Biology:List of human microbiota
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Human microbiota are microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi and archaea) found in a specific environment. They can be found in the stomach, intestines, skin, genitals and other parts of the body.[1] Various body parts have diverse microorganisms. Some microbes are specific to certain body parts and others are associated with many microbiomes. This article lists some of the species recognized as belonging to the human microbiome and focuses on the oral, vaginal, ovarian follicle, uterus and the male reproductive tract microbiota.
Categories of bacteria
The "reference" 70 kg human body is estimated to have around 39 trillion bacteria with a mass of about 0.2 kg.[2][3][4][5] These can be separated into about 10,000 microbial species, about 180 of the most studied is listed below here. However, these can broadly be put into three categories:[6]
Spheres or ball-shaped (cocci bacteria)
Cocci are usually round or spherical in shape. They can form clusters and are non-motile.[7] Examples include Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Neisseria gonorrhea.
Rod-shaped bacteria (bacilli)
Bacilli usually have a rod or cylinder shape. Examples include Listeria, Salmonella typhimurium, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Escherichia coli.
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Spirals or helixes (spirochetes)
Spirochetes are usually spiral or corkscrew shaped and move using axial filament. Examples include Treponema pallidum and Leptospira borgpetersenii.[8]
Eye
| Binomial Name | Phylum | Location | Pathogenicity | Frequency/Abundance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chlamydia pneumoniae | Chlamydiota | Eye | Yes | |
| Chlamydia trachomatis | Chlamydiota | Eye | Yes | |
| Haemophilus aegyptius | Proteobacteria | Eye | ||
| Haemophilus influenzae | Proteobacteria | Eye | Sometimes | |
| Moraxella spp | Proteobacteria | Eye | Sometimes | |
| Neisseria spp | Proteobacteria | Eye | Only N. gonorrheae and N. meningitidis | |
| Staphylococcus aureus | Firmicutes | Eye | Sometimes | |
| Staphylococcus epidermidis | Firmicutes | Eye | ||
| Streptococcus viridans | Firmicutes | Eye |
Mouth
The oral microbiota consists of all the microorganisms that exist in the mouth. It is the second largest of the human body and made of various bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa.[10] These organisms play an important role in oral and overall health. Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek was the first to view these organisms using a microscope he created.[10] The temperature and pH of saliva makes it conducive for bacteria to survive in the oral cavity. Bacteria in the oral cavity include Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Staphylococcus.[11] S. mutans is the main component of the oral microbiota.[11]
A healthy oral microbiome decreases oral infections and promotes a healthy gut microbiome. However, when disturbed, it can lead to gum inflammations and bad breath.[12] Dental plaque is formed when oral microorganisms form biofilms on the surfaces of teeth. Recommended practices to maintain a healthy oral microbiome include practicing good oral hygiene (brushing twice and flossing, replacing toothbrush often), eating healthy diet (food with little or no added sugars and ultra processed foods), drinking lots of water and taking probiotics.
| Binomial Name | Phylum | Location | Pathogenicity | Frequency/Abundance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abiotrophia spp[10] | Mouth | |||
| Actinomyces spp[10] | Actinomycetota | Mouth | ||
| Actinomyces viscosus | Actinomycetota | Mouth | ||
| Actinomyces naeslundii | Actinomycetota | Mouth | ||
| Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans | Mouth | |||
| Arachnia propionica | Mouth | |||
