Engineering:North American T-28 Trojan

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Short description: Family of military training aircraft
This page is about the aircraft. For other uses, see T28 (disambiguation).
T-28 Trojan
A US Navy T-28B in 1973
General information
ManufacturerNorth American Aviation
Management and usageUnited States Air Force
United States Navy
Republic of Vietnam Air Force
French Air Force
Number built1,948
History
Manufactured1950–1957
First flight24 September 1949
Retired1994 Philippine Air Force[1]
Developed fromNorth American XSN2J
Developed intoAIDC T-CH-1

The North American Aviation T-28 Trojan is a radial-engine military trainer aircraft manufactured by North American Aviation and used by the United States Air Force and United States Navy beginning in the 1950s. Besides its use as a trainer, the T-28 was successfully employed as a counter-insurgency aircraft, primarily during the Vietnam War. It has continued in civilian use as an aerobatics and warbird performer.

Design and development

On 24 September 1949, the XT-28 (company designation NA-159) was flown for the first time, designed to replace the T-6 Texan. The T-28A arrived at the Air Proving Ground, Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, in mid-June 1950, for suitability tests as an advanced trainer by the 3200th Fighter Test Squadron, with consideration given to its transition, instrument, and gunnery capabilities.[2] Found satisfactory, a contract was issued and between 1950 and 1957, a total of 1,948 were built.

Following the T-28's withdrawal from U.S. military service, a number were remanufactured by Hamilton Aircraft into two versions called the Nomair. The first refurbished machines, designated T-28R-1 were similar to the standard T-28s they were adapted from, and were supplied to the Brazilian Navy. Later, a more ambitious conversion was undertaken as the T-28R-2, which transformed the two-seat tandem aircraft into a five-seat cabin monoplane for general aviation use. Other civil conversions of ex-military T-28As were undertaken by PacAero as the Nomad Mark I and Nomad Mark II[3]

Operational history

West Virginia Air National Guard T-28A in 1957

After becoming adopted as a primary trainer by the USAF, the United States Navy and Marine Corps adopted it as well. Although the Air Force phased out the aircraft from primary pilot training by the early 1960s, continuing use only for limited training of special operations aircrews and for primary training of select foreign military personnel, the aircraft continued to be used as a primary trainer by the Navy (and by default, the Marine Corps and Coast Guard) well into the early 1980s.

The largest single concentration of this aircraft was employed by the U.S. Navy at Naval Air Station Whiting Field in Milton, Florida, in the training of student naval aviators. The T-28's service career in the U.S. military ended with the completion of the phase-in of the T-34C turboprop trainer. The last U.S. Navy training squadron to fly the T-28 was VT-27 "Boomers", based at Naval Air Station Corpus Christi, Texas, flying the last T-28 training flight in early 1984. The last T-28 in the Training Command, BuNo 137796, departed for Naval District Washington on 14 March 1984, in order to be displayed permanently at Naval Support Facility Anacostia, D.C.[4]

Vietnam War combat

RVNAF T-28Cs over Vietnam

In 1963, a Royal Lao Air Force T-28 piloted by Lieutenant Chert Saibory, a Thai national, defected to North Vietnam. Saibory was immediately imprisoned and his aircraft was impounded. Within six months the T-28 was refurbished and commissioned into the North Vietnamese Air Force as its first fighter aircraft.[5] Lt. Saibory later trained NVAF pilot Nguyen Van Ba in the operation of the T-28, where Nguyen flew the T-28 in its first successful interception against an RVNAF C-123 Provider on 15 February 1964, earning the NVAF its first-ever aerial victory.[6] The NVAF unit that operated the T-28 in the respective military operation has later evolved into the modern Vietnam Airlines.[7]

T-28s were supplied to the Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF) in support of ARVN ground operations, seeing extensive service during the Vietnam War in RVNAF hands, as well as the Secret War in Laos. A T-28 Trojan was the first US fixed wing attack aircraft (non-transport type) lost in South Vietnam, during the Vietnam War. Capt. Robert L. Simpson, USAF, Detachment 2A, 1st Air Commando Group, and Lt. Hoa, RVNAF, were shot down by ground fire on 28 August 1962, while flying close air support. Neither crewman survived. The USAF lost 23 T-28s to all causes during the war, with the last two losses occurring in 1968.[8]

Other combat uses

T-28s were used by the CIA in the former Belgian Congo during the 1960s.[9]

The T-28B and D were the primary ground attack aircraft of Khmer Air Force in Cambodia during the war there, largely provided from the U.S. Military Equipment Delivery Team and maintained by Air America.[10] On the night of 21 January 1971, PAVN sappers managed to get close enough to destroy the majority at Pochentong airbase. Replacements were quickly shipped in. On 17 March 1973 a pilot of a T-28, said to be Capt. So Petra, a common-law husband of one of the daughters of the overthrown Prince Norodom Sihanouk, machine gunned and bombed the palace of Lon Nol in an attempt to assassinate him, killing at least 20 and wounding 35, before defecting to Khmer Rouge held lands.[11]

France's Armée de l'Air used locally re-manufactured Trojans, T-28S Fennec, for close support missions in Algeria.[12]

Nicaragua replaced its fleet of 30+ ex-Swedish P-51s with T-28s in the early 1960s,[13] with more aircraft acquired in the 1970s and 1980s.[14]


Civilian use

AeroVironment modified and armored a T-28A to fly weather research for South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, funded by the National Science Foundation, and operated in this capacity from 1969 to 2005.[15][16] SDSM&T was planning to replace it with another modified, but more modern, former military aircraft, specifically a Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II.[17] This plan was found to carry too many risks associated with the costly modifications required and the program was cancelled in 2018.[18]

MicroProse purchased a T-28B in 1988 for use in marketing their flight simulator video games, and named it "Miss MicroProse". USAF reserve pilot Bill Stealey would fly with games journalists for this purpose, and ran a competition called I Cheated Death with Major Bill which selected three fans to fly with him on a "stunt-filled flight lesson". The plane was later sold to a flight school in Cincinnati.[19]

Aerobatics and warbird display

Many retired T-28s were subsequently sold to private civil operators, and due to their reasonable operating costs are often found flying or displayed as warbirds today.

