Astronomy:R Leporis

R Leporis
	250px; Location of R Leporis in the constellation Lepus.
Observation data; Equinox J2000.0]] (ICRS)
Constellation	Lepus
Right ascension	04h 59m 36.3487s
Declination	−14° 48′ 22.518″
Apparent magnitude (V)	5.5 to 11.7
Characteristics
Spectral type	C7,6e(N6e)
B−V color index	+5.74
R−I color index	+1.47
Variable type	Mira
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)	32.4 ± 2 km/s
Proper motion (μ)	RA: 6.798 mas/yr ; Dec.: −1.263 mas/yr
Parallax (π)	2.1914 ± 0.0602 mas
Distance	1,490 ± 40 ly ; (460 ± 10 pc)
Details
Mass	1.00 – 1.49 M☉
Radius	710 – 910 R☉
Luminosity	13,200 L☉
Surface gravity (log g)	−0.40 cgs
Temperature	2,290 K
Metallicity [Fe/H]	+0.5 dex
Other designations
	R Lep, BD−15 915, GC 6093, HD 31996, HIP 23203, HR 1607, SAO 150058, PPM 215123
Database references
SIMBAD	data

Short description: Star in the constellation Lepus

R Leporis (R Lep), sometimes called Hind's Crimson Star,^[10] is a well-known variable star in the constellation Lepus, near its border with Eridanus.

It is a carbon star which appears distinctly red. It is named after famous British astronomer J. R. Hind, who observed it in 1845. Its apparent magnitude varies from +5.5 to +11.7 with a period of 418–441 days; recent measurements give a period of 427.07 days. There may be a secondary period of 40 years.^[3] Guandalini and Cristallo calculated the luminosity of Mira variables based on their periods. Using a period of 427.07 days, they calculated the bolometric luminosity to be 13,200 L_☉.^[8]

R Leporis has often been reported as an intense smoky red color, although this is not pronounced when the star is near its maximum brightness. It is reddest when it is dimmest, which occurs every 14.5 months. During these periods it is a candidate for the most-visible reddest star, but this claim is questionable. The red coloration may be caused by carbon in the star's outer atmosphere filtering out the blue part of its visible light spectrum. The star's discoverer, Hind, reported that it appeared "like a drop of blood on a black field."^[10]

R Leporis as imaged by ALMA^[11]
An image of the carbon star R Leporis as seen in binoculars. R Leporis is the red star right of centre. The bright star in the lower left corner is Mu Leporis.
The light curve of R Leporis from AAVSO V band data^[12]

Notes

↑ Calculated via the equation R = 0.1075Slovene pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Thai pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Neukirch, Jürgen; Schmidt, Alexander; Wingberg, Kay (2000), Cohomology of Number Fields, Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, 323, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-66671-4Template:ScribuntoPersian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]{| class="wikitable" width="100%"

! rowspan="3" colspan="2" width="14%" style="border-bottom:2px solid grey;" | Date/Time (UTC) ! Configuration ! Serial number ! Launch site ! Outcome |-

Parameter 1=time required!

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Hawaiian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]German pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Dutch pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Belarusian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Catalan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]{{{1}}}Mongolian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Javanese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]

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Piedmontese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Slovak pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]text-align: auto;Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{"./Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{". (age Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{".–Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{".)Occitan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | VariesHejazi pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Spanish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Portuguese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Irish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Mayan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Nahuatl pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Kyrgyz pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Scottish Gaelic pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Ukrainian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Burmese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Hindi pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]

Done

To doRussian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Greek pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]

Danish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Northern Sami pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Mandarin pronunciation: [{{{ipa}}}]Cantonese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Entry from R Leporis from TCI Europe, retrieved on {{{Date}}}

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Chambers, Robert; Thomson, Thomas Napier (1857). "[[s:A biographical dictionary of eminent Scotsmen/|]]". A Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen. Glasgow: Blackie and Son.{{{1}}}Polish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Malagasy pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Japanese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Armenian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Czech pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]∶Manx pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/full/{{{1}}}/0 Alemannic German pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Tagalog pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]French pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Error: Invalid time.