| Aspergillus spp[13] | Ascomycota (fungi) | Mouth | Sometimes | |
| Atopobium spp[13] | Actinomycetota | Mouth | ||
| Aureobasidium spp[13] | fungi | Mouth | ||
| Bacterionema matruchotii
(Corynebacterium matruchotii) |
Actinomycetota | Gingiva | ||
| Bacteroides spp[13] | Bacteroidota | Mouth | ||
| Bacteroides gingivalis | Bacteroidota | Mouth | ||
| Bacteroides melaninogenicus | Bacteroidota | Mouth | ||
| Bergeyella spp[13] | Bacteroidota | Mouth | ||
| Bifidobacterium spp[10] | Actinomycetota | Mouth | ||
| Buchnera aphidicola | Mouth | |||
| Bulleidia spp[13] | Firmicutes | Mouth | ||
| Campylobacter spp[10] | Campylobacterota | Mouth | ||
| Candida spp[14] | Ascomycota (fungi) | Mouth | ||
| Candida albicans[10] | Ascomycota (fungi) | Mouth | Sometimes | |
| Capnocytophaga spp[10] | Bacteroidota | Mouth | ||
| Cardiobacterium spp[13] | Proteobacteria | Mouth | ||
| Catonella spp[13] | Firmicutes | Hard palate | ||
| Citrobacter freundii | Throat | |||
| Cladosporium spp[10] | fungi | Mouth | ||
| Corynebacterium spp[10] | Actinomycetota | Mouth | Only C. diphtheriae | |
| Cryptococcus spp[13] | fungi | Mouth | ||
| Desulfobacter spp[10] | Mouth | |||
| Desulfovibrio spp[10] | Mouth | |||
| Dialister spp[13] | Firmicutes | Mouth | ||
| Eikenella corrodens[10] | Proteobacteria | Mouth | Sometimes | |
| Entamoeba gingivalis[10] | Amoebozoa (eukaryote) | Mouth | ||
| Enterococcus spp | Firmicutes | Mouth | Sometimes | |
| Enterococcus faecium[13] | Firmicutes | Mouth | ||
| Eubacterium spp[10] | Firmicutes | Mouth | ||
| Fusarium spp[13] | fungi | Mouth | ||
| Fusobacterium spp[10] | Fusobacteriota | Mouth | ||
| Fusobacterium necrophorum | Fusobacteriota | Oropharynx | ||
| Fusobacterium nucleatum | Fusobacteriota | Mouth | Sometimes | |
| Gemella spp[13] | Firmicutes | Mouth | ||
| Gordonia spp | Sputum | |||
| Granulicatella spp[13] | Firmicutes | Mouth | ||
| Haemophilus spp[10] | Proteobacteria | Mouth | ||
| Kingella spp[13] | Proteobacteria | Mouth | ||
| Lactobacillus spp[10] | Firmicutes | Mouth, Saliva | No | |
| Lautropia spp[13] | Proteobacteria | Mouth | ||
| Leptotrichia buccalis[10] | Fusobacteriota | Mouth | ||
| Methanobrevibacter oralis[13] | Methanobacteriota (archaea) | Mouth | ||
| Methanosarcina mazeii[13] | Methanobacteriota (archaea) | Mouth | ||
| Micrococcus spp | Mouth | |||
| Mogibacterium spp[13] | Firmicutes | Mouth | ||
| Mycoplasma spp | Mouth | |||
| Mycoplasma orale | Oropharynx | |||
| Mycobacterium chelonae | Sputum | |||
| Candidatus Nanosynbacter lyticus[15] | Candidatus Saccaribacteria | Mouth | ||
| Neisseria spp[10] | Proteobacteria | Mouth | Only N. gonorrheae and N. meningitidis | |
| Oribacterium spp[13] | Firmicutes | Mouth | ||
| Parvimonas spp[13] | Firmicutes | Mouth | ||
| Peptococcus spp | Mouth | |||
| Peptostreptococcus spp[10] | Firmicutes | Mouth | ||
| Phocoenobacter spp[13] | Proteobacteria | Mouth | ||
| Porphyromonas gingivalis[1] | Bacteroidota | Mouth | Sometimes | |
| Prevotella spp[10] | Bacteroidota | Mouth | Sometimes | |
| Propionibacterium spp[10] | Actinomycetota | Mouth | ||
| Pseudoramibacter spp[10] | Mouth | |||
| Rothia dentocariosa[10] | Actinomycetota | Mouth | Occasionally | |
| Selenomonas spp[10] | Firmicutes | Mouth | ||
| Simonsiella spp[10] | Mouth | |||
| Staphylococcus aureus | Firmicutes | Mouth | Sometimes | |
| Staphylococcus epidermidis | Firmicutes | Mouth | ||
| Streptococcus spp[13] | Firmicutes | Mouth | ||
| Streptococcus anginosus[10] | Firmicutes | Oropharynx | ||
| Streptococcus mitis[13] | Firmicutes | Mouth | ||
| Streptococcus mutans[13] | Firmicutes | Teeth: dental plaque | ||
| Streptococcus oralis | Firmicutes | Teeth: dental plaque | ||
| Streptococcus sobrinus | Firmicutes | Teeth: dental plaque | ||
| Streptococcus constellatus | Firmicutes | Oropharynx | ||
| Streptococcus intermedius | Firmicutes | Oropharynx | ||
| Tannerella forsythia[1] | Bacteroidota | Mouth | Sometimes | |
