Rhombicosidodecahedron

Short description: Archimedean solid

Rhombicosidodecahedron
(Click here for rotating model)
Type	Archimedean solid Uniform polyhedron
Elements	F = 62, E = 120, V = 60 (χ = 2)
Faces by sides	20{3}+30{4}+12{5}
Conway notation	eD or aaD
Schläfli symbols	rr{5,3} or [math]\displaystyle{ r\begin{Bmatrix} 5 \\ 3 \end{Bmatrix} }[/math]
	t0,2{5,3}
Wythoff symbol	3 5 | 2
Coxeter diagram
Symmetry group	Ih, H3, [5,3], (*532), order 120
Rotation group	I, [5,3]+, (532), order 60
Dihedral angle	3-4: 159°05′41″ (159.09°) 4-5: 148°16′57″ (148.28°)
References	U27, C30, W14
Properties	Semiregular convex
Colored faces	3.4.5.4 (Vertex figure)
Deltoidal hexecontahedron (dual polyhedron)	Net

In geometry, the rhombicosidodecahedron is an Archimedean solid, one of thirteen convex isogonal nonprismatic solids constructed of two or more types of regular polygon faces.

It has 20 regular triangular faces, 30 square faces, 12 regular pentagonal faces, 60 vertices, and 120 edges.

Names

Johannes Kepler in Harmonices Mundi (1618) named this polyhedron a rhombicosidodecahedron, being short for truncated icosidodecahedral rhombus, with icosidodecahedral rhombus being his name for a rhombic triacontahedron. There are different truncations of a rhombic triacontahedron into a topological rhombicosidodecahedron: Prominently its rectification (left), the one that creates the uniform solid (center), and the rectification of the dual icosidodecahedron (right), which is the core of the dual compound.

Dimensions

For a rhombicosidodecahedron with edge length a, its surface area and volume are:

[math]\displaystyle{ \begin{align} A &= \left(30+5\sqrt{3}+3\sqrt{25+10\sqrt{5}}\right)a^2 &&\approx 59.305\,982\,844\,9 a^2 \\ V &=\frac{60+29\sqrt{5}}{3}a^3 &&\approx 41.615\,323\,782\,5 a^3 \end{align} }[/math]

Geometric relations

If you expand an icosahedron by moving the faces away from the origin the right amount, without changing the orientation or size of the faces, or do the same to its dual dodecahedron, and patch the square holes in the result, you get a rhombicosidodecahedron. Therefore, it has the same number of triangles as an icosahedron and the same number of pentagons as a dodecahedron, with a square for each edge of either.

Alternatively, if you expand each of five cubes by moving the faces away from the origin the right amount and rotating each of the five 72° around so they are equidistant from each other, without changing the orientation or size of the faces, and patch the pentagonal and triangular holes in the result, you get a rhombicosidodecahedron. Therefore, it has the same number of squares as five cubes.

Two clusters of faces of the bilunabirotunda, the lunes (each lune featuring two triangles adjacent to opposite sides of one square), can be aligned with a congruent patch of faces on the rhombicosidodecahedron. If two bilunabirotundae are aligned this way on opposite sides of the rhombicosidodecahedron, then a cube can be put between the bilunabirotundae at the very center of the rhombicosidodecahedron.

The rhombicosidodecahedron shares the vertex arrangement with the small stellated truncated dodecahedron, and with the uniform compounds of six or twelve pentagrammic prisms.

The Zometool kits for making geodesic domes and other polyhedra use slotted balls as connectors. The balls are "expanded" rhombicosidodecahedra, with the squares replaced by rectangles. The expansion is chosen so that the resulting rectangles are golden rectangles.

Twelve of the 92 Johnson solids are derived from the rhombicosidodecahedron, four of them by rotation of one or more pentagonal cupolae: the gyrate, parabigyrate, metabigyrate, and trigyrate rhombicosidodecahedron. Eight more can be constructed by removing up to three cupolae, sometimes also rotating one or more of the other cupolae.

