Astronomy:List of hottest exoplanets

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This is a list of the hottest exoplanets so far discovered, specifically those with temperatures greater than 2500 K (2230 °C; 4040 °F) for exoplanets irradiated by a nearby star and greater than 2000 K (1730 °C; 3140 °F) for self-luminous exoplanets. For comparison, the hottest planet in the Solar System is Venus, with a temperature of 737 K (464 °C; 867 °F).

List of hottest exoplanets irradiated by a nearby star

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

Methods for finding temperature:

  • Teff: Measured effective temperature.
  • Teq: The temperature of the planet has not been measured, so it is listed with the calculated equilibrium temperature.
Image

(Or artistic representation)

Name Temperature (K) Mass Method Notes
KELT-9b 4643±26[1] 2.17±0.56 MJ[2] Teff Hottest known exoplanet, with a temperature comparable to K-type stars.
55 Cancri e (Janssen) 3771+669
−520[3] 		7.99 M🜨[3] Hottest confirmed rocky exoplanet.
TOI-2109b 3631±69[4] 5.02±0.75 MJ[4] Has the shortest orbital period among the hot Jupiters in 0.6725 days (16.14 hours).[4]
BD-14 3065b 3520±130[5] 12.37±0.92 MJ[5]
WASP-189b 3435±27[6] 1.99+0.16
−0.14 MJ[6]
TOI-1518b 3237±59[7] <2.3 MJ[7]
WASP-103b 3205±136[8] 1.455+0.090
−0.091 MJ[8] 		First exoplanet to have a deformation detected.[9] (see Jacobi ellipsoid)
KELT-16b 3190±61[10] 2.75 MJ[10]
WASP-12b 3128±66[11] 1.476+0.076
−0.069 MJ[12] 		This planet is so close to its parent star that its tidal forces are distorting it into an egg shape. First planet observed being consumed by its host star;[13] it will be destroyed in 3.16 ± 0.10 Ma due to tidal interactions.[14][15]
WASP-33b 3108±113[8] 2.81±0.53 MJ[16] First planet discovered to orbit a Delta Scuti variable star
WASP-18b 3067±104[8] 10.20±0.35 MJ[8]
MASCARA-1b 3062±67[17] 3.7 MJ[17]
HATS-70b 2730+140
−160[18] 		12.9 MJ[18] Teq
WASP-100b 2710[19] 2.03 MJ[19] Teff
MASCARA-5b 2700[20] 3.12 MJ[20]
WASP-76b 2670 (dayside)[21] 0.92±0.032 MJ[22] A glory effect in the atmosphere of WASP-76b might be responsible for the observed increase in brightness of its eastern terminator zone which if confirmed, it would become the first exoplanet to have its glory-like phenomenon to be discovered.[23][24]
HAT-P-7b 2667±57[25] 1.806±0.036 MJ[26] First exoplanet to have a crude map of cloud coverage
TOI-2260 b 2609±86[18] 0.011 +0.0079−0.0041 MJ[27] Teq
HAT-P-70b 2562+43
−52[18] 		6.78 MJ[18] Teq
Kepler-13b 2550±80 (2277 °C)[18] 9.28(16) MJ[28] Discovered by Kepler in first four months of Kepler data.[29]
The following well-known planets are listed for the purpose of comparison.
Kepler-10b 2130+60
−120 (1857 °C)[30] 		3.58±0.33 M🜨[31] Teq First confirmed terrestrial planet to have been discovered outside the Solar System
TrES-4b 1782±29 (1509 °C)[32] 0.78±0.19 MJ[33] Largest confirmed exoplanet ever found at the time of discovery.[34] This planet has a density of 0.17 g/cm3, comparable to that of balsa wood, less than Saturn's 0.7 g/cm3.[35]
CoRoT-7b 1756±27 (1483 °C)[36] 5.74 M🜨[36] Smallest exoplanet to have its diameter measured at the time of discovery and first potential extrasolar terrestrial planet to be found.
Upsilon Andromedae b (Saffar) 1673 (1400 °C)[37] 1.70+0.33
−0.24 MJ[38] 		Teff First multiple-planet system to be discovered around a main-sequence star, and first multiple-planet system known in a multiple-star system.
WASP-17b (Ditsö̀) 1550+170
−200 (1277 °C)[26] 		0.512±0.037 MJ[26] With a density of about 0.08 g/cm3,[39] it is one of the puffiest exoplanets known.
HD 209458 b ("Osiris") 1499±15 (1226 °C)[40] 0.682+0.014
−0.015 MJ[26] 		Represents multiple milestones in exoplanetary discovery, such as the first exoplanet known observed to transit its host star, the first exoplanet with a precisely measured radius, one of first two exoplanets (other being HD 189733 Ab) to be observed spectroscopically[41][42] and the first to have an atmosphere detected, containing evaporating hydrogen, and oxygen and carbon. First extrasolar gas giant to have its superstorm measured.[43] Also first (indirect) detection of a magnetic field on an exoplanet.[44] Nicknamed "Osiris".
TrES-2b 1466±9 (1193 °C)[45] 1.253 MJ[45] Teq The darkest exoplanet known, reflecting less than 1% its star's light.
51 Pegasi b (Dimidium) 1265 (992 °C) 0.46+0.06
−0.01 MJ[46] 		Teq The first exoplanet discovered orbiting a main-sequence star.
Kepler-20e 1004±14 (735 °C)[47] <0.76 M🜨[47] The first planet smaller than Earth discovered after PSR B1257+12 b.
Venus (for reference) 735 (462 °C)[48] 0.815 M🜨[48] Hottest planet in the Solar System.