| Torulopsis glabrata | Mouth | |||
| Treponema denticola[10] | Spirochetota | Mouth | ||
| Trichomonas tenax[13] | eukaryote | Mouth | ||
| Veillonella spp[10] | Firmicutes | Mouth | ||
| Vibrio sputorum | Mouth | |||
| Wolinella spp[10] | Campylobacterota | Mouth |
Respiratory System
| Binomial Name | Phylum | Location | Pathogenicity | Frequency/Abundance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter spp | Nasopharynx | |||
| Citrobacter freundii | Sputum | |||
| Burkholderia cepacia complex | Proteobacteria | Lung | ||
| Campylobacter sputorum | Nasopharynx | |||
| Candida albicans | Ascomycota (fungi) | Pharynx | ||
| Cardiobacterium spp | Nose | |||
| Chlamydophila pneumoniae | Chlamydiota | Lung | ||
| Fusobacterium spp | Fusobacteriota | Lung | ||
| Haemophilus spp | Proteobacteria | Nasopharynx, lung | ||
| Hemophilus influenzae | Proteobacteria | Mucous membranes | Sometimes | |
| Haemophilus parainfluenzae | Proteobacteria | Pharynx | ||
| Haemophilus paraphrophilus | Proteobacteria | Pharynx | ||
| Kingella spp | Proteobacteria | Upper respiratory tract | ||
| Kingella kingae | Proteobacteria | Upper respiratory tract | ||
| Moraxella spp | Proteobacteria | Nasopharynx | ||
| Moraxella catarrhalis | Proteobacteria | Nasopharynx | ||
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae | Respiratory epithelium | |||
| Neisseria spp | Proteobacteria | Nasopharynx | ||
| Neisseria cinerea | Proteobacteria | Nasopharynx | ||
| Neisseria elongata | Proteobacteria | Pharynx | ||
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae | Proteobacteria | Yes | ||
| Neisseria lactamica | Proteobacteria | Nasopharynx | ||
| Neisseria meningitidis | Proteobacteria | Nasopharynx | Yes | |
| Neisseria mucosa | Proteobacteria | Nasopharynx | ||
| Neisseria sicca | Proteobacteria | Nasopharynx | ||
| Peptococcus spp | Upper respiratory tract | |||
| Peptostreptococcus spp | Firmicutes | Pharynx | ||
| Pseudomonas spp | Proteobacteria | Lung | ||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Proteobacteria | Lung | Yes | |
| Selenomonas sputigena | Firmicutes | Nasopharynx | ||
| Staphylococcus aureus | Firmicutes | Nose | Sometimes | |
| Streptobacillus spp | Throat, nasopharynx | |||
| Streptococcus spp | Firmicutes | Lung | ||
| Streptococcus pyogenes | Firmicutes | Upper respiratory tract | ||
| Streptococcus pneumoniae[13] | Firmicutes | Nasopharynx | Sometimes | |
Gastrointestinal Tract
| Binomial Name | Phylum | Location | Pathogenicity | Frequency/Abundance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achromobacter spp | Intestines | |||
| Acidaminococcus fermentans[16] | Firmicutes | Large intestine | ||
| Acinetobacter calcoaceticus | Large intestine | |||
| Actinomyces spp[17] | Actinomycetota | Small and large intestine | ||
| Adlercreutzia spp[18] | Actinomycetota | Large intestine | ||
| Aeromonas spp | Intestines | |||
| Aflipia spp[16] | GI tract | |||
| Aggregatibacter spp[16] | GI tract | |||
| Akkermansia muciniphilia[1] | Verrucomicrobia | Large intestine | ||
| Alistripes spp[17] | GI tract | |||
| Alternaria spp[14] | Ascomycota (fungi) | GI tract | ||
| Anaerobiospirillum spp | Large intestine | |||
| Anaerostipes spp[19] | GI tract | |||
| Anaerotruncus spp[19] | Firmicutes | Large intestine | ||
| Alcaligenes faecalis | Intestines | |||
| Asaccharobacter spp[16] | GI tract | |||
| Aspergillus spp[14] | Ascomycota (fungi) | GI tract | Sometimes | 58.3% |
| Aspergillus versicolor[14] | Ascomycota (fungi) | GI tract | 5% | |
| Asteroleplasma[20] | GI tract | |||
| Bacillus spp | Firmicutes | Large intestine | ||
| Bacteroides spp[1] | Bacteroidota | Esophagus, intestines | ||
| Bacteroides fragilis[19] | Bacteroidota | Large intestine | ||
| Bacteroides melaninogenicus | Bacteroidota | Large intestine | ||
| Barnesiella spp[16] | Bacteroidota | GI tract | ||
| Bifidobacterium spp[1] | Actinomycetota | Large intestine | No | |