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|- | ... | — | — | — | — | — | —

|-Old Norse pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Salish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Basque pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]{{{1}}}data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | UnreleasedNorwegian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{"., {{{year}}} (aged {{{4}}})Hungarian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Quechua pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Arabic pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Punjabi pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Afrikaans pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Romanian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Hebrew pronunciation: [{{{1}}}][INVALID OR MISSING PARAMETER IN TEMPLATE R Leporis]Uto-Aztecan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Tamil pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Hindustani pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Swedish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Kazakh pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]

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Partially doneAthabaskan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Māori pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]IPA: [{{{1}}}]Bulgarian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Korean pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Icelandic pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Sanskrit pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Bengali pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Indonesian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Serbo-Croatian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]CROSBI {{{1}}}θSlovene pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Thai pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Neukirch, Jürgen; Schmidt, Alexander; Wingberg, Kay (2000), Cohomology of Number Fields, Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, 323, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-66671-4Template:ScribuntoPersian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]{| class="wikitable" width="100%"

! rowspan="3" colspan="2" width="14%" style="border-bottom:2px solid grey;" | Date/Time (UTC) ! Configuration ! Serial number ! Launch site ! Outcome |-

Parameter 1=time required!

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Hawaiian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]German pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Dutch pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Belarusian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Catalan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]{{{1}}}Mongolian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Javanese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]

Not doneLatin pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]

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Vietnamese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]

Life timeline

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white;">Arthropods white;">Molluscs</span>]]

white;">Plants

Dinosaurs

Mammals

Flowers

Birds

Primates

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Piedmontese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Slovak pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]text-align: auto;Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{"./Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{". (age Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{".–Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{".)Occitan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | VariesHejazi pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Spanish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Portuguese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Irish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Mayan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Nahuatl pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Kyrgyz pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Scottish Gaelic pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Ukrainian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Burmese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Hindi pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]

Done

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Danish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Northern Sami pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Mandarin pronunciation: [{{{ipa}}}]Cantonese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Entry from R Leporis from TCI Europe, retrieved on {{{Date}}}

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Chambers, Robert; Thomson, Thomas Napier (1857). "[[s:A biographical dictionary of eminent Scotsmen/|]]". A Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen. Glasgow: Blackie and Son.{{{1}}}Polish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Malagasy pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Japanese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Armenian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Czech pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]∶Manx pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/full/{{{1}}}/0 Alemannic German pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Tagalog pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]French pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Error: Invalid time.

In progressPalomares, M. L. D. and Pauly, D., eds. (2011). "{{{1}}} {{{2}}}" in SeaLifeBase. April 2011 version.Turkish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Finnish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2006). "{{{1}}} {{{2}}}" in FishBase. April 2006 version.

|- | ... | — | — | — | — | — | —

|-Old Norse pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Salish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Basque pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]{{{1}}}data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | UnreleasedNorwegian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{"., {{{year}}} (aged {{{4}}})Hungarian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Quechua pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Arabic pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Punjabi pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Afrikaans pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Romanian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Hebrew pronunciation: [{{{1}}}][INVALID OR MISSING PARAMETER IN TEMPLATE R Leporis]Uto-Aztecan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Tamil pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Hindustani pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Swedish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Kazakh pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]

Lao pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Tibetan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Khmer pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na" | —{{{1}}}Welsh pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]

