ↑ Gilbert, Scott F. (2000). "Endoderm". Developmental Biology (6th ed.). Sinauer Associates. ISBN 978-0-87893-243-6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10107/. 



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