Biology:mir-221 microRNA

mir-221
	Conserved secondary structure of mir-221
Identifiers
Symbol	mir-221
Rfam	RF00651
miRBase family	MIPF0000051
HGNC	31601
OMIM	300568
Other data
RNA type	microRNA
Domain(s)	Eukaryota; Vertebrata;
PDB structures	PDBe

In molecular biology, mir-221 microRNA (and its paralogue, mir-222) is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms.

mir-221 is an oncogenic microRNA.^[1] It targets CD117, which then prevents cell migration and proliferation in endothelial cells.^[2]^[3] miR-221 is known as an anti angiogenic miRNA.^[4]^[5] Recent important studies have reported that miR-221 is also involved in induction of angiogenesis.^[6]^[7]^[8] RNA induced Silencing Complex (RISC) proteins SND1 and AEG-1 induces miR-221 expression in Liver cancer.^[9] In liver cancer miR-221 induces the tumor angiogenesis.^[6] miR-221 detection in human faeces can be a non-invasive screening marker for colorectal cancer.^[10]

miR-221 has been identified as playing a role in androgenetic alopecia.^[11]

References

↑ Pang, Y; Young, CY; Yuan, H (15 June 2010). "MicroRNAs and prostate cancer.". Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica 42 (6): 363–369. doi:10.1093/abbs/gmq038. PMID 20539944.
↑ Urbich, C; Kuehbacher, A; Dimmeler, S (1 September 2008). "Role of microRNAs in vascular diseases, inflammation, and angiogenesis". Cardiovascular Research 79 (4): 581–588. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvn156. PMID 18550634.
↑ Vasilatou, D; Papageorgiou, S; Pappa, V; Papageorgiou, E; Dervenoulas, J (1 January 2010). "The role of microRNAs in normal and malignant hematopoiesis". European Journal of Haematology 84 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0609.2009.01348.x. PMID 19744129.
↑ "Targeting microRNA expression to regulate angiogenesis". Trends Pharmacol Sci 29 (1): 12–15. 2008. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2007.10.014. PMID 18068232.
↑ "Role of microRNAs in vascular diseases, inflammation, and angiogenesis". Cardiovasc Res 79 (4): 581–588. 2008. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvn156. PMID 18550634.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 "Multifunction protein staphylococcal nuclease domain containing 1 (SND1) promotes tumor angiogenesis in human hepatocellular carcinoma through novel pathway that involves nuclear factor κB and miR-221". J Biol Chem 287 (17): 13952–13958. 2012. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.321646. PMID 22396537.
↑ "miR-221 is required for endothelial tip cell behaviors during vascular development". Dev Cell 22 (2): 418–429. 2012. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2012.01.008. PMID 22340502.
↑ Le Bot, Nathalie (2 April 2012). "MicroRNAs in angiogenesis". Nat. Cell Biol. 14 (4): 342. doi:10.1038/ncb2484.
↑ "Increased RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) activity contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma". Hepatology 53 (5): 1538–1548. 2011. doi:10.1002/hep.24216. PMID 21520169.
↑ Yau, T. O.; Wu, C. W.; Dong, Y.; Tang, C.-M.; Ng, S. S. M.; Chan, F. K. L.; Sung, J. J. Y.; Yu, J. (2014-10-28). "microRNA-221 and microRNA-18a identification in stool as potential biomarkers for the non-invasive diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma". British Journal of Cancer 111 (9): 1765–1771. doi:10.1038/bjc.2014.484. ISSN 0007-0920. PMID 25233396.
↑ Li K, Sun Y, Liu S, Zhou Y, Qu Q, Wang G, Wang J, Chen R, Fan Z, Liu B, Li Y, Mao X, Hu Z, Miao Y. The AR/miR-221/IGF-1 pathway mediates the pathogenesis of androgenetic alopecia. Int J Biol Sci. 2023 Jun 26;19(11):3307-3323. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.80481. PMID: 37496996; PMCID: PMC10367565.