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References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 "R Leporis". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=R+Leporis.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 R Lep, database entry, The combined table of GCVS Vols I-III and NL 67-78 with improved coordinates, General Catalogue of Variable Stars , Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow, Russia. Accessed on line November 19, 2009.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 HR 1607, database entry, The Bright Star Catalogue, 5th Revised Ed. (Preliminary Version), D. Hoffleit and W. H. Warren, Jr., CDS ID V/50. Accessed on line November 19, 2009.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Vallenari, A. et al. (2022). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940 Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
↑ Rau, G.; Hron, J.; Paladini, C.; Aringer, B.; Eriksson, K.; Marigo, P.; Nowotny, W.; Grellmann, R. (2017-04-01). "The adventure of carbon stars. Observations and modeling of a set of C-rich AGB stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics 600: A92. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629337. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2017A&A...600A..92R.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Anders, F.; Khalatyan, A.; Queiroz, A. B. A.; Chiappini, C.; Ardèvol, J.; Casamiquela, L.; Figueras, F.; Jiménez-Arranz, Ó. et al. (2022-02-01). "Photo-astrometric distances, extinctions, and astrophysical parameters for Gaia EDR3 stars brighter than G = 18.5". Astronomy and Astrophysics 658: A91. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142369. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2022A&A...658A..91A. Database at VizieR.
↑ Asaki, Yoshiharu; Maud, Luke T.; Francke, Harold; Nagai, Hiroshi; Petry, Dirk; Fomalont, Edward B.; Humphreys, Elizabeth; Richards, Anita M. S. et al. (November 2023). "ALMA High-frequency Long Baseline Campaign in 2021: Highest Angular Resolution Submillimeter Wave Images for the Carbon-rich Star R Lep" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal 958 (1): 86. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acf619. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2023ApJ...958...86A.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Guandalini, R.; Cristallo, S. (2013). "Luminosities of carbon-rich asymptotic giant branch stars in the Milky Way". Astronomy & Astrophysics 555: 7. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321225. A120. Bibcode: 2013A&A...555A.120G.
↑ Lombaert, R.; Decin, L.; Royer, P.; De Koter, A.; Cox, N. L. J.; González-Alfonso, E.; Neufeld, D.; De Ridder, J. et al. (2016). "Constraints on the H2O formation mechanism in the wind of carbon-rich AGB stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics 588: A124. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527049. Bibcode: 2016A&A...588A.124L.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Richard Hinckley Allen (1899). Star-names and Their Meanings. New York: G.E. Stechert. p. 269. https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_5xQuAAAAIAAJ.
↑ "ALMA achieves its highest resolution observations" (in en). https://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann23019/.
↑ "Download Data". AAVSO. https://www.aavso.org/data-download.

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[radius-8] Calculated via the equation R = 0.1075
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Slovene pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Thai pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Neukirch, Jürgen; Schmidt, Alexander; Wingberg, Kay (2000), Cohomology of Number Fields, Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, 323, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-66671-4 Template:ScribuntoPersian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" width="14%" style="border-bottom:2px solid grey;" | Date/Time (UTC) ! Configuration ! Serial number ! Launch site ! Outcome |-
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#e3e9e9;" | Payload |style="text-align:center;background-color:#e3e9e9;" | Separation orbit |style="text-align:center;background-color:#e3e9e9;" | Operator |style="text-align:center;background-color:#e3e9e9;" | Function |- | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#e4dfdf;border-bottom:2px solid grey;" | Remarks |-
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Hawaiian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]German pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Dutch pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Belarusian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Catalan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]{{{1}}}Mongolian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Javanese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]N Not doneLatin pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]
| rowspan="1" colspan="2" style="border-top:2px solid #aabbcc;" |
| style="border-top:2px solid #aabbcc;" | | style="border-top:2px solid #aabbcc;" | | style="border-top:2px solid #aabbcc;" | | style="border-top:2px solid #aabbcc;" |
|-
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Vietnamese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]
Life timeline
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Single-celled
life
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Eukaryotes
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life
white;">Arthropods white;">Molluscs</span>]]
white;">Plants
Dinosaurs
Mammals
Flowers
Birds
Primates

←

Earth (−4540)

←

Earliest water

←

Earliest life

←

Earliest oxygen

←

Atmospheric oxygen

←

Oxygen crisis

←

Sexual reproduction

←

Earliest plants

←

Ediacara biota

←

Cambrian explosion

←

Tetrapoda

←

Earliest apes

P
h
a
n
e
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o
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a
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black;">Pongola

black;">Huronian

black;">Cryogenian

black;">Andean

black;">Karoo

black;">Quaternary

black;">Ice Ages

Clickable
(million years ago)

(See also: Human timeline, and Nature timeline.)
Piedmontese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Slovak pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]text-align: auto;Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{"./Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{". (age Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{".–Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{".)Occitan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | VariesHejazi pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Spanish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Portuguese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Irish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Mayan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Nahuatl pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Kyrgyz pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Scottish Gaelic pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Ukrainian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Burmese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Hindi pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Y Done To doRussian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Greek pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]YDanish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Northern Sami pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Mandarin pronunciation: [{{{ipa}}}]Cantonese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Entry from R Leporis from TCI Europe, retrieved on {{{Date}}}

Documentation[view] [edit] [history] [purge]

This template does not display in the mobile view of Wikipedia; it is desktop only. See Template:Navbox visibility for a brief explanation.

