Astronomy:List of objects at Lagrange points

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This is a list of known objects which occupy, have occupied, or are planned to occupy any of the five Lagrange points of two-body systems in space.

A diagram showing the five Lagrange points in a two-body system

Sun–Earth Lagrange points

Sun–Earth L1

L1 is the Lagrange point located approximately 1.5 million kilometers from Earth towards the Sun.

Past probes

  • International Cometary Explorer, formerly the International Sun–Earth Explorer 3 (ISEE-3), diverted out of L1 in 1983 for a comet rendezvous mission. Currently in heliocentric orbit. The Sun–Earth L1 is also the point to which the Reboot ISEE-3 mission was attempting to return the craft as the first phase of a recovery mission (as of September 25, 2014 all efforts have failed and contact was lost).[1]
  • NASA's Genesis probe collected solar wind samples at L1 from December 3, 2001, to April 1, 2004, when it returned the sample capsule to Earth. It returned briefly in late 2004 before being pushed into heliocentric orbit in early 2005.
  • LISA Pathfinder (LPF) was launched on 3 December 2015, and arrived at L1 on 22 January 2016, where, among other experiments, it tested the technology needed by (e)LISA to detect gravitational waves. LISA Pathfinder used an instrument consisting of two small gold alloy cubes.
  • The Chang'e 5 orbiter[2] (during extended mission. After ferrying lunar samples back to Earth in 2020, the transport module was sent to L1 where it is permanently stationed to conduct limited Earth-Sun observations.)

Present probes

  • The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) in a halo orbit around L1
    • Mission: Investigation of the outer layer of the Sun, making observations of solar wind and associated phenomena in the vicinity of L1, probing the interior structure of the Sun.
    • Launched: 2 December 1995
    • Arrival: Operational orbit in May 1996
    • Institution: ESA logo simple.svg ESA
  • The Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) in a Lissajous orbit
  • WIND (At L1 since 2004)
Animation of Deep Space Climate Observatory's trajectory from 11 February 2015 to 3 January 2017
  DSCOVR ·   Earth ·   Moon
  • The Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR), designed to image the sunlit Earth in 10 wavelengths (EPIC) and monitor total reflected radiation (NISTAR). Launched on 11 February 2015, began orbiting L1 on 8 June 2015 to study the solar wind and its effects on Earth.[3] DSCOVR is unofficially known as GORESAT, because it carries a camera always oriented to Earth and capturing full-frame photos of the planet similar to the Blue Marble. This concept was proposed by then-Vice President of the United States Al Gore in 1998[4] and was a centerpiece in his 2006 film An Inconvenient Truth.[5]
  • Aditya-L1 was successfully launched on 2 September 2023 and entered the halo orbit around the lagrange point on 6 January 2024.[6] It's a Solar observation mission by ISRO. It will study solar atmosphere, solar magnetic storms, and their impact on the environment around the Earth.[7]

Planned probes

Sun–Earth L2

Past probes

Animation of Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe's trajectory from 1 July 2001 to 7 April 2009
  WMAP ·   Earth
  • 2001 – 2010: NASA's Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)[8] observed the cosmic microwave background. It was moved to a heliocentric orbit to avoid posing a hazard to future missions.
  • 2003 – 2004: NASA's WIND. The spacecraft then went to Earth orbit, before heading to L1.[9]
  • 2009 – 2013:[10] The ESA Herschel Space Observatory exhausted its supply of liquid helium and was moved from the Lagrangian point in June 2013.
  • 2009 – 2013: At the end of its mission ESA's Planck spacecraft was put into a heliocentric orbit and passivated to prevent it from endangering any future missions.
  • 2011 – 2012: CNSA's Chang'e 2.[11][12] Chang'e 2 was then placed onto a heliocentric orbit that took it past the near-Earth asteroid 4179 Toutatis.

Present probes

Gaia and James Webb Space Telescope orbit around Sun-Earth L2

Planned probes

Cancelled probes

Sun–Earth L3

L3 is the Sun–Earth Lagrange point located on the side of the Sun opposite Earth, slightly outside the Earth's orbit. Direct communication with spacecraft in this position is blocked by the sun.