"PUMA is a novel target of miR-221/222 in human epithelial cancers". Int J Oncol 37 (6): 1621–1626. 2010. doi:10.3892/ijo_00000816. PMID 21042732.
"Circulating miR-221 directly amplified from plasma is a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker of colorectal cancer and is correlated with p53 expression". J Gastroenterol Hepatol 25 (10): 1674–1680. 2010. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06417.x. PMID 20880178.
"A Pumilio-induced RNA structure switch in p27–3' UTR controls miR-221 and miR-222 accessibility". Nat Cell Biol 12 (10): 1014–1020. 2010. doi:10.1038/ncb2105. PMID 20818387.
"MiR-221 and miR-222 target PUMA to induce cell survival in glioblastoma". Mol Cancer 9: 229. 2010. doi:10.1186/1476-4598-9-229. PMID 20813046.
"miR-221/222 suppression protects against endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis via p27(Kip1)- and MEK/ERK-mediated cell cycle regulation". Biol Chem 391 (7): 791–801. 2010. doi:10.1515/BC.2010.072. PMID 20624000.
"MicroRNA-221 and microRNA-222 regulate gastric carcinoma cell proliferation and radioresistance by targeting PTEN". BMC Cancer 10: 367. 2010. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-10-367. PMID 20618998.
"MicroRNA-221 regulates chondrogenic differentiation through promoting proteosomal degradation of slug by targeting Mdm2". J Biol Chem 285 (35): 26900–26907. 2010. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.115105. PMID 20576614.
"Human polynucleotide phosphorylase selectively and preferentially degrades microRNA-221 in human melanoma cells". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107 (26): 11948–11953. 2010. doi:10.1073/pnas.0914143107. PMID 20547861.
"Regulation of the expression and activity of the antiangiogenic homeobox gene GAX/MEOX2 by ZEB2 and microRNA-221". Mol Cell Biol 30 (15): 3902–3913. 2010. doi:10.1128/MCB.01237-09. PMID 20516212.
"MiR-221 and MiR-222 alterations in sporadic ovarian carcinoma: Relationship to CDKN1B, CDKNIC and overall survival". Genes Chromosomes Cancer 49 (7): 577–584. 2010. doi:10.1002/gcc.20768. PMID 20461750.
"Global changes of mRNA expression reveals an increased activity of the interferon-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway by repression of miR-221/222 in glioblastoma U251 cells". Int J Oncol 36 (6): 1503–1512. 2010. doi:10.3892/ijo_00000637. PMID 20428775.
"Mechanism of human Hb switching: a possible role of the kit receptor/miR 221–222 complex". Haematologica 95 (8): 1253–1260. 2010. doi:10.3324/haematol.2009.018259. PMID 20305142.
"MicroRNA and proliferation control in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: functional relationship between miR-221/222 cluster and p27". Blood 115 (19): 3949–3959. 2010. doi:10.1182/blood-2009-11-254656. PMID 20203269.
"miR-221/222 promote malignant progression of glioma through activation of the Akt pathway". Int J Oncol 36 (4): 913–920. 2010. doi:10.3892/ijo_00000570. PMID 20198336.
"Clinical significance of miR-221 and its inverse correlation with p27(Kip1) in hepatocellular carcinoma". Mol Biol Rep 38 (5): 3029–3035. 2010. doi:10.1007/s11033-010-9969-5. PMID 20146005.
"miR-221 suppresses ICAM-1 translation and regulates interferon-gamma-induced ICAM-1 expression in human cholangiocytes". Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 298 (4): G542–50. 2010. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00490.2009. PMID 20110463.
"[Construction and screening an effective anti-miR-221 RNAi vector in vitro]". Sichuan da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 40 (6): 973–977. 2009. PMID 20067101.
"[Inhibitory effect of knocking down microRNA-221 and microRNA-222 on glioma cell growth in vitro and in vivo]". Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 31 (10): 721–726. 2009. PMID 20021821.
"miR-221 overexpression contributes to liver tumorigenesis". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107 (1): 264–269. 2010. doi:10.1073/pnas.0907904107. PMID 20018759.
"Upregulation of mir-221 and mir-222 in atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors: potential therapeutic targets". Childs Nerv Syst 26 (3): 279–283. 2010. doi:10.1007/s00381-009-1028-y. PMID 20012062.
"miR-221&222 regulate TRAIL resistance and enhance tumorigenicity through PTEN and TIMP3 downregulation". Cancer Cell 16 (6): 498–509. 2009. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2009.10.014. PMID 19962668.
"[Up-regulation of p27(kip1) by miR-221/222 antisense oligonucleotides enhances the radiosensitivity of U251 glioblastoma]". Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi 26 (6): 634–638. 2009. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1003-9406.2009.06.006. PMID 19953484.
Ng, Irene Oi-Lin, ed (2009). "Microrna-221 and microrna-222 modulate differentiation and maturation of skeletal muscle cells". PLOS ONE 4 (10): e7607. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007607. PMID 19859555.