This is a navigational template created using {{navbox}}. It can be transcluded on pages by placing {{R Leporis}} below the standard article appendices.

Initial visibility

This template's initial visibility currently defaults to autocollapse, meaning that if there is another collapsible item on the page (a navbox, sidebar, or table with the collapsible attribute), it is hidden apart from its title bar; if not, it is fully visible.
To change this template's initial visibility, the |state= parameter may be used:

{{R Leporis|state=collapsed}} will show the template collapsed, i.e. hidden apart from its title bar.

{{R Leporis|state=expanded}} will show the template expanded, i.e. fully visible.

Templates using the classes class=navbox ({{navbox}}) or class=nomobile ({{sidebar}}) are not displayed in article space on the mobile web site of English Wikipedia. Mobile page views accounted for 60% to 70% of all page views from 2020 through 2025. Briefly, these templates are not included in articles because 1) they are not well designed for mobile, and 2) they significantly increase page sizes—bad for mobile downloads—in a way that is not useful for the mobile use case. You can review/watch phab:T124168 for further discussion.

TemplateData

A navigational box that can be placed at the bottom of articles.
Template parameters[Edit template data]
Parameter Description Type Status
State state
The initial visibility of the navbox
Suggested values
collapsed expanded autocollapse
String suggested

The above documentation is transcluded from Template:Navbox documentation. (edit | history)
Chambers, Robert; Thomson, Thomas Napier (1857). "[[s:A biographical dictionary of eminent Scotsmen/|]]". A Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen. Glasgow: Blackie and Son. {{{1}}}Polish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Malagasy pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Japanese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Armenian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Czech pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]∶Manx pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/full/{{{1}}}/0 Alemannic German pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Tagalog pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]French pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Error: Invalid time. In progressPalomares, M. L. D. and Pauly, D., eds. (2011). "{{{1}}} {{{2}}}" in SeaLifeBase. April 2011 version.Turkish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Finnish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2006). "{{{1}}} {{{2}}}" in FishBase. April 2006 version.
|- | ... | — | — | — | — | — | —
|-Old Norse pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Salish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Basque pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]{{{1}}}data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | UnreleasedNorwegian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{"., {{{year}}} (aged {{{4}}})Hungarian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Quechua pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Arabic pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Punjabi pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Afrikaans pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Romanian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Hebrew pronunciation: [{{{1}}}][INVALID OR MISSING PARAMETER IN TEMPLATE R Leporis]Uto-Aztecan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Tamil pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Hindustani pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Swedish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Kazakh pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]
v
t
e
Microsoft security products
Numbers in brackets are the years of the initial release of the product.
For Windows

Windows Firewall [2001]

Baseline Security Analyzer [2004]

Malicious Software Removal Tool [2005]

Windows Defender [2006]

Microsoft SmartScreen [2006]

Microsoft Security Essentials [2009]

Microsoft Safety Scanner [2011]

For Windows Server

Exchange Online Protection [2007]

System Center Data Protection Manager [2007]

Identity Manager [2010]

Discontinued

MSAV [1993]

Threat Management Gateway [1997]

OneCare Safety Scanner [2006]

Unified Access Gateway [2007]

Windows Live OneCare [2006]

RootkitRevealer [2006]

Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit [2009]

Related topics

Data Execution Prevention

Kernel Patch Protection

Mandatory Integrity Control

MS Antivirus (malware)

