Chemistry:Flufenoxuron
Flufenoxuron is an insecticide that belongs to the benzoylurea class, which also includes diflubenzuron, triflumuron, and lufenuron.[1][2] It acts by inhibiting chitin synthase,[3]
Application
Flufenoxuron is used against mites and insect pests on pome fruit, vines, citrus, tea, cotton, maize, soya, vegetables and ornamentals.[4][5]
Synthesis
The multi-step synthesis of flufenoxuron is described in the following reaction sequence:[5]
Trade name
flufenoxuron is marketed under the trade name Cascade (BASF) and Floxate (Mobedco).[4][5]
Authorization
Flufenoxuron was banned in the EU due to bioaccumulation.[6] It was never registered in the US.
Properties
Flufenoxuron is a white crystalline powder. It has low solubility in water, is not flammable, and is not an oxidizer.[1]
Toxicology and safety
Flufenoxuron toxicity to humans and other mammals is low,[1] but it has a potentially high bioaccumulation in fish despite its low water solubility.[7]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Flufenoxuron". NIH - National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Flufenoxuron.
- ↑ Entry on Flufenoxuron. at: Römpp Online. Georg Thieme Verlag, retrieved {{{Datum}}}.
- ↑ Douris, Vassilis; Steinbach, Denise; Panteleri, Rafaela; Livadaras, Ioannis; Pickett, John Anthony; Van Leeuwen, Thomas; Nauen, Ralf; Vontas, John (2016). "2016". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113 (51): 14692–14697. doi:10.1073/pnas.1618258113. PMID 27930336.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Tomlin, Clive D. S. (2006). Pesticide Manual, A World Compendium (14th ed.). Alton, Hampshire, England: British Crop Protection Council (published 1 November 2006). pp. 486-487. ISBN 978-1-901396-14-0.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Thomas A. Unger (1996), "Flufenoxuron", Pesticide Synthesis Handbook, Park Ridge, N.J.: Noyes Publications, pp. 235, ISBN 978-0-8155-1401-5
- ↑ "Factsheet - 32011R0942". https://www.efta.int/eea-lex/32011r0942.
- ↑ Tang, Caiming; Zhu, Yizhe; Liang, Yiyang; Xia, Dan; Xu, Jiale; Zheng, Ruifen; Liu, Ling; Ma, Shirong et al. (2025-01-29). "Nontarget Analysis and Characterization of a Group of Abundant Polyfluoroalkyl Substances─Fluorinated Benzoylurea Pesticides and Their Analogues and Transformation Products in Fish by LC-HRMS and Chemical Species-Specific Algorithms" (in en). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 73 (4): 2322–2331. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.4c09728. ISSN 0021-8561. PMID 39806269. Bibcode: 2025JAFC...73.2322T. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jafc.4c09728.
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