| Bifidobacterium longum[17] | Actinomycetota | Large intestine | ||
| Bilophilia wadsworthia[17] | Proteobacteria | Large intestine | ||
| Blautia spp[17] | Firmicutes | Large intestine | ||
| Brachybacterium spp[16] | GI tract | |||
| Butyricimonas spp[16] | GI tract | |||
| Butyrivibrio crossotus[19] | Large intestine | |||
| Campylobacter spp | Campylobacterota | Large intestine | ||
| Candida spp[14] | Ascomycota (fungi) | GI tract | 2.5 - 59.7% | |
| Candida albicans[14] | Ascomycota (fungi) | GI tract | 5.8 - 80.8% | |
| Catenibacterium spp[17] | GI tract | |||
| Christensenella minuta[17] | Firmicutes | GI tract | ||
| Citrobacter spp[17] | Proteobacteria | GI tract | ||
| Clostridium spp[1] | Firmicutes | Intestines | ||
| Clostridium sordellii | Firmicutes | Stomach, small intestine, large intestine | ||
| Collinsella aerofaciens[17] | Actinomycetota | Large intestine | ||
| Coprobacter spp[16] | GI tract | |||
| Coprobacillus spp[16] | GI tract | |||
| Coprococcus comes[17] | Firmicutes | Large intestine | ||
| Cladosporium cladosporoides[14] | Ascomycota (fungi) | GI tract | ||
| Cryptococcus spp[14] | Basidomycota (fungi) | GI tract | 4.7% | |
| Debaryomyces spp[14] | Ascomycota (fungi) | GI tract | ||
| Desulfovibrio spp[17] | Proteobacteria | Large intestine | ||
| Dialister[20] | Firmicutes | Large intestine | ||
| Dorea spp[16] | Firmicutes | Large intestine | ||
| Eggerthella spp[17] | Actinomycetota | Large intestine | ||
| Escherichia coli[1] | Proteobacteria | GI tract | Sometimes | |
| Enhydrobacter spp[16] | GI tract | |||
| Enterococcus spp[1] | Firmicutes | Stomach, intestines | Sometimes | |
| Enterobacter spp[19] | Proteobacteria | Large intestine | ||
| Enterobacter cloacae[17] | Proteobacteria | Large intestine | ||
| Epulopiscium spp[18] | Firmicutes | Large intestine | ||
| Eubacterium spp[21] | Firmicutes | Colon | ||
| Exophiala spp[14] | Ascomycota (fungi) | GI tract | ||
| Faecalibacterium spp[1] | Firmicutes | Large intestine | ||
| Faecalibacterium prausnitzii[17] | Firmicutes | Large intestine | No | |
| Ferrimonas spp[18] | Proteobacteria | Intestines | ||
| Flavobacterium spp | Intestines | |||
| Fusobacterium spp[19] | Fusobacteriota | Large intestine | ||
| Galactomyces spp[14] | Ascomycota (fungi) | GI tract | 0.8 - 46% | |
| Gemella spp[19] | Firmicutes | Esophagus, intestines | ||
| Geotrichium silvicola[14] | Ascomycota (fungi) | GI tract | 9.7% | |
| Helicobacter pylori[1] | Campylobacterota | Stomach | Yes | |
| Hemophilus spp[18] | Proteobacteria | Intestines | ||
| Holdemania spp[16] | GI tract | |||
| Holdemanella spp[16] | GI tract | |||
| Howardella spp[16] | GI tract | |||
| Hungatella spp[16] | GI tract | |||
| Intestinibacter bartlettii[16] | GI tract | |||
| Lachnobacterium spp[18] | Firmicutes | Large intestine | ||
| Lachnospira spp[19] | Firmicutes | Intestines | ||
| Joetgalicoccus spp[16] | GI tract | |||
| Klesbiella spp[18] | Proteobacteria | Intestines | ||
| Kocuria spp[16] | GI tract | |||
| Lactobacillus spp[21] | Firmicutes | Stomach, intestines | ||
| Lactococcus lactis[17] | Firmicutes | Intestines | ||
| Leuconostoc spp[17] | GI tract | |||
| Malessezia spp[14] | Basidomycota (fungi) | GI tract | 88.3% | |
| Megasphera[20] | Firmicutes | Esophagus | ||
| Mesorhizobium spp[16] | GI tract | |||
| Methanobrevibacter smithii[1] | Methanobacteriota (archaea) | Intestines | No | |
| Methylobacterium spp[16] | GI tract | |||
| Microbacterium spp[16] | GI tract | |||
| Morganella morganii | Intestines | |||
| Mycobacteria spp | Actinomycetota | Intestines | ||
| Mycoplasma spp | Intestines | |||
| Ochrobactrum spp[16] | GI tract | |||
| Oscillospira spp[18] | Firmicutes | Large intestine | ||
| Oxalobacter spp[16] | GI tract | |||
| Parabacteroides spp[17] | Bacteroidota | Large intestine | ||
| Paraprevotella[20] | Bacteroidota | Large intestine | ||