List of hottest self-luminous exoplanets

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

All these are measured temperatures.

Image
(Or artistic representation) 		Name Temperature
(K) 		Mass
(MJ) 		Notes
HIP 78530 b 2700±100[49] 28 ± 10[50] Likely a brown dwarf.
GQ Lupi b 2650±100[51] ~ 20 (1 – 39)[51] Likely a brown dwarf. First confirmed exoplanet candidate to be directly imaged.
CT Chamaelontis b
(CT Cha b) 		2600±250[52] 17 ± 6[52] Likely a brown dwarf. Furthest planet to be directly imaged at the distance of 622 ly (190.71 pc).
DH Tauri b 2400±100[53] 11 ± 3[53]
The following well-known planets are listed for the purpose of comparison.
Beta Pictoris b 1724±15 (1451 °C)[54] 11.729 +2.337−2.135[55] First exoplanet to have its rotation rate measured[56] and fastest-spinning planet discovered at the equator speed of 19.9 ± 1.0 km/s (12.37 ± 0.62 mi/s) or 71,640 ± 3,600 km/h (44,520 ± 2,240 mph).[57]

Unconfirmed candidates

These planet candidates have not been confirmed.

Image

(Or artistic representation)

Name Temperature (K) Mass Method
Kepler-70b 7662 [lower-alpha 1] 0.44 M🜨 Teq
Kepler-70c 6807 [lower-alpha 2] 0.655 M🜨
WD 2226-210 b 4970[58]
Vega b 3250 [59][lower-alpha 3] 21.9 M🜨

Notes

  1. ↑ Assuming albedo of 0.1
  2. ↑ Assuming albedo of 0.1
  3. ↑ Assuming bond albedo of 0.25