User Account Control

Lao pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Tibetan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Khmer pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na" | —{{{1}}}Welsh pronunciation: [{{{1}}}] Partially doneAthabaskan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Māori pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]IPA: [{{{1}}}]Bulgarian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Korean pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Icelandic pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Sanskrit pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Bengali pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Indonesian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Serbo-Croatian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]CROSBI {{{1}}}θ
This page may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. Please consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding subheadings.
Slovene pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Thai pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Neukirch, Jürgen; Schmidt, Alexander; Wingberg, Kay (2000), Cohomology of Number Fields, Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, 323, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-66671-4 Template:ScribuntoPersian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]{| class="wikitable" width="100%"
! rowspan="3" colspan="2" width="14%" style="border-bottom:2px solid grey;" | Date/Time (UTC) ! Configuration ! Serial number ! Launch site ! Outcome |-
|style="text-align:center;background-color:#e3e9e9;" | Payload |style="text-align:center;background-color:#e3e9e9;" | Separation orbit |style="text-align:center;background-color:#e3e9e9;" | Operator |style="text-align:center;background-color:#e3e9e9;" | Function |- | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#e4dfdf;border-bottom:2px solid grey;" | Remarks |-
Parameter 1=time required!

Documentation[view] [edit] [history] [purge]

This template does not display in the mobile view of Wikipedia; it is desktop only. See Template:Navbox visibility for a brief explanation.

This is a navigational template created using {{navbox}}. It can be transcluded on pages by placing {{R Leporis}} below the standard article appendices.

Initial visibility

This template's initial visibility currently defaults to autocollapse, meaning that if there is another collapsible item on the page (a navbox, sidebar, or table with the collapsible attribute), it is hidden apart from its title bar; if not, it is fully visible.
To change this template's initial visibility, the |state= parameter may be used:

{{R Leporis|state=collapsed}} will show the template collapsed, i.e. hidden apart from its title bar.

{{R Leporis|state=expanded}} will show the template expanded, i.e. fully visible.

Templates using the classes class=navbox ({{navbox}}) or class=nomobile ({{sidebar}}) are not displayed in article space on the mobile web site of English Wikipedia. Mobile page views accounted for 60% to 70% of all page views from 2020 through 2025. Briefly, these templates are not included in articles because 1) they are not well designed for mobile, and 2) they significantly increase page sizes—bad for mobile downloads—in a way that is not useful for the mobile use case. You can review/watch phab:T124168 for further discussion.

TemplateData

A navigational box that can be placed at the bottom of articles.
Template parameters[Edit template data]
Parameter Description Type Status
State state
The initial visibility of the navbox
Suggested values
collapsed expanded autocollapse
String suggested

Template transclusions

Transclusion maintenance

Check completeness of transclusions

The above documentation is transcluded from Template:Navbox documentation. (edit | history)
Hawaiian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]German pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Dutch pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Belarusian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Catalan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]{{{1}}}Mongolian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Javanese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]N Not doneLatin pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]
| rowspan="1" colspan="2" style="border-top:2px solid #aabbcc;" |
| style="border-top:2px solid #aabbcc;" | | style="border-top:2px solid #aabbcc;" | | style="border-top:2px solid #aabbcc;" | | style="border-top:2px solid #aabbcc;" |
|-
|-
Vietnamese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]
Life timeline
This box: view · talk · edit
-4500 —
–
-4000 —
–
-3500 —
–
-3000 —
–
-2500 —
–
-2000 —
–
-1500 —
–
-1000 —
–
-500 —
–
0 —
white;">water
Single-celled
life
green;">photosynthesis
Eukaryotes
Multicellular
life
white;">Arthropods white;">Molluscs</span>]]
white;">Plants
Dinosaurs
Mammals
Flowers
Birds
Primates

←

Earth (−4540)

←

Earliest water

←

Earliest life

←

Earliest oxygen

←

Atmospheric oxygen

←

Oxygen crisis

←

Sexual reproduction

←

Earliest plants

←

Ediacara biota

←

Cambrian explosion

←

Tetrapoda

←

Earliest apes

P
h
a
n
e
r
o
z
o
i
c

P
r
o
t
e
r
o
z
o
i
c

A
r
c
h
e
a
n

H
a
d
e
a
n

black;">Pongola

black;">Huronian

black;">Cryogenian

black;">Andean

black;">Karoo

black;">Quaternary

black;">Ice Ages

Clickable
(million years ago)

(See also: Human timeline, and Nature timeline.)
Piedmontese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Slovak pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]text-align: auto;Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{"./Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{". (age Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{".–Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{".)Occitan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | VariesHejazi pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Spanish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Portuguese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Irish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Mayan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Nahuatl pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Kyrgyz pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Scottish Gaelic pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Ukrainian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Burmese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Hindi pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Y Done To doRussian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Greek pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]YDanish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Northern Sami pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Mandarin pronunciation: [{{{ipa}}}]Cantonese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Entry from R Leporis from TCI Europe, retrieved on {{{Date}}}

Documentation[view] [edit] [history] [purge]

This template does not display in the mobile view of Wikipedia; it is desktop only. See Template:Navbox visibility for a brief explanation.