"MicroRNA-221 silencing predisposed human bladder cancer cells to undergo apoptosis induced by TRAIL". Urol Oncol 28 (6): 635–641. 2009. doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2009.06.005. PMID 19767219.
"miR-128b is a potent glucocorticoid sensitizer in MLL-AF4 acute lymphocytic leukemia cells and exerts cooperative effects with miR-221". Blood 114 (19): 4169–4178. 2009. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-12-191619. PMID 19749093.
"MicroRNA-221 targets Bmf in hepatocellular carcinoma and correlates with tumor multifocality". Clin Cancer Res 15 (16): 5073–5081. 2009. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0092. PMID 19671867.
"Role of microRNA-221/-222 in cancer development and progression". Cell Cycle 8 (15): 2315–2316. 2009. doi:10.4161/cc.8.15.9221. PMID 19625765.
"Expression of microRNA-221 is progressively reduced in aggressive prostate cancer and metastasis and predicts clinical recurrence". Int J Cancer 127 (2): 394–403. 2010. doi:10.1002/ijc.24715. PMID 19585579.
"Sustained activation of ERK1/2 by NGF induces microRNA-221 and 222 in PC12 cells". FEBS J 276 (12): 3269–3276. 2009. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07041.x. PMID 19438724.
"Co-suppression of miR-221/222 cluster suppresses human glioma cell growth by targeting p27kip1 in vitro and in vivo". Int J Oncol 34 (6): 1653–1660. 2009. doi:10.3892/ijo_00000296. PMID 19424584.
"Effect of atorvastatin on microRNA 221 / 222 expression in endothelial progenitor cells obtained from patients with coronary artery disease". Eur J Clin Invest 39 (5): 359–367. 2009. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02110.x. PMID 19371267.
"The role of microRNA-221 and microRNA-222 in androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines". Cancer Res 69 (8): 3356–3363. 2009. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-4112. PMID 19351832.
"MicroRNA-221 regulates high glucose-induced endothelial dysfunction". Biochem Biophys Res Commun 381 (1): 81–83. 2009. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.02.013. PMID 19351599.
"A necessary role of miR-221 and miR-222 in vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointimal hyperplasia". Circ Res 104 (4): 476–487. 2009. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.108.185363. PMID 19150885.
"MicroRNA-221-222 regulate the cell cycle in mast cells". Journal of Immunology 182 (1): 433–445. 2009. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.182.1.433. PMID 19109175.
Blagosklonny, Mikhail V., ed (2008). "The inhibition of the highly expressed miR-221 and miR-222 impairs the growth of prostate carcinoma xenografts in mice". PLOS ONE 3 (12): e4029. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004029. PMID 19107213.
"Induction of microRNA-221 by platelet-derived growth factor signaling is critical for modulation of vascular smooth muscle phenotype". J Biol Chem 284 (6): 3728–3738. 2009. doi:10.1074/jbc.M808788200. PMID 19088079.
"In vivo imaging of miR-221 biogenesis in papillary thyroid carcinoma". Mol Imaging Biol 11 (2): 71–78. 2008. doi:10.1007/s11307-008-0188-6. PMID 19030936.
"MicroRNA-221 and -222 pathway controls melanoma progression". Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 8 (11): 1759–1765. 2008. doi:10.1586/14737140.8.11.1759. PMID 18983236.
"In vivo imaging of functional targeting of miR-221 in papillary thyroid carcinoma". J Nucl Med 49 (10): 1686–1693. 2008. doi:10.2967/jnumed.108.052894. PMID 18794255.
"MicroRNA-221/222 negatively regulates estrogen receptor alpha and is associated with tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer". J Biol Chem 283 (45): 31079–31086. 2008. doi:10.1074/jbc.M806041200. PMID 18790736.
"MicroRNA-221/222 confers tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer by targeting p27Kip1". J Biol Chem 283 (44): 29897–29903. 2008. doi:10.1074/jbc.M804612200. PMID 18708351.
"MiR-221 controls CDKN1C/p57 and CDKN1B/p27 expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma". Oncogene 27 (43): 5651–5661. 2008. doi:10.1038/onc.2008.178. PMID 18521080.
"The promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger-microRNA-221/-222 pathway controls melanoma progression through multiple oncogenic mechanisms". Cancer Res 68 (8): 2745–2754. 2008. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-2538. PMID 18417445.
"MicroRNAs (miR)-221 and miR-222, both overexpressed in human thyroid papillary carcinomas, regulate p27Kip1 protein levels and cell cycle". Endocr Relat Cancer 14 (3): 791–798. 2007. doi:10.1677/ERC-07-0129. PMID 17914108.
"Regulation of the p27(Kip1) tumor suppressor by miR-221 and miR-222 promotes cancer cell proliferation". The EMBO Journal 26 (15): 3699–3708. 2007. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7601790. PMID 17627278.
"miR-221 and miR-222 expression affects the proliferation potential of human prostate carcinoma cell lines by targeting p27Kip1". J Biol Chem 282 (32): 23716–23724. 2007. doi:10.1074/jbc.M701805200. PMID 17569667.