  • There are no known objects in this orbital location.

Sun–Earth L4

L4 is the Sun–Earth Lagrange point located close to the Earth's orbit 60° ahead of Earth.

  • Asteroid 2010 TK7 is the first discovered tadpole orbit companion to Earth, orbiting L4; like Earth, its mean distance to the Sun is about one astronomical unit.
  • Asteroid 2020 XL5 is the second Earth trojan, confirmed in November 2021, oscillating around L4 in a tadpole orbit and expected to remain there for at least 4000 years, until destabilized by Venus.[13]
  • STEREO A (Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory – Ahead) made its closest pass to L4 in September 2009, on its orbit around the Sun, slightly faster than Earth.[14]
  • OSIRIS-REx passed near the L4 point and performed a survey for asteroids between 9 and 20 February 2017.

Sun–Earth L5

L5 is the Sun–Earth Lagrange point located close to the Earth's orbit 60° behind Earth.

  • Asteroid (419624) 2010 SO16, in a horseshoe companion orbit with Earth, is currently proximal to L5 but at a high inclination.
  • STEREO B (Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory – Behind) made its closest pass to L5 in October 2009, on its orbit around the Sun, slightly slower than Earth.[14]
  • The Spitzer Space Telescope is in an Earth-trailing heliocentric orbit drifting away c. 0.1 AU per year. In c. 2013–15 it has passed L5 in its orbit.
  • Hayabusa2 passed near L5 during the spring of 2017, and imaged the surrounding area to search for Earth trojans on 18 April 2018.[15]

Proposed

  • Vigil (ESA). One spacecraft in L5.

Earth–Moon Lagrange points

Earth–Moon L2

Earth–Moon L4 and L5

Past probes

  • Hiten was the first spacecraft to demonstrate a low energy trajectory, passing by L4 and L5 to achieve lunar orbit at a very low fuel expense, compared to usual orbital techniques. Hiten did not find any conclusive increase in dust density at Lagrange points.[19]

Proposed objects

  • Exploration Gateway Platform
  • In his 1976 book The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space Dr. Gerard O'Neill proposed the establishment of gigantic Space Islands in L5. The inhabitants of the L5 Society should convert lunar material to huge solar power satellites. Many works of fiction, most notably the Gundam series, involve colonies at these locations.

Sun–Venus Lagrange points

L4

Sun–Mars Lagrange points

Asteroids in the L4 and L5 Sun–Mars Lagrangian points are sometimes called Mars trojans, with a lower-case t, as "Trojan asteroid" was originally defined as a term for Lagrangian asteroids of Jupiter. They may also be called Mars Lagrangian asteroids.

L4

L5

Source: Minor Planet Center [1]

Sun–Ceres Lagrange points

Sun–Jupiter Lagrange points

Asteroids in the L4 and L5 Sun–Jupiter Lagrangian points are known as Jupiter Trojan asteroids or simply Trojan asteroids.

L4

L5

Planned

Saturn–Tethys Lagrange points

L4

L5

Saturn–Dione Lagrange points

L4

L5

Sun–Uranus Lagrange points

L3

L4

Sun–Neptune Lagrange points

Minor planets in the L4 and L5 Sun–Neptune Lagrangian points are called Neptune trojans, with a lower-case t, as "Trojan asteroid" was originally defined as a term for Lagrangian asteroids of Jupiter.