This is a navigational template created using {{navbox}}. It can be transcluded on pages by placing {{R Leporis}} below the standard article appendices.

Initial visibility

This template's initial visibility currently defaults to autocollapse, meaning that if there is another collapsible item on the page (a navbox, sidebar, or table with the collapsible attribute), it is hidden apart from its title bar; if not, it is fully visible.
To change this template's initial visibility, the |state= parameter may be used:

{{R Leporis|state=collapsed}} will show the template collapsed, i.e. hidden apart from its title bar.

{{R Leporis|state=expanded}} will show the template expanded, i.e. fully visible.

Templates using the classes class=navbox ({{navbox}}) or class=nomobile ({{sidebar}}) are not displayed in article space on the mobile web site of English Wikipedia. Mobile page views accounted for 60% to 70% of all page views from 2020 through 2025. Briefly, these templates are not included in articles because 1) they are not well designed for mobile, and 2) they significantly increase page sizes—bad for mobile downloads—in a way that is not useful for the mobile use case. You can review/watch phab:T124168 for further discussion.

TemplateData

A navigational box that can be placed at the bottom of articles.
Template parameters[Edit template data]
Parameter Description Type Status
State state
The initial visibility of the navbox
Suggested values
collapsed expanded autocollapse
String suggested

The above documentation is transcluded from Template:Navbox documentation. (edit | history)
Chambers, Robert; Thomson, Thomas Napier (1857). "[[s:A biographical dictionary of eminent Scotsmen/|]]". A Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen. Glasgow: Blackie and Son. {{{1}}}Polish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Malagasy pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Japanese pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Armenian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Czech pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]∶Manx pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/full/{{{1}}}/0 Alemannic German pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Tagalog pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]French pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Error: Invalid time. In progressPalomares, M. L. D. and Pauly, D., eds. (2011). "{{{1}}} {{{2}}}" in SeaLifeBase. April 2011 version.Turkish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Finnish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2006). "{{{1}}} {{{2}}}" in FishBase. April 2006 version.
|- | ... | — | — | — | — | — | —
|-Old Norse pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Salish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Basque pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]{{{1}}}data-sort-value="" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na" | UnreleasedNorwegian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Expression error: Unrecognized punctuation character "{"., {{{year}}} (aged {{{4}}})Hungarian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Quechua pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Arabic pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Punjabi pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Afrikaans pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Romanian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Hebrew pronunciation: [{{{1}}}][INVALID OR MISSING PARAMETER IN TEMPLATE R Leporis]Uto-Aztecan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Tamil pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Hindustani pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Swedish pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Kazakh pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]
v
t
e
Microsoft security products
Numbers in brackets are the years of the initial release of the product.
For Windows

Windows Firewall [2001]

Baseline Security Analyzer [2004]

Malicious Software Removal Tool [2005]

Windows Defender [2006]

Microsoft SmartScreen [2006]

Microsoft Security Essentials [2009]

Microsoft Safety Scanner [2011]

For Windows Server

Exchange Online Protection [2007]

System Center Data Protection Manager [2007]

Identity Manager [2010]

Discontinued

MSAV [1993]

Threat Management Gateway [1997]

OneCare Safety Scanner [2006]

Unified Access Gateway [2007]

Windows Live OneCare [2006]

RootkitRevealer [2006]

Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit [2009]

Related topics

Data Execution Prevention

Kernel Patch Protection

Mandatory Integrity Control

MS Antivirus (malware)

User Account Control

Lao pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Tibetan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Khmer pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na" | —{{{1}}}Welsh pronunciation: [{{{1}}}] Partially doneAthabaskan pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Māori pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]IPA: [{{{1}}}]Bulgarian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Korean pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Icelandic pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Sanskrit pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Bengali pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Indonesian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]Serbo-Croatian pronunciation: [{{{1}}}]CROSBI {{{1}}}d, where R is the radius (in solar radii/R_☉), θ is the angular diameter in arcseconds and d is the distance in parsecs. Angular diameters of 14 to 18 milliarcseconds (0.014-0.018 arcseconds) and a distance of 471 parsecs were adopted.