References

  1. ↑ Jones, K. et al. (October 2022). "The stable climate of KELT-9b". Astronomy & Astrophysics 666: A118. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243823. Bibcode: 2022A&A...666A.118J. 
  2. ↑ Pai Asnodkar, Anusha; Wang 王, Ji 吉; Gaudi, B. Scott; Cauley, P. Wilson; Eastman, Jason D.; Ilyin, Ilya; Strassmeier, Klaus; Beatty, Thomas (2022-02-01). "KELT-9 as an Eclipsing Double-lined Spectroscopic Binary: A Unique and Self-consistent Solution to the System". The Astronomical Journal 163 (2): 40. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac32c7. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2022AJ....163...40P. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Mercier, Samson J. et al. (November 2022). "Revisiting the Iconic Spitzer Phase Curve of 55 Cancri e: Hotter Dayside, Cooler Nightside, and Smaller Phase Offset". The Astronomical Journal 164 (5): 204. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac8f22. Bibcode: 2022AJ....164..204M. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Wong, Ian et al. (December 2021). "TOI-2109: An Ultrahot Gas Giant on a 16 hr Orbit". The Astronomical Journal 162 (6): 256. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac26bd. Bibcode: 2021AJ....162..256W. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Šubjak, Ján; Latham, David W.; Quinn, Samuel N.; Berlind, Perry; Calkins, Michael L.; Esquerdo, Gilbert A.; Brahm, Rafael; Guenther, Eike et al. (August 2024). "BD-14 3065b (TOI-4987b): from giant planet to brown dwarf: evidence for deuterium burning in old age?". Astronomy & Astrophysics 688: A120. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202349028. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lendl, M. et al. (November 2020). "The hot dayside and asymmetric transit of WASP-189 b seen by CHEOPS". Astronomy & Astrophysics 643: A94. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038677. Bibcode: 2020A&A...643A..94L. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Cabot, Samuel H. C. et al. (November 2021). "TOI-1518b: A Misaligned Ultra-hot Jupiter with Iron in Its Atmosphere". The Astronomical Journal 162 (5): 218. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac1ba3. Bibcode: 2021AJ....162..218C. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Pass, Emily K. et al. (October 2019). "Estimating dayside effective temperatures of hot Jupiters and associated uncertainties through Gaussian process regression". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 489 (1): 941–950. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2226. Bibcode: 2019MNRAS.489..941P. 
  9. ↑ Barros, S. C. C.; Akinsanmi, B.; Boué, G.; Smith, A. M. S.; Laskar, J.; Ulmer-Moll, S.; Lillo-Box, J.; Queloz, D. et al. (January 2022). "Detection of the tidal deformation of WASP-103b at 3 σ with CHEOPS". Astronomy & Astrophysics 657: A52. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142196. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2022A&A...657A..52B. https://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202142196. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Mancini, L. et al. (January 2022). "The ultra-hot-Jupiter KELT-16 b: dynamical evolution and atmospheric properties". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 509 (1): 1447–1464. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2691. Bibcode: 2022MNRAS.509.1447M. 
  11. ↑ Owens, Niall et al. (May 2021). "Phase curve and variability analysis of WASP-12b using TESS photometry". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters 503 (1): L38–L46. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slab014. Bibcode: 2021MNRAS.503L..38O. 
  12. ↑ Collins, Karen A; Kielkopf, John F; Stassun, Keivan G (2017). "Transit Timing Variation Measurements of WASP-12b and Qatar-1b: No Evidence for Additional Planets". The Astronomical Journal 153 (2): 78. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/153/2/78. Bibcode: 2017AJ....153...78C. 
  13. ↑ Hubble Finds a Star Eating a Planet nasa.gov. 2010-05-20. Retrieved on 2010-12-10.
  14. ↑ waspplanets (2019-11-26). "The orbit of WASP-12b is decaying" (in en). https://wasp-planets.net/2019/11/26/the-orbit-of-wasp-12b-is-decaying/. 
  15. ↑ Wong, Ian; Shporer, Avi; Vissapragada, Shreyas; Greklek-McKeon, Michael; Knutson, Heather A.; Winn, Joshua N.; Benneke, Björn (20 January 2022). "TESS Revisits WASP-12: Updated Orbital Decay Rate and Constraints on Atmospheric Variability". The Astronomical Journal 163 (4): 175. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac5680. Bibcode: 2022AJ....163..175W. 