| Parasutterella spp[17] | GI tract | |||
| Pediococcus spp[18] | Firmicutes | Intestines | ||
| Pelomonas spp[16] | GI tract | |||
| Peptococcus spp | Large intestine | |||
| Peptostreptococcus spp[19] | Firmicutes | Colon | ||
| Penicillium spp[14] | Ascomycota (fungi) | GI tract | 7 - 65.3% | |
| Penicillium brevicompactum[14] | Ascomycota (fungi) | GI tract | ||
| Phascolarctobacterium[20] | GI tract | |||
| Pichia spp[14] | Ascomycota (fungi) | GI tract | ||
| Planomicrobium spp[16] | GI tract | |||
| Prevotella spp[17] | Bacteroidota | Esophagus, stomach, intestines | ||
| Propionibacterium spp | Actinomycetota | Large intestine | ||
| Providencia spp | Large intestine | |||
| Pseudochrobactrum spp[16] | GI tract | |||
| Pseudomonas spp[19] | Proteobacteria | Esophagus | ||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Proteobacteria | Intestines | Sometimes | |
| Porphyromonas spp[19] | Large intestine | |||
| Pyramidobacter spp[16] | GI tract | |||
| Rheinheimera spp[17] | GI tract | |||
| Rhodoturula spp[14] | Basidiomycota (fungi) | GI tract | 7 - 15.3% | |
| Rhomboutsia spp[16] | GI tract | |||
| Roseburia spp[17] | Firmicutes | Large intestine | ||
| Rothia spp[19] | Actinomycetota | Esophagus | ||
| Ruminococcus spp[21] | Firmicutes | Large intestine | ||
| Ruminococcus gnavus[17] | Firmicutes | Large intestine | ||
| Rummeliibacillus spp[18] | Firmicutes | Intestines | ||
| Saccharomyces spp[14] | Ascomycota (fungi) | GI tract | 1.1 - 100% | |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae[14] | Ascomycota (fungi) | GI tract | ||
| Sarcina spp | Large intestine | |||
| Sellimonas spp[16] | GI tract | |||
| Senegalimassilia spp[16] | GI tract | |||
| Serratia spp[16] | GI tract | |||
| Slackia spp[17] | GI tract | |||
| Sphingobacterium spiritivorum[17] | GI tract | |||
| Sphingomonas spp[16] | GI tract | |||
| Streptococcus spp[21] | Firmicutes | Esophagus, stomach, intestines | ||
| Streptococcus anginosus | Firmicutes | GI tract | ||
| Subdoligranulum spp[16] | GI tract | |||
| Succinatomonas spp[16] | GI tract | |||
| Succinovibrio spp[20] | GI tract | |||
| Sutterella spp[20] | Proteobacteria | Large intestine | ||
| Taonella spp[16] | GI tract | |||
| Trabulsiella spp[18] | Proteobacteria | Intestines | ||
| Trichosporon spp[14] | Basidiomycota (fungi) | GI tract | 30.6% | |
| Tsukamurella spp[16] | GI tract | |||
| Turicibacter spp[18] | Firmicutes | Intestines | ||
| Veillonella spp[1] | Firmicutes | Esophagus, intestines | ||
| Vibrio spp | Intestines | |||
| Weissella spp[16] | GI tract | |||
| Yersinia enterocolitica | Large intestine | |||
Skin
| Binomial Name | Phylum | Location | Pathogenicity | Frequency/Abundance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter spp | Skin | |||
| Bacillus spp | Firmicutes | Skin | ||
| Candida albicans | Ascomycota (fungi) | Skin | ||
| Candida parapsilosis | Ascomycota (fungi) | Skin | ||
| Corynebacterium spp | Actinomycetota | Skin | ||
| Corynebacterium parvum | Actinomycetota | Skin | ||
| Cutibacterium acnes | Actinomycetota | Skin | ||
| Demodex folliculorum | Skin | |||
| Enterobacter cloacae | Skin | |||
| Epidermophyton floccosum | Skin | |||
| Malassezia ovale | Skin | |||
| Micrococcus luteus | Skin | |||
| Micrococcus spp | Skin | |||
| Mycobacterium spp | Actinomycetota | Skin | ||
| Neisseria spp | Proteobacteria | Skin | ||
| Peptostreptococcus spp | Firmicutes | Skin | ||
| Propionibacterium spp | Actinomycetota | Skin | ||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Proteobacteria | Skin | Mostly | |
| Sarcina spp | Skin | |||
| Staphylococcus aureus | Firmicutes | Skin | Sometimes | |
| Staphylococcus epidermidis | Firmicutes | Skin | Sometimes, mostly not | |
| Staphylococcus haemolyticus | Firmicutes | Skin | ||
| Streptococcus viridans | Firmicutes | Skin | ||
| Trichophyton spp | Skin | |||
Female Reproductive Tract