[2] {{R Leporis|state=collapsed}} will show the template collapsed, i.e. hidden apart from its title bar.

[3] {{R Leporis|state=expanded}} will show the template expanded, i.e. fully visible.

[4] {{R Leporis|state=collapsed}} will show the template collapsed, i.e. hidden apart from its title bar.

[5] {{R Leporis|state=expanded}} will show the template expanded, i.e. fully visible.

[6] v

[7] t

[8] e

[9] Windows Firewall [2001]

[10] Baseline Security Analyzer [2004]

[11] Malicious Software Removal Tool [2005]

[12] Windows Defender [2006]

[13] Microsoft SmartScreen [2006]

[14] Microsoft Security Essentials [2009]

[15] Microsoft Safety Scanner [2011]

[16] Exchange Online Protection [2007]

[17] System Center Data Protection Manager [2007]

[18] Identity Manager [2010]

[19] MSAV [1993]

[20] Threat Management Gateway [1997]

[21] OneCare Safety Scanner [2006]

[22] Unified Access Gateway [2007]

[23] Windows Live OneCare [2006]

[24] RootkitRevealer [2006]

[25] Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit [2009]

[26] Data Execution Prevention

[27] Kernel Patch Protection

[28] Mandatory Integrity Control

[29] MS Antivirus (malware)

[30] User Account Control

[31] {{R Leporis|state=collapsed}} will show the template collapsed, i.e. hidden apart from its title bar.

[32] {{R Leporis|state=expanded}} will show the template expanded, i.e. fully visible.

[33] {{R Leporis|state=collapsed}} will show the template collapsed, i.e. hidden apart from its title bar.

[34] {{R Leporis|state=expanded}} will show the template expanded, i.e. fully visible.

[35] v

[36] t

[37] e

[38] Windows Firewall [2001]

[39] Baseline Security Analyzer [2004]

[40] Malicious Software Removal Tool [2005]

[41] Windows Defender [2006]

[42] Microsoft SmartScreen [2006]

[43] Microsoft Security Essentials [2009]

[44] Microsoft Safety Scanner [2011]

[45] Exchange Online Protection [2007]

[46] System Center Data Protection Manager [2007]

[47] Identity Manager [2010]

[48] MSAV [1993]

[49] Threat Management Gateway [1997]

[50] OneCare Safety Scanner [2006]

[51] Unified Access Gateway [2007]

[52] Windows Live OneCare [2006]

[53] RootkitRevealer [2006]

[54] Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit [2009]

[55] Data Execution Prevention

[56] Kernel Patch Protection

[57] Mandatory Integrity Control

[58] MS Antivirus (malware)

[59] User Account Control

[sb0-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 "R Leporis". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=R+Leporis.

[gcvs1-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 R Lep, database entry, The combined table of GCVS Vols I-III and NL 67-78 with improved coordinates, General Catalogue of Variable Stars , Sternberg Astronomical Institute, Moscow, Russia. Accessed on line November 19, 2009.

[bsc2-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 HR 1607, database entry, The Bright Star Catalogue, 5th Revised Ed. (Preliminary Version), D. Hoffleit and W. H. Warren, Jr., CDS ID V/50. Accessed on line November 19, 2009.

[gaia-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Vallenari, A. et al. (2022). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940 Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.

[rau-5] Rau, G.; Hron, J.; Paladini, C.; Aringer, B.; Eriksson, K.; Marigo, P.; Nowotny, W.; Grellmann, R. (2017-04-01). "The adventure of carbon stars. Observations and modeling of a set of C-rich AGB stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics 600: A92. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629337. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2017A&A...600A..92R.