Data from: Minor Planet Center [2]

L4

L5

Tables of missions

Color key:
  Unflown or planned mission   Mission en route or in progress (including mission extensions)   Mission at Lagrangian point completed successfully (or partially successfully)

Lagrangian point missions
Mission Lagrangian point Agency Description
International Sun–Earth Explorer 3 (ISEE-3)
Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) Sun–Earth L1 NASA Launched 1997. Has fuel to orbit near L1 until 2024. Operational (As of 2019).[21]
Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) Sun–Earth L1 NASA Launched on 11 February 2015. Planned successor of the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) satellite.
LISA Pathfinder (LPF) Sun–Earth L1 ESA, NASA Launched one day behind revised schedule (planned for the 100th anniversary of the publication of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity), on 3 December 2015. Arrived at L1 on 22 January 2016.[22] LISA Pathfinder was deactivated on 30 June 2017.[23]
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) Sun–Earth L1 ESA, NASA Orbiting near L1 since 1996. Operational (As of 2020).[24]
WIND Sun–Earth L1 NASA Arrived at L1 in 2004 with fuel for 60 years. Operational (As of 2019).[25]
Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Sun–Earth L2 NASA Arrived at L2 in 2001. Mission ended 2010,[26] then sent to solar orbit outside L2.[27]
Herschel Space Telescope Sun–Earth L2 ESA Arrived at L2 July 2009. Ceased operation on 29 April 2013; will be moved to a heliocentric orbit.[28][29]
Planck Space Observatory Sun–Earth L2 ESA Arrived at L2 July 2009. Mission ended on 23 October 2013; Planck has been moved to a heliocentric parking orbit.[30]
Chang'e 2 Sun–Earth L2 CNSA Arrived in August 2011 after completing a lunar mission before departing en route to asteroid 4179 Toutatis in April 2012.[12]
ARTEMIS mission extension of THEMIS Earth–Moon L1 and L2 NASA Mission consists of two spacecraft, which were the first spacecraft to reach Earth–Moon Lagrangian points. Both moved through Earth–Moon Lagrangian points, and are now in lunar orbit.[31][32]
WIND Sun–Earth L2 NASA Arrived at L2 in November 2003 and departed April 2004.
Gaia Space Observatory Sun–Earth L2 ESA Launched 19 December 2013.[33] Operational (As of 2020).[34]
Chang'e 5-T1 Service Module Earth–Moon L2 CNSA Launched on 23 October 2014, arrived at L2 halo orbit on 13 January 2015.[2]
Queqiao Earth–Moon L2 CNSA Launched on 21 May 2018, arrived at L2 halo orbit on June 14 for Chang'e 4 mission.[35] Queqiao is the first ever communication relay and radio astronomy satellite at operating its location.[36]
Spektr-RG Sun–Earth L2 IKI RAN
DLR		 Launched 13 July 2019. Roentgen and Gamma space observatory. Operational as of June 2020.[37]
James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Sun–Earth L2 NASA, ESA, CSA Launched on 25 December 2021, arrived at L2 point on 24 January 2022. Operational as of 2022.[38]
Euclid Sun–Earth L2 ESA, NASA Launched on 1 July 2023, arrived at L2 point on 28 July 2023. Currently in testing phase as of September 2023.[39]
Aditya-L1 Sun–Earth L1 ISRO Launched on 2 September 2023[40] and was successfully inserted into an orbit about Sun-Earth L1 point on 6 January 2024.[41]