Cartesian coordinates

Cartesian coordinates for the vertices of a rhombicosidodecahedron with an edge length of 2 centered at the origin are all even permutations of:

(±1, ±1, ±φ³),

(±φ², ±φ, ±2φ),

(±(2+φ), 0, ±φ²),

where φ = 1 + √5/2 is the golden ratio. Therefore, the circumradius of this rhombicosidodecahedron is the common distance of these points from the origin, namely √φ⁶+2 = √8φ+7 for edge length 2. For unit edge length, R must be halved, giving

R = √8φ+7/2 = √11+4√5/2 ≈ 2.233.

Orthogonal projections

Orthogonal projections in Geometria (1543) by Augustin Hirschvogel

The rhombicosidodecahedron has six special orthogonal projections, centered, on a vertex, on two types of edges, and three types of faces: triangles, squares, and pentagons. The last two correspond to the A₂ and H₂ Coxeter planes.

Orthogonal projections

Centered by	Vertex	Edge 3-4	Edge 5-4	Face Square	Face Triangle	Face Pentagon
Solid
Wireframe
Projective symmetry	[2]	[2]	[2]	[2]	[6]	[10]
Dual image

Spherical tiling

The rhombicosidodecahedron can also be represented as a spherical tiling, and projected onto the plane via a stereographic projection. This projection is conformal, preserving angles but not areas or lengths. Straight lines on the sphere are projected as circular arcs on the plane.

	Pentagon-centered	Triangle-centered	Square-centered
Orthographic projection	Stereographic projections

Related polyhedra

Expansion of either a dodecahedron or an icosahedron creates a rhombicosidodecahedron.

A version with golden rectangles is used as vertex element of the construction set Zometool.

Symmetry mutations

This polyhedron is topologically related as a part of a sequence of cantellated polyhedra with vertex figure (3.4.n.4), which continues as tilings of the hyperbolic plane. These vertex-transitive figures have (*n32) reflectional symmetry.

Johnson solids

There are 12 related Johnson solids, 5 by diminishment, and 8 including gyrations:

Diminished

J5

76

80

81

83

Gyrated and/or diminished

72	73	74	75
77	78	79	82

Vertex arrangement

The rhombicosidodecahedron shares its vertex arrangement with three nonconvex uniform polyhedra: the small stellated truncated dodecahedron, the small dodecicosidodecahedron (having the triangular and pentagonal faces in common), and the small rhombidodecahedron (having the square faces in common).

It also shares its vertex arrangement with the uniform compounds of six or twelve pentagrammic prisms.

Rhombicosidodecahedron	Small dodecicosidodecahedron	Small rhombidodecahedron
Small stellated truncated dodecahedron	Compound of six pentagrammic prisms	Compound of twelve pentagrammic prisms

Rhombicosidodecahedral graph

Rhombicosidodecahedral graph
Pentagon centered Schlegel diagram
Vertices	60
Edges	120
Automorphisms	120
Properties	Quartic graph, Hamiltonian, regular
Table of graphs and parameters

In the mathematical field of graph theory, a rhombicosidodecahedral graph is the graph of vertices and edges of the rhombicosidodecahedron, one of the Archimedean solids. It has 60 vertices and 120 edges, and is a quartic graph Archimedean graph.

Square centered Schlegel diagram

See also

• Truncated rhombicosidodecahedron

References

• Williams, Robert (1979). The Geometrical Foundation of Natural Structure: A Source Book of Design. Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-486-23729-X.  (Section 3-9)
• Cromwell, P. (1997). Polyhedra. United Kingdom: Cambridge. pp. 79–86 Archimedean solids. ISBN 0-521-55432-2. 
• The Big Bang Theory Series 8 Episode 2 - The Junior Professor Solution: features this solid as the answer to an impromptu science quiz the main four characters have in Leonard and Sheldon's apartment, and is also illustrated in Chuck Lorre's Vanity Card #461 at the end of that episode.

External links

• Eric W. Weisstein, Small Rhombicosidodecahedron (Archimedean solid) at MathWorld.
  • Weisstein, Eric W.. "Small rhombicosidodecahedron graph". http://mathworld.wolfram.com/SmallRhombicosidodecahedralGraph.html. 
• Klitzing, Richard. "3D convex uniform polyhedra x3o5x - srid". https://bendwavy.org/klitzing/dimensions/polyhedra.htm. 
• Editable printable net of a Rhombicosidodecahedron with interactive 3D view
• The Uniform Polyhedra
• Virtual Reality Polyhedra The Encyclopedia of Polyhedra