[anders-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Anders, F.; Khalatyan, A.; Queiroz, A. B. A.; Chiappini, C.; Ardèvol, J.; Casamiquela, L.; Figueras, F.; Jiménez-Arranz, Ó. et al. (2022-02-01). "Photo-astrometric distances, extinctions, and astrophysical parameters for Gaia EDR3 stars brighter than G = 18.5". Astronomy and Astrophysics 658: A91. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142369. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2022A&A...658A..91A. Database at VizieR.

[alma-7] Asaki, Yoshiharu; Maud, Luke T.; Francke, Harold; Nagai, Hiroshi; Petry, Dirk; Fomalont, Edward B.; Humphreys, Elizabeth; Richards, Anita M. S. et al. (November 2023). "ALMA High-frequency Long Baseline Campaign in 2021: Highest Angular Resolution Submillimeter Wave Images for the Carbon-rich Star R Lep" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal 958 (1): 86. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acf619. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2023ApJ...958...86A.

[guandalini-9] 8.0 ^8.1 Guandalini, R.; Cristallo, S. (2013). "Luminosities of carbon-rich asymptotic giant branch stars in the Milky Way". Astronomy & Astrophysics 555: 7. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321225. A120. Bibcode: 2013A&A...555A.120G.

[lombaert-10] Lombaert, R.; Decin, L.; Royer, P.; De Koter, A.; Cox, N. L. J.; González-Alfonso, E.; Neufeld, D.; De Ridder, J. et al. (2016). "Constraints on the H2O formation mechanism in the wind of carbon-rich AGB stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics 588: A124. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527049. Bibcode: 2016A&A...588A.124L.

[allen-11] 10.0 ^10.1 Richard Hinckley Allen (1899). Star-names and Their Meanings. New York: G.E. Stechert. p. 269. https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_5xQuAAAAIAAJ.

[12] "ALMA achieves its highest resolution observations" (in en). https://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann23019/.

[aavso-13] "Download Data". AAVSO. https://www.aavso.org/data-download.

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Observation data Equinox J2000.0]] (ICRS)
250px Location of R Leporis in the constellation Lepus.
Constellation	Lepus
Right ascension	04^h 59^m 36.3487^s^[1]
Declination	−14° 48′ 22.518″^[1]
Apparent magnitude (V)	5.5 to 11.7^[2]
Characteristics
Spectral type	C7,6e(N6e)^[2]
B−V color index	+5.74^[3]
R−I color index	+1.47^[3]
Variable type	Mira^[2]
Astrometry

Radial velocity (R_v)	32.4 ± 2^[1] km/s
Proper motion (μ)	RA: 6.798^[4] mas/yr Dec.: −1.263^[4] mas/yr
Parallax (π)	2.1914 ± 0.0602^[4] mas
Distance	1,490 ± 40 ly (460 ± 10 pc)

Details

Mass	1.00^[5] – 1.49^[6] `M`_☉
Radius	710 – 910^[7]^{[lower-alpha 1]} `R`_☉
Luminosity	13,200^[8] `L`_☉
Surface gravity (log g)	−0.40^[6] cgs
Temperature	2,290^[9] K
Metallicity [Fe/H]	+0.5^[6] dex

Other designations
R Lep, BD−15 915, GC 6093, HD 31996, HIP 23203, HR 1607, SAO 150058, PPM 215123^[1]
Database references
SIMBAD	data

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v t e Microsoft security products
Numbers in brackets are the years of the initial release of the product.
For Windows	Windows Firewall [2001] Baseline Security Analyzer [2004] Malicious Software Removal Tool [2005] Windows Defender [2006] Microsoft SmartScreen [2006] Microsoft Security Essentials [2009] Microsoft Safety Scanner [2011]
For Windows Server	Exchange Online Protection [2007] System Center Data Protection Manager [2007] Identity Manager [2010]
Discontinued	MSAV [1993] Threat Management Gateway [1997] OneCare Safety Scanner [2006] Unified Access Gateway [2007] Windows Live OneCare [2006] RootkitRevealer [2006] Enhanced Mitigation Experience Toolkit [2009]
Related topics	Data Execution Prevention Kernel Patch Protection Mandatory Integrity Control MS Antivirus (malware) User Account Control

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