Biology:mir-15 microRNA precursor family
| mir-15 microRNA precursor family | |
|---|---|
 Predicted secondary structure and sequence conservation of mir-15 | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | mir-15 |
| Rfam | RF00455 |
| miRBase | MI0000069 |
| miRBase family | MIPF0000006 |
| Other data | |
| RNA type | Gene; miRNA |
| Domain(s) | Eukaryota |
| GO | 0035195 0035068 |
| SO | 0001244 |
| PDB structures | PDBe |
The miR-15 microRNA precursor family is made up of small non-coding RNA genes that regulate gene expression. The family includes the related mir-15a and mir-15b sequences, as well as miR-16-1, miR-16-2, miR-195 and miR-497. These six highly conserved miRNAs are clustered on three separate chromosomes.[1] In humans miR-15a and miR-16 are clustered within 0.5 kilobases at chromosome position 13q14.[2] This region has been found to be the most commonly affected in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), with deletions of the entire region in more than half of cases. Both miR-15a and miR-16 are thus frequently deleted or down-regulated in CLL samples with 13q14 deletions; occurring in more than two thirds of CLL cases.[3] The expression of miR-15a is associated with survival in triple negative breast cancer.[4]
miR-15a/16-1 deletion has been shown to accelerate the proliferation of both human and mouse B-cells through modulation of the expression of genes controlling cell cycle progression.[5] Studies have found the miR-15a/16-1 microRNA cluster to function as a tumour suppressor, with the oncogene BCL2 as its target.[6] Specifically, miR-15a/16-1 downregulates BCL2 expression and is itself deleted or downregulated in tumour cells.[7] There is a marked increase in BCL2 levels observed in advanced prostate tumour cases, which is inversely correlated with miR-15a/16-1 expression (and so corresponds to a decrease in miR-15a/16-1 levels). Inhibition of cell proliferation by the miR-15a/16-1 cluster occurs in both lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissue.[6]
The miR-15a/16-1 cluster has further been found to be highly expressed in CD5+ cells, therefore hinting at an important role of miR-15/16 in normal CD5+ B-cell homeostasis.[3]
CHEK1
The CHEK1 (checkpoint kinase 1) gene, located at chromosome position 11q24.2, is responsible for encoding the protein kinase Chk1.[8] Chk1 in turn phosphorylates a phosphatase involved in cell cycle control. It mediates the cellular response to DNA replication errors, whilst also playing an important role in the prevention of genetic instability. Elevated CHEK1 levels have been found to be consistent with a lack of miR-15a/16-1 in mice.[1] Postnatal induction of the miR-15 family has been shown to mediate the developmental inactivation of CHEK1 after birth. This inactivation has been identified as a possible contributing factor to the onset of cardiomyocyte binucleation during the neonatal period.[1]
Neonatal cardiomyocyte arrest
Postnatal heart development sees the upregulation of multiple miR-15 family members. In particular, miR-195, when found at higher levels than normal in the developing heart, has been identified as a factor that may cause heart abnormalities in newborns.[1] This has been linked to premature cell cycle arrest, through impaired proliferation of heart muscle fibres and through repressed mitotic gene expression.[9] An accumulation of cardiac muscle fibres sees a consequent block in the transition between the pre-mitotic/G2 phase and mitotic phase of the cell cycle, with postnatal inhibition of the miR-15 family inducing cardiac muscle fibres to enter mitosis. miR-195 overexpression is further associated with cellular hypertrophy.[10]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "MiR-15 family regulates postnatal mitotic arrest of cardiomyocytes.". Circ Res 109 (6): 670–9. 2011. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.111.248880. PMID 21778430.
- ↑ "Identification of novel genes coding for small expressed RNAs.". Science 294 (5543): 853–8. 2001. doi:10.1126/science.1064921. PMID 11679670.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro- RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99 (24): 15524–9. 2002. doi:10.1073/pnas.242606799. PMID 12434020.
- ↑ Lánczky, András; Nagy, Ádám; Bottai, Giulia; Munkácsy, Gyöngyi; Szabó, András; Santarpia, Libero; Győrffy, Balázs (2016-12-01). "miRpower: a web-tool to validate survival-associated miRNAs utilizing expression data from 2178 breast cancer patients". Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 160 (3): 439–446. doi:10.1007/s10549-016-4013-7. ISSN 1573-7217. PMID 27744485.
- ↑ "The DLEU2/miR-15a/16-1 cluster controls B cell proliferation and its deletion leads to chronic lymphocytic leukemia.". Cancer Cell 17 (1): 28–40. 2010. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2009.11.019. PMID 20060366.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "The miR-15a-miR-16-1 cluster controls prostate cancer by targeting multiple oncogenic activities.". Nat Med 14 (11): 1271–7. 2008. doi:10.1038/nm.1880. PMID 18931683.
- ↑ "miR-15a and miR-16-1 in cancer: discovery, function and future perspectives.". Cell Death Differ 17 (2): 215–20. 2010. doi:10.1038/cdd.2009.69. PMID 19498445.
- ↑ "Conservation of the Chk1 checkpoint pathway in mammals: linkage of DNA damage to Cdk regulation through Cdc25.". Science 277 (5331): 1497–501. 1997. doi:10.1126/science.277.5331.1497. PMID 9278511.
- ↑ "Early origins of heart disease: Low birth weight and determinants of cardiomyocyte endowment.". Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 39 (9): 814–823. 2011. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05649.x. PMID 22126336. https://unisa.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/delivery/61USOUTHAUS_INST/12142883140001831.
- ↑ "Micro-RNA-195 and -451 Regulate the LKB1/AMPK Signaling Axis by Targeting MO25.". PLOS ONE 7 (7): e41574. 2012. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041574. PMID 22844503.
Further reading
- "The miR-15/107 Group of MicroRNA Genes: Evolutionary Biology, Cellular Functions, and Roles in Human Diseases". J Mol Biol 402 (3): 491–509. August 2010. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2010.07.051. PMID 20678503.
- "miR-15 and miR-16 induce apoptosis by targeting BCL2". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (39): 13944–9. September 2005. doi:10.1073/pnas.0506654102. PMID 16166262.
- "13q14 deletions in CLL involve cooperating tumor suppressors". Blood 115 (19): 3916–22. May 2010. doi:10.1182/blood-2009-10-249367. PMID 20071661.
- "miR-15a and miR-16-1 in cancer: discovery, function and future perspectives". Cell Death Differ. 17 (2): 215–20. February 2010. doi:10.1038/cdd.2009.69. PMID 19498445.
- "miR-15b and miR-16 are implicated in activation of the rat hepatic stellate cell: An essential role for apoptosis". J. Hepatol. 50 (4): 766–78. April 2009. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2008.11.025. PMID 19232449.
- "miR-15b and miR-16 modulate multidrug resistance by targeting BCL2 in human gastric cancer cells". Int. J. Cancer 123 (2): 372–9. July 2008. doi:10.1002/ijc.23501. PMID 18449891.
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