The vaginal microbiota is shaped by puberty, pregnancy and menopause. Vaginal microbiota including some Lactobacillus species protect the vagina from harmful pathogens.[22] They convert glucose to lactic acid and this acidic environment kills harmful pathogens. The vaginal microbiota in pregnancy varies markedly during the entire time of gestation. The species and diversity of the
microorganisms may be related to the various levels of hormones during pregnancy. Vaginal flora can be transmitted to babies during birth. Vaginal dysbiosis can lead to vaginal infections like bacterial vaginosis which makes one relatively susceptible to sexually transmitted diseases. Good personal hygiene and probiotics promote a healthy vaginal microbiota.[23]
The healthy uterine microbiome has been identified and over 278 genera have been sequenced. Bacteria species like Fusobacterium are typically found in the uterus.[24] Although Lactobacillus may be beneficial in the vagina, "increased levels in the uterus through a breach in the cervical barrier" may be harmful to the uterus.[25]
The ovarian follicle microbiome has been studied using standard culturing techniques. It has been associated with the outcomes of assisted reproductive technologies and birth outcomes. Positive outcomes are related to the presence of Lactobacillus spp while the presence of Propionibacterium and Actinomyces were related to negative outcomes. The microbiome can vary from one ovary to the other. Studies are ongoing in the further identification of those bacteria present.[25]
| Binomial Name | Phylum | Location | Pathogenicity | Frequency/Abundance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter spp | Anterior urethra | |||
| Bacteroides spp | Bacteroidota | External genitalia | ||
| Candida albicans | Ascomycota (fungi) | Anterior urethra, external genitalia | Sometimes | |
| Enterobacteriaceae | Anterior urethra, external genitalia | |||
| Gardnerella vaginalis[1] | Vagina | |||
| Lactobacillus spp.[1] | Firmicutes | Vagina | ||
| Mycoplasma hominis[1] | Vagina | |||
| Prevotella spp.[1] | Bacteroidota | Vagina | ||
| Streptococcus viridans | Firmicutes | Anterior urethra, external genitalia |
Male reproductive tract
The microbiome present in seminal fluid has been evaluated. Using traditional culturing techniques the microbiome differs between men who have acute prostatitis and those who have chronic prostatitis. Identification of the seminal fluid microbiome has become one of the diagnostic tools used in treating infertility in men that do not display symptoms of infection or disease. The taxa Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus, and Prevotella display a negative effect on the quality of sperm. The presence of Lactobacillus spp in semen samples is associated with a very high normal sperm count.[25]
| Binomial Name | Phylum | Location | Pathogenicity | Frequency/Abundance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter spp | Anterior urethra | |||
| Bacteroides spp | Bacteroidota | External genitalia | ||
| Candida albicans | Ascomycota (fungi) | Anterior urethra, external genitalia | Sometimes | |
| Enterobacteriaceae | Anterior urethra, external genitalia | |||
| Streptococcus viridans | Firmicutes | Anterior urethra, external genitalia |
See also
- Placental microbiome
- List of bacterial vaginosis microbiota
- List of microbiota species of the lower reproductive tract of women
- Lung microbiota
- Gut microbiota
- Skin flora
- https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1591401
Other lists of the human body's contents and building bricks
- List of skeletal muscles of the human body
- List of organs of the human body
- List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
References
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 "Microbiota in health and diseases". Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 7 (1). April 2022. doi:10.1038/s41392-022-00974-4. PMID 35461318.