Future and proposed missions

Mission Lagrangian point Agency Description
"Lunar Far-Side Communication Satellites" Earth–Moon L2 NASA Proposed in 1968 for communications on the far side of the Moon during the Apollo program,
mainly to enable an Apollo landing on the far side—neither the satellites nor the landing were ever realized.[42]
Space colonization and manufacturing Earth–Moon L4 or L5 — First proposed in 1974 by Gerard K. O'Neill[43] and subsequently advocated by the L5 Society.
EQUULEUS Earth–Moon L2 University of Tokyo, JAXA 6U CubeSat, launch planned in 2021 as a secondary payload onboard SLS Artemis 1.[44]
DESTINY+ Earth–Moon L2 JAXA JAXA "Medium-Sized Focused Mission"; launch planned for 2025.[45]
Exploration Gateway Platform Earth–Moon L2[46] NASA Proposed in 2011.[47]
Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (WFIRST) Sun–Earth L2 NASA, USDOE Launch planned for 2026.[48]
LiteBIRD Sun–Earth L2[49] JAXA, NASA JAXA's next "Strategic Large Mission"; launch planned for 2032.[50][51]
Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP) Sun–Earth L1 NASA Planned for launch in early 2025.
Space Weather Follow On - Lagrange 1 (SWFO-L1) Sun–Earth L1 NOAA Planned for launch in early 2025 as a rideshare to IMAP.
Planetary Transits and Oscillations of stars (PLATO) Sun–Earth L2 ESA Planned for launch in 2026 for an initial six-year mission.[52]
Space Infrared Telescope for Cosmology
and Astrophysics (SPICA) 		Sun–Earth L2 JAXA, ESA, SRON (As of 2015), awaiting approval from both Japanese and European side, launch proposed for 2032.[53]
Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics
(ATHENA) 		Sun–Earth L2 ESA Launch planned for 2035.[54]
ESA Vigil Sun–Earth L5 ESA Observatory for early warning of increased solar activity. Launch planned for 2029.
Sun Chaser[55] Sun–Earth L4 — Observatory for early warning of solar particle events. Early proposal phase.
Spektr-M Sun–Earth L2 Roscosmos Possible launch after 2030.[56]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ "ISEE-3 is in Safe Mode". Space College. 25 September 2014. "The ground stations listening to ISEE-3 have not been able to obtain a signal since Tuesday the 16th"
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Chang'e 5 Test Mission Updates". http://www.spaceflight101.com/change-5-test-mission-updates.html. 
  3. ↑ US Department of Commerce, NOAA Satellites and Information Service. "NOAA's Satellite and Information Service (NESDIS)". http://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/news_archives/DSCOVR_L1_orbit.html. 
  4. ↑ "At long last: Al Gore's satellite dream blasts off". USA TODAY. 7 February 2015. https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/02/07/goresat-gore-satellite-deep-space-climate/23013283/. 
  5. ↑ Mellow, Craig (August 2014). "Al Gore's Satellite". Air & Space/Smithsonian. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
  6. ↑ Kumar, Chethan (6 January 2024). "Aditya reaches halo orbit around L1 point, Sun study to begin soon". The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/aditya-reaches-halo-orbit-around-l1-point-sun-study-to-begin-soon/articleshow/106594444.cms?from=mdr. 
  7. ↑ "Aditya L1 Mission: Aditya L1 Launch LIVE Updates: Aditya L1 spacecraft successfully separated from PSLV rocket, now en route to Sun-Earth L1 point. ISRO says mission accomplished" (in en). 2 September 2023. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/newsblogs/aditya-l1-live-news-updates-isro-first-solar-mission-launch-02-september-2023/liveblog/103297403.cms. 
  8. ↑ "Mission Complete! WMAP Fires Its Thrusters For The Last Time". http://news.discovery.com/space/mission-complete-wmap-fires-its-thrusters-for-the-last-time.html. 
  9. ↑ "WIND Solar-Terrestrial Mission". ESA Earth Observation Portal. https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/v-w-x-y-z/wind#mission-status. 
  10. ↑ Toobin, Adam (2013-06-19). "Herschel Space Telescope Shut Down For Good, ESA Announces". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/19/herschel-telescope-shut-down-esa_n_3461962.html. 