  16. ↑ von Essen, C.; Mallonn, M.; Borre, C. C.; Antoci, V.; Stassun, K. G.; Khalafinejad, S.; Tautvaivsiene, G. (2020). "TESS unveils the phase curve of WASP-33b. Characterization of the planetary atmosphere and the pulsations from the star". Astronomy & Astrophysics A34: 639. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202037905. Bibcode: 2020A&A...639A..34V. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Hooton, M. J. et al. (February 2022). "Spi-OPS: Spitzer and CHEOPS confirm the near-polar orbit of MASCARA-1 b and reveal a hint of dayside reflection". Astronomy & Astrophysics 658: A75. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141645. Bibcode: 2022A&A...658A..75H. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 "Planetary Systems". https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/TblView/nph-tblView?app=ExoTbls&config=PS. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Martin, Pierre-Yves (1995). "Catalogue of Exoplanets" (in en). Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. https://exoplanet.eu/catalog/all_fields/. Retrieved 2023-11-17. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Scientists uncover a 'hellish' planet so hot it could vaporize most metals". CNET. April 27, 2021. https://www.cnet.com/news/scientists-uncover-a-hellish-planet-so-hot-it-could-vaporize-most-metals/. Retrieved April 27, 2021. 
  21. ↑ "WASP 76b – A World with Iron Rain". March 17, 2020. https://cosmoquest.org/x/2020/03/wasp-76b-a-world-with-iron-rain/. 
  22. ↑ Saha, Suman (August 2023). "Precise Transit Photometry Using TESS: Updated Physical Properties for 28 Exoplanets around Bright Stars" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 268 (1): 2. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/acdb6b. ISSN 0067-0049. Bibcode: 2023ApJS..268....2S. 
  23. ↑ European Space Agency (April 5, 2024). "Astronomers detect potential 'glory effect' on a hellish distant world for the first time". https://phys.org/news/2024-04-astronomers-potential-glory-effect-hellish.html. 
  24. ↑ Strickland, Ashley (19 April 2024). "Scientists spot 'glory effect' on a world beyond our solar system for the first time". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/19/world/rainbow-glory-exoplanet-scn/index.html. 
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  54. ↑ Chilcote, Jeffrey; Pueyo, Laurent; Rosa, Robert J. De; Vargas, Jeffrey; Macintosh, Bruce; Bailey, Vanessa P.; Barman, Travis; Bauman, Brian et al. (2017-03-28). "1–2.4μm Near-IR Spectrum of the Giant PlanetβPictoris b Obtained with the Gemini Planet Imager". The Astronomical Journal 153 (4): 182. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa63e9. ISSN 1538-3881. Bibcode: 2017AJ....153..182C. 
  55. ↑ Feng, Fabo; Butler, R. Paul; Vogt, Steven S.; Clement, Matthew S.; Tinney, C. G.; Cui, Kaiming; Aizawa, Masataka; Jones, Hugh R. A. et al. (2022-09-01). "3D Selection of 167 Substellar Companions to Nearby Stars". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 262 (1): 21. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac7e57. ISSN 0067-0049. Bibcode: 2022ApJS..262...21F. 
  56. ↑ "Length of Exoplanet Day Measured for First Time / VLT measures the spin of Beta Pictoris b". April 30, 2014. http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1414/. 
  57. ↑ Landman, R. et al. (February 2024). "β Pictoris b through the eyes of the upgraded CRIRES+. Atmospheric composition, spin rotation, and radial velocity". Astronomy & Astrophysics 682: A48. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347846. Bibcode: 2024A&A...682A..48L. 
  58. ↑ Iskandarli, Leyla et al. (October 2024). "Novel Constraints on Companions to the Helix Nebula Central Star". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 534 (4): 3498–3505. doi:10.1093/mnras/stae2286. Bibcode: 2024MNRAS.534.3498I. 
  59. ↑ Hurt, Spencer A.; Quinn, Samuel N.; Latham, David W.; Vanderburg, Andrew; Esquerdo, Gilbert A.; Calkins, Michael L.; Berlind, Perry; Angus, Ruth et al. (2021-04-01). "A decade of radial-velocity monitoring of Vega and new limits on the presence of planets". The Astronomical Journal 161 (4): 157. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abdec8. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2021AJ....161..157H. 




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