Biology:Tannase
The enzyme tannase (EC 3.1.1.20) catalyzes the following reaction:[1]
It is a key enzyme in the degradation of gallotannins and ellagicitannins, two types of hydrolysable tannins.[2] Specifically, tannase catalyzes the hydrolysis of ester and depside bonds of hydrolysable tannins to release glucose and gallic or ellagic acid.[3][2]
Tannase belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on carboxylic ester bonds. The systematic name is tannin acylhydrolase. Other names in common use include tannase S, and tannin acetylhydrolase.[4]
This enzyme has two known domains and one known active site.[3] Tannase can be found in plants, bacteria, and fungi and has different purposes depending on the organism it is found in.[2] Tannase also has many purposes for human use. The production of gallic acid is important in the pharmaceutical industry as it's needed to create trimethoprim, an antibacterial drug.[5] Tannase also has many applications in the food and beverage industry. Specifically, its used to make food and drinks taste better, either by removing turbidity from juices or wines, or removing the bitter taste of tannins in some food and drinks, such as acorn wine.[3] Additionally, because tannase can break ester bonds of glucose with various acids (chebulinic, gallic, and hexahydrophenic), it can be used in the process of fruit ripening.[6]
Mechanism
In addition to catalyzing the hydrolysis of the central ester bond between the two aromatic rings of digallate (depsidase activity), tannase may also have an esterase activity (hydrolysis of terminal ester functional groups that are attached to only one of the two aromatic rings).[4]
Digallate is the conjugate base of digallic acid,[7] but are often used synonymously. Similarly, gallate and gallic acid are used interchangeably.[8] Both digallic and gallic acid are organic acids that are seen in gallotannins and are usually esterified to a glucose molecule.[2] In other words, tannins (which contain digallate/digallic acid) are the natural substrate of tannase. When tannins, specifically gallotannins, are broken down by tannase through the hydrolysis of ester bonds, gallic acid and glucose are formed.[2]
Structure
The crystal structure of tannase varies slightly depending on the strain being observed, in this case we are looking at the tannase SN35N strain produced in Lactobacillus plantarum. On average, its molecular weight is in the range of 50-320 kDa.[3]
Domains
Tannase from Lactobacillus plantarum has 489 amino acid residues and two domains.[5] The two domains of tannase are called the α/β-hydrolase domain and the lid domain. The α/β-hydrolase domain consists of residues 4-204 and 396-469, and is composed of two nine-stranded β-sheets surrounded by four α-helices on one side and two α-helices on the other side. Conversely, the lid domain consists of residues 205–395 and is composed of seven α-helices and two β-sheets.[3]
Active sites
There is one known active site in tannase found in the SN35N strain. The crystal structure shows there is a tunnel formed by two opposing domains that can fit the various substrates needed for tannase to hydrolyze.[3] This active site is referred to as the Ser163 active site and is located in the α/β-hydrolase domain. In this active site Ser163, Asp419, and His451 residues form a catalytic triad.[3][6] If any one of these residues are mutated in the catalytic triad, tannase activity almost always stops.[9]
Structure and function
One way in which the structure of tannase is tied with its function involves a loop structure, called the flap. The flap connects β8 and β9 sheets and is located under the catalytic triad. As a result of weak electron densities, this structure is very flexible. Due to its flexibility, the flap is better able to guide the substrate in entering the enzyme and helps to strengthen the overall binding of the complex by forming additional interactions with other parts of the substrate.[9]
Function
Plants
Tannase functions differently in the cell depending on the organism being observed. In many plants, tannase is used to produce tannins, which are found in leaves, wood, and bark.[citation needed] The production of tannins in plants is essential for defense against herbivory, as they cause a strong unpalatable flavor.[10] Tannins are considered secondary metabolites in plants. Therefore, their production by tannase plays no direct role in plant primary metabolism.[citation needed]
Microorganisms
On the other hand, tannase serves a different purpose in many microorganisms. In the cell, tannase is a key enzyme in the degradation of gallotannins.[11] This is important, because some microorganisms use tannase to breakdown hydrolysable tannins, such as gallotannins, to form glucose and gallic acid.[5][12] These byproducts are created from the hydroxylation of the aromatic nucleus of the tannin, followed by ring cleavage. Glucose and gallic acid can then be readily converted to metabolites (i.e. pyruvate, succinate, and acetyl coenzyme A) that can be used in the Krebs cycle. Specific microorganisms that utilize tannase in this way include Pseudomonas species.[13]