  11. ↑ "China's Moon orbiter Chang'e-2 travels 1.5 km into outer space". The Economic Times. 2011-08-30. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-08-30/news/29945291_1_chang-e-2-china-s-moon-moon-landing. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Lakdawalla, Emily (15 June 2012). "Update on yesterday's post about Chang'e 2 going to Toutatis". Planetary Society. http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2012/06150926-change2-update.html. 
  13. ↑ Hui, Man-To; Wiegert, Paul A.; Tholen, David J.; Föhring, Dora (November 2021). "The Second Earth Trojan 2020 XL5". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 922 (2): L25. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac37bf. Bibcode: 2021ApJ...922L..25H. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 NASA - Join STEREO and Explore Gravitational "Parking Lots" That May Hold Secret of Moon's Origin
  15. ↑ "太陽−地球系のL5点付近の観測の結果について" (in ja). JAXA. 23 August 2017. http://www.hayabusa2.jaxa.jp/topics/20170823/. 
  16. ↑ Slíz-Balogh, Judith; Barta, András; Horváth, Gábor (11 November 2018). "Celestial mechanics and polarization optics of the Kordylewski dust cloud in the Earth–Moon Lagrange point L5 – I. Three-dimensional celestial mechanical modelling of dust cloud formation". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 480 (4): 5550–5559. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2049. Bibcode: 2018MNRAS.480.5550S. 
  17. ↑ Hornig, Andreas (2022-05-01). "TYCHO: Supporting Permanently Crewed Lunar Exploration with High-Speed Optical Communication from Everywhere". ESA. https://ideas.esa.int/servlet/hype/IMT?userAction=Browse&templateName=&documentId=e3f5e00bb992b91a4378e46176b02376. 
  18. ↑ Hornig, Andreas (2013-10-06). "TYCHO mission to Earth-Moon libration point EML-4 @ IAC 2013". IAC2013. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7RJSLFP7yyA. 
  19. ↑ "Hiten", NSSDC.GSFC.NASA.gov.
  20. ↑ The first known Uranian Trojan and the frequency of temporary giant-planet co-orbitals: Mike Alexandersen, Brett Gladman, Sarah Greenstreet, J.J. Kavelaars, Jean-Marc Petit
  21. ↑ "ACE MAG Spectrograms: 1 day starting 2019/3/15 (2019 074)". http://www.srl.caltech.edu/ACE/ASC/DATA/level3/mag/ACESpec.cgi?LATEST=0&YEAR=2019&MONTH=3&DAY=15&DOY=-1. 
  22. ↑ "LISA Pathfinder factsheet". ESA. 11 June 2012. http://www.esa.int/esaSC/SEMQSBWO4HD_index_0.html. 
  23. ↑ "LISA Pathfinder Will Concludee Trailblazing Mission". ESA. 20 June 2017. http://sci.esa.int/lisa-pathfinder/59238-lisa-pathfinder-to-conclude-trailblazing-mission/. 
  24. ↑ "The Very Latest SOHO Images". https://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/data/realtime-images.html. 
  25. ↑ Tran, Lina (2019-10-31). "25 Years of Science in the Solar Wind". http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2019/25-years-of-science-in-the-solar-wind. 
  26. ↑ "WMAP Facts". NASA. http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/news/facts.html. 
  27. ↑ http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/news/events.html WMAP Ceases Communications
  28. ↑ "Herschel Factsheet". European Space Agency. 17 April 2009. http://www.esa.int/esaSC/SEMA539YFDD_index_0.html. 
  29. ↑ "Herschel space telescope finishes mission". BBC News. 29 April 2013. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-21934520. 
  30. ↑ "Last command sent to ESA's Planck space telescope". European Space Agency. October 23, 2013. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Planck/Last_command_sent_to_ESA_s_Planck_space_telescope. 
  31. ↑ Fox, Karen C. (25 March 2015). "First ARTEMIS Spacecraft Successfully Enters Lunar Orbit". The Sun-Earth Connection: Heliophysics. NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/artemis/news/P1-lunarOrbit.html. 
  32. ↑ Hendrix, Susan (25 March 2015). "Second ARTEMIS Spacecraft Successfully Enters Lunar Orbit". The Sun-Earth Connection: Heliophysics. NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/artemis/news/P2-lunarOrbit.html. 
  33. ↑ "Worldwide launch schedule". Spaceflight Now. 27 November 2013. http://www.spaceflightnow.com/tracking/index.html. 