External links

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[1] Pang, Y; Young, CY; Yuan, H (15 June 2010). "MicroRNAs and prostate cancer.". Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica 42 (6): 363–369. doi:10.1093/abbs/gmq038. PMID 20539944.

[2] Urbich, C; Kuehbacher, A; Dimmeler, S (1 September 2008). "Role of microRNAs in vascular diseases, inflammation, and angiogenesis". Cardiovascular Research 79 (4): 581–588. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvn156. PMID 18550634.

[3] Vasilatou, D; Papageorgiou, S; Pappa, V; Papageorgiou, E; Dervenoulas, J (1 January 2010). "The role of microRNAs in normal and malignant hematopoiesis". European Journal of Haematology 84 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0609.2009.01348.x. PMID 19744129.

[pmid18068232-4] "Targeting microRNA expression to regulate angiogenesis". Trends Pharmacol Sci 29 (1): 12–15. 2008. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2007.10.014. PMID 18068232.

[pmid18550634-5] "Role of microRNAs in vascular diseases, inflammation, and angiogenesis". Cardiovasc Res 79 (4): 581–588. 2008. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvn156. PMID 18550634.

[pmid22396537-6] 6.0 ^6.1 "Multifunction protein staphylococcal nuclease domain containing 1 (SND1) promotes tumor angiogenesis in human hepatocellular carcinoma through novel pathway that involves nuclear factor κB and miR-221". J Biol Chem 287 (17): 13952–13958. 2012. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.321646. PMID 22396537.

[pmid22340502-7] "miR-221 is required for endothelial tip cell behaviors during vascular development". Dev Cell 22 (2): 418–429. 2012. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2012.01.008. PMID 22340502.

[8] Le Bot, Nathalie (2 April 2012). "MicroRNAs in angiogenesis". Nat. Cell Biol. 14 (4): 342. doi:10.1038/ncb2484.

[pmid21520169-9] "Increased RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) activity contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma". Hepatology 53 (5): 1538–1548. 2011. doi:10.1002/hep.24216. PMID 21520169.

[10] Yau, T. O.; Wu, C. W.; Dong, Y.; Tang, C.-M.; Ng, S. S. M.; Chan, F. K. L.; Sung, J. J. Y.; Yu, J. (2014-10-28). "microRNA-221 and microRNA-18a identification in stool as potential biomarkers for the non-invasive diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma". British Journal of Cancer 111 (9): 1765–1771. doi:10.1038/bjc.2014.484. ISSN 0007-0920. PMID 25233396.

[11] Li K, Sun Y, Liu S, Zhou Y, Qu Q, Wang G, Wang J, Chen R, Fan Z, Liu B, Li Y, Mao X, Hu Z, Miao Y. The AR/miR-221/IGF-1 pathway mediates the pathogenesis of androgenetic alopecia. Int J Biol Sci. 2023 Jun 26;19(11):3307-3323. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.80481. PMID: 37496996; PMCID: PMC10367565.

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v t e miRNA precursor families
1-100	1 2 5 6 7 8/141/200 9/79 10 11 14 15 16 17 19 21 22 23 24 26 29 30 31 33 34 46/47/281 48 71 84 92 96
101-200	101 103/107 122 124 126 127 129 130 132 133 134 135 137 138 143 144 145 146 148/152 150 153 155 156 160 166 172 181 184 190 191 192/215 194 196 198 199 200
201-300	202 203 205 208 210 212 214 216 218 219 221 223 224 241 275 277 278 279 296 299
301-400	301 305 322 326 330 331 337 338 339 340 344 345 346 350 361 363 365 367 370 374 383 384 390 394 395 396 397 398 399
401+	433 451 455 535 542 589 598 612 612 612 625 632 636 661 711 720 764 765 872 885 938 939 3180
Other	BART1 BART2 BHRF1-1 BHRF1-2 BHRF1-3 Let-7 Lin-4 Lsy-6

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