Species distribution
Tannase is present in a diverse group of microorganisms, including rumen bacteria.[11] Many other bacterial species have been found to produce tannase by being isolated from different types of media such as soil, wastewater, compost, forest litter, feces, beverages, pickles, etc. Bacteria and archaea species with tannase activity have been found in the genera: Achromobacter, Atopobium, Azotobacter, Bacillus, Citrobacter, Corynebacterium, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Fusobacterium, Gluconoacetobacter, Klebsiella, Lactobacillus, Lonepinella, Methanobrevibacter, Microbacterium, Oenococcus, Pantoea, Pediococcus, Providencia, Pseudomonas, Selenomonad, and Serratia.[14] In addition, some fungal species are dominant tannase producers, such as Aspergilli species.[2]
References
- ↑ "Zur Kenntnis der Tannase". Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 219 (1–2): 38–56. 1933. doi:10.1515/bchm2.1933.219.1-2.38.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Chandrasekaran, M.; Beena, P.S. (2013), "Tannase: source, biocatalytic characteristics, and bioprocesses for production", Marine Enzymes for Biocatalysis (Elsevier): pp. 259–293, doi:10.1533/9781908818355.3.259, ISBN 9781907568800, http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9781908818355.3.259, retrieved 2021-10-21
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Matoba, Y.; Tanaka, N.; Sugiyama, M. (2013-07-24). Crystal structure of tannase from Lactobacillus plantarum in the orthorhombic crystal. doi:10.2210/pdb3wa6/pdb. http://dx.doi.org/10.2210/pdb3wa6/pdb. Retrieved 2021-10-03.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "The esterase and depsidase activities of tannase". Biochem. J. 99 (1): 28–31. April 1966. doi:10.1042/bj0990028. PMID 5965343.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Yao, J.; Guo, G. S.; Ren, G. H.; Liu, Y. H. (2013). "Production, characterization and applications of tannase". Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic 101: 137–147. doi:10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.11.018. ISSN 1381-1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.11.018.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Jana, A.; Halder, S. K.; Banerjee, A.; Paul, T.; Pati, B.R.; Mondal, K.C.; Das Mohapatra, P.K. (2014-04-01). "Biosynthesis, structural architecture and biotechnological potential of bacterial tannase: A molecular advancement" (in en). Bioresource Technology 157: 327–340. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2014.02.017. ISSN 0960-8524. PMID 24613317. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852414001886.
- ↑ PubChem. "Digallate" (in en). https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/54711004.
- ↑ PubChem. "Gallic acid" (in en). https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/370.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Ren, B.; Wu, M.; Wang, Q.; Peng, X.; Wen, H.; McKinstry, W.J.; Chen, Q. (2013). "Crystal Structure of Tannase from Lactobacillus plantarum". Journal of Molecular Biology 425 (15): 2737–2751. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2013.04.032. ISSN 0022-2836. PMID 23648840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2013.04.032.
- ↑ "Medicinal Botany – Active Plant Ingredients". https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/ethnobotany/medicinal/ingredients.shtml#:~:text=Tannins:%20Most%20plants%20produce%20tannins.%20Tannins%20serve%20as,and%20astringe%20tissues%20by%20binding%20with%20precipitating%20proteins..
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Microbial degradation of tannins--a current perspective". Biodegradation 9 (5): 343–57. 1998. doi:10.1023/A:1008397506963. PMID 10192896.
- ↑ Matoba, Y.; Tanaka, N.; Noda, M.; Higashikawa, F.; Kumagai, T.; Sugiyama, M. (2013-08-23). "Crystallographic and mutational analyses of tannase from Lactobacillus plantarum". Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics 81 (11): 2052–2058. doi:10.1002/prot.24355. ISSN 0887-3585. PMID 23836494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.24355.
- ↑ Chowdhury, S.P.; Khanna, S.; Verma, S.C.; Tripathi, A.K. (2004). "Molecular diversity of tannic acid degrading bacteria isolated from tannery soil". Journal of Applied Microbiology 97 (6): 1210–1219. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02426.x. ISSN 1364-5072. PMID 15546412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02426.x.
- ↑ de las Rivas, B.; Rodríguez, H.; Anguita, J.; Muñoz, R. (2019). "Bacterial tannases: classification and biochemical properties" (in en). Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 103 (2): 603–623. doi:10.1007/s00253-018-9519-y. ISSN 0175-7598. PMID 30460533. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00253-018-9519-y.
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