- ↑ "Revised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body". PLOS Biology 14 (8). August 2016. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002533. PMID 27541692.
- ↑ "Scientists bust myth that our bodies have more bacteria than human cells" (in en). Nature. 2016-01-08. doi:10.1038/nature.2016.19136. ISSN 1476-4687.
- ↑ "Do our bodies contain far more bacteria than human cells?" (in en). 2022-01-10. https://handling-solutions.eppendorf.com/cell-handling/about-cells-and-culture/detailview/news/do-our-bodies-contain-far-more-bacteria-than-human-cells/.
- ↑ "NIH Human Microbiome Project defines normal bacterial makeup of the body" (in EN). 2015-08-31. https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-human-microbiome-project-defines-normal-bacterial-makeup-body.
- ↑ "Bacteria: Definition, Types, Benefits, Risks & Examples" (in en). https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/24494-bacteria.
- ↑ "Cocci or Cocus Bacteria: Structure, Types and Examples" (in en-US). 2019-10-31. https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/microorganisms/cocci-or-cocus-bacteria/.
- ↑ "Phenotypic and Physiological Characterization Methods" (in en), Taxonomy of Prokaryotes, Methods in Microbiology, 38, Elsevier, 2011, pp. 15–60, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-387730-7.00003-6, ISBN 978-0-12-387730-7
- ↑ "File:Arrangement of spiral bacteria.JPG - Wikipedia" (in en). 2015-06-19. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arrangement_of_spiral_bacteria.JPG.
- ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 10.22 10.23 10.24 10.25 10.26 10.27 10.28 10.29 10.30 "Oral microbiome: Unveiling the fundamentals". Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology 23 (1): 122–128. 2019. doi:10.4103/jomfp.JOMFP_304_18. PMID 31110428.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Oral microbiota: A new view of body health" (in en). Food Science and Human Wellness 8 (1): 8–15. March 2019. doi:10.1016/j.fshw.2018.12.001.
- ↑ "The Oral Microbiome in Dental Caries". Polish Journal of Microbiology 63 (2): 127–135. 2014. doi:10.33073/pjm-2014-018. ISSN 2544-4646. PMID 25115106.
- ↑ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 13.12 13.13 13.14 13.15 13.16 13.17 13.18 13.19 13.20 13.21 13.22 13.23 13.24 13.25 13.26 Sharma, Neetu; Bhatia, Sonu; Sodhi, Abhinashi Singh; Batra, Navneet (2018). "Oral microbiome and health". AIMS Microbiology 4 (1): 42–66. doi:10.3934/microbiol.2018.1.42. ISSN 2471-1888. PMID 31294203.
- ↑ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 14.14 14.15 14.16 14.17 14.18 14.19 Belvoncikova, Paulina; Splichalova, Petra; Videnska, Petra; Gardlik, Roman (2022-10-04). "The Human Mycobiome: Colonization, Composition and the Role in Health and Disease" (in en). Journal of Fungi 8 (10): 1046. doi:10.3390/jof8101046. ISSN 2309-608X. PMID 36294611.
- ↑ Bor, B.; Bedree, J. K.; Shi, W.; McLean, J. S.; He, X. (May 2019). "Saccharibacteria (TM7) in the Human Oral Microbiome". Journal of Dental Research 98 (5): 500–509. doi:10.1177/0022034519831671. ISSN 1544-0591. PMID 30894042.