  34. ↑ "ESA Science & Technology - Fact Sheet". https://sci.esa.int/web/gaia/-/47354-fact-sheet. 
  35. ↑ Jones, Andrew (21 May 2018). "China launches Queqiao relay satellite to support Chang'e 4 lunar far side landing mission". GBTimes. https://gbtimes.com/china-launches-queqiao-relay-satellite-to-support-change-4-lunar-far-side-landing-mission. 
  36. ↑ Xu, Luyuan (15 June 2018). "How China's lunar relay satellite arrived in its final orbit". The Planetary Society. http://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/2018/20180615-queqiao-orbit-explainer.html. 
  37. ↑ "Illustration of the Spektr-RG spacecraft". 24 June 2020. https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2020/06/Illustration_of_the_Spektr-RG_spacecraft. 
  38. ↑ "James Webb Space Telescope lifts off on historic mission" (in en). BBC News. 25 December 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59782057. 
  39. ↑ "Follow Euclid's first months in space". ESA. 25 August 2023. https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Euclid/Follow_Euclid_s_first_months_in_space#:~:text=In%20the%20month%20after%20its,arrived'%20at%20its%20destination%20orbit.. 
  40. ↑ Graham, William (2 September 2023). "India launches first solar research mission, Aditya-L1, aboard PSLV". NASASpaceFlight. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/india-aditya-l1-pslv/. 
  41. ↑ "Halo-Orbit Insertion of Aditya-L1 Successfully Accomplished". https://www.isro.gov.in/halo-orbit-insertion-adtya-l1.html. 
  42. ↑ Schmid, P.E. (July 28, 1967). "Lunar far-side communication satellites". NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19670026536. 
  43. ↑ O'Neill, Gerard K. (September 1974). "The Colonization of Space". Physics Today 27 (9): 32–40. doi:10.1063/1.3128863. Bibcode: 1974PhT....27i..32O. 
  44. ↑ "Extended Tisserand graph and multiple lunar swing-by design with Sun perturbation". JAXA. 3 March 2016. https://indico.esa.int/indico/event/111/session/29/contribution/102/material/slides/2.pdf. 
  45. ↑ "DESTINYについて " (in ja). http://destiny.isas.jaxa.jp/about.html. 
  46. ↑ "NASA teams evaluating ISS-built Exploration Platform roadmap". June 15, 2012. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2012/06/nasa-teams-evaluating-iss-built-exploration-platform-roadmap/. 
  47. ↑ Bergin, Chris (December 2011). "Exploration Gateway Platform hosting Reusable Lunar Lander proposed". NASA Spaceflight.com. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/12/exploration-gateway-platform-hosting-reusable-lunar-lander-proposed/. 
  48. ↑ "The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope". JPL. NASA. https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/the-nancy-grace-roman-space-telescope. 
  49. ↑ Masahashi, Hazumi (1 September 2015). "LiteBIRD" (PDF). indico.cern. https://indico.cern.ch/event/376392/contribution/17/attachments/1147595/1645901/20150901_Hazumi_LiteBIRD_Florence_final.pdf#page=10. 
  50. ↑ "The origin of the Universe will be unveiled by the LiteBIRD cryogenic satellite". Grenoble Alpes University. 3 July 2023. https://www.d-sbt.fr/en/Pages/News/2023_Thomas-Prouve.aspx. 
  51. ↑ Montier, L. (10 July 2019). "LiteBIRD Overview". IN2P3. https://indico.in2p3.fr/event/19378/sessions/12141/attachments/54391/71180/20190710_LBDay_Overview.pdf. 
  52. ↑ "ESA selects planet-hunting PLATO mission". ESA. 19 February 2014. http://sci.esa.int/plato/53707-esa-selects-planet-hunting-plato-mission/. 
  53. ↑ Shibai, Hiroshi (2014-12-31), SPICA, http://cor.gsfc.nasa.gov/copag/aas_jan2015/SPICA_COPAG_4Jan2015.pdf, retrieved 2015-02-24 
  54. ↑ "ESA Science & Technology: Athena to study the hot and energetic Universe". ESA. 27 June 2014. http://sci.esa.int/cosmic-vision/54241-athena-to-study-the-hot-and-energetic-universe/. 
  55. ↑ "Sun Chaser - A Mission to the Earth-Sun Lagrangian Point 4". NASA. 7 September 2022. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20220013632. 
  56. ↑ "В РАН рассказали, когда состоится запуск космического телескопа "Спектр-М"". РИА Новости. 2019-06-29. https://ria.ru/20190629/1556035673.html. 



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