- ↑ 16.00 16.01 16.02 16.03 16.04 16.05 16.06 16.07 16.08 16.09 16.10 16.11 16.12 16.13 16.14 16.15 16.16 16.17 16.18 16.19 16.20 16.21 16.22 16.23 16.24 16.25 16.26 16.27 16.28 16.29 16.30 16.31 16.32 16.33 16.34 16.35 16.36 Yang, Jing; Pu, Ji; Lu, Shan; Bai, Xiangning; Wu, Yangfeng; Jin, Dong; Cheng, Yanpeng; Zhang, Gui et al. (2020-08-26). "Species-Level Analysis of Human Gut Microbiota With Metataxonomics" (in English). Frontiers in Microbiology 11. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.02029. ISSN 1664-302X. PMID 32983030.
- ↑ 17.00 17.01 17.02 17.03 17.04 17.05 17.06 17.07 17.08 17.09 17.10 17.11 17.12 17.13 17.14 17.15 17.16 17.17 17.18 17.19 17.20 17.21 17.22 17.23 Olsson, Lisa M.; Boulund, Fredrik; Nilsson, Staffan; Khan, Muhammad Tanweer; Gummesson, Anders; Fagerberg, Linn; Engstrand, Lars; Perkins, Rosie et al. (2022-05-11). "Dynamics of the normal gut microbiota: A longitudinal one-year population study in Sweden" (in English). Cell Host & Microbe 30 (5): 726–739.e3. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2022.03.002. ISSN 1931-3128. PMID 35349787. https://www.cell.com/cell-host-microbe/abstract/S1931-3128(22)00131-7.
- ↑ 18.00 18.01 18.02 18.03 18.04 18.05 18.06 18.07 18.08 18.09 18.10 Yilmaz, Bahtiyar; Fuhrer, Tobias; Morgenthaler, Deborah; Krupka, Niklas; Wang, Daoming; Spari, Daniel; Candinas, Daniel; Misselwitz, Benjamin et al. (2022-12-14). "Plasticity of the adult human small intestinal stoma microbiota" (in English). Cell Host & Microbe 30 (12): 1773–1787.e6. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2022.10.002. ISSN 1931-3128. PMID 36318918. https://www.cell.com/cell-host-microbe/abstract/S1931-3128(22)00515-7.
- ↑ 19.00 19.01 19.02 19.03 19.04 19.05 19.06 19.07 19.08 19.09 19.10 19.11 Jandhyala, Sai Manasa; Talukdar, Rupjyoti; Subramanyam, Chivkula; Vuyyuru, Harish; Sasikala, Mitnala; Nageshwar Reddy, D. (2015-08-07). "Role of the normal gut microbiota". World Journal of Gastroenterology 21 (29): 8787–8803. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i29.8787. ISSN 2219-2840. PMID 26269668.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 Krych, Lukasz; Hansen, Camilla H. F.; Hansen, Axel K.; van den Berg, Frans W. J.; Nielsen, Dennis S. (2013). "Quantitatively different, yet qualitatively alike: a meta-analysis of the mouse core gut microbiome with a view towards the human gut microbiome". PLOS ONE 8 (5). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062578. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 23658749. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...862578K.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Salvadori, Maurizio; Rosso, Giuseppina (2024-03-20). "Update on the gut microbiome in health and diseases". World Journal of Methodology 14 (1). doi:10.5662/wjm.v14.i1.89196. ISSN 2222-0682. PMID 38577200.
- ↑ "Defence factors of vaginal lactobacilli". Critical Reviews in Microbiology 44 (1): 31–39. February 2018. doi:10.1080/1040841X.2017.1306688. PMID 28418713.
- ↑ "Maternal microbiome and pregnancy outcomes". Fertility and Sterility 104 (6): 1358–1363. December 2015. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.09.037. PMID 26493119.
- ↑ "Uterine Microbiota: Residents, Tourists, or Invaders?". Frontiers in Immunology 9. 2018-03-02. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00208. PMID 29552006.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 "Reproductive tract microbiome in assisted reproductive technologies". Fertility and Sterility 104 (6): 1364–1371. December 2015. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.10.012. PMID 26597628.
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