Variants

An early-production U.S. Navy T-28B in 1954
A tailhook-equipped T-28C after trapping aboard missing name, in 1955
T-28D at Degerfeld [20] airfield in 2017
A turboprop-powered YAT-28E in 1964
XT-28
Prototype; two built.
T-28A
U.S. Air Force version with an 800 hp (597 kW) Wright R-1300-1 radial engine driving a two-bladed propeller; 1,194 built.[21][22]
T-28B
U.S. Navy land-based trainer version with 1,425 hp (1,063 kW) Wright R-1820-86 radial engine driving a three-bladed propeller and fitted with a belly-mounted speed brake; 489 built from new and 17 converted from T-28.[23][22]
T-28C
U.S. Navy version, a T-28B with shortened propeller blades and tailhook for carrier-landing training; 299 built.[22][24]
T-28D Nomad
T-28Bs converted for the USAF in 1962 for the counter-insurgency, reconnaissance, search and rescue, and forward air controller roles in Vietnam. Fitted with two underwing hardpoints. The later T-28D-5 had ammo pans inside the wings that could be hooked up to hardpoint-mounted gun pods for a better center of gravity and aerodynamics; 321 converted by Pacific Airmotive (Pac-Aero).
T-28 Nomad Mark I - Wright R-1820-56S engine (1,300 hp (969 kW)).[3][25]
T-28 Nomad Mark II - Wright R-1820-76A (1,425 hp (1,063 kW))
T-28 Nomad Mark III - Wright R-1820-80 (1,535 hp (1,145 kW))[26]
Fairchild AT-28D
Attack model of the T-28D used for Close Air Support (CAS) missions by the USAF and allied Air Forces in Southeast Asia, which were nicknamed "Tangos" by their pilots.[27] It was fitted with six underwing hardpoints and the rocket-powered Stanley Yankee ejection seat;[28] 72 converted by Fairchild Hiller.
YAT-28E
Experimental development of the counter-insurgency T-28D. It was powered by a 2,445 hp (1,823 kW) Lycoming YT-55L-9 turboprop, and armed with two 12.7 mm (0.50 in) machine guns and up to 6,000 lb (2,700 kg) of weapons on 12 underwing hardpoints. Three prototypes were converted from T-28As by North American, with the first model flying on 15 February 1963. The project was canceled in 1965.[29]
T-28S Fennec
Ex-USAF T-28As converted in 1959 for use by the French Armée de l'Air, replacing the Morane-Saulnier MS.733A. It was flown by their Escadrilles d'Aviation Légère d'Appui (EALA; "Light Aviation Support Squadrons") in the counterinsurgency role in North Africa from 1959 to 1962. Fitted with an electrically powered sliding canopy, side-armor, a 1,200 hp (895 kW) Wright R-1820-97 supercharged radial engine (the model used in the B-17 bomber),[30] and four underwing hardpoints.[31] It is referred to as the "S" variant because its engine had a supercharger on it; it has also been referred to as the T-28F variant – with the "F" standing for France.
For fire support missions it usually carried two double-mount 12.7 mm (0.50 in) machine gun pods (with 100 rounds per gun) and two MATRA Type 122 6 x 68 mm (2.7 in) rocket pods.[31] It could also carry on paired hardpoints a 120 kg (260 lb) HE or GP "iron" bomb, a MATRA Type 361 36 x 37 mm (1.5 in) rocket pod, a SNEB 7 x 55 mm (2.2 in) rocket pod, or a MATRA Type 13 single-rail, MATRA Type 20 or Type 21 double-rail, MATRA Type 41 quadruple-rail (2 x 2), or MATRA Type 61 or Type 63 sextuple-rail (3 x 3) SERAM T10 heavy rocket launchers.[31] Improvised napalm bombs (called bidons spéciaux, or "special cans") were created by dropping gas tanks loaded with octagel-thickened fuel inside, then later igniting or detonating the spilled fuel with white phosphorus rockets.[31]
Total 148 airframes bought from Pacific Airmotive (Pac Aero) and modified by Sud-Aviation in France. After the war the French government offered them for sale from 1964 to 1967.[12] They sold most of them to Morocco and Argentina.[12] Argentina later sold some to Uruguay and Honduras.[12]
T-28P
T-28S Fennec aircraft sold to the Argentinian Navy as carrier-borne attack aircraft. They were given shortened propeller blades and a tailhook to allow carrier landings.[32]
T-28R Nomair
An attempt by Hamilton Aircraft Company of Tucson, Arizona to make a civilianized Nomad III-equivalent out of refurbished ex-USAF T-28As. It had a Wright Cyclone R-1820-80 engine to make it fast and powerful, but had to lengthen the wingspan by seven feet to reduce the stall speed to below a "street-legal" 70 knots.[26][33] The prototype flew for the first time in September 1960, and the FAA Type Certificate was received on 15 February 1962.[33] At the time, the T-28-R2 was the fastest single-engined standard category aircraft available in the United States. It had been flown to a height of 38,700 ft (11,800 m).
T-28R-1 Nomair I
A military trainer that had a tandem cockpit, dual instrumentation and flying controls, and hydraulically-actuated rearward-sliding canopy.[26][34] Six were sold in 1962 as carrier-landing trainers to the Brazilian Navy and were modified with a carrier arrestor hook. They were later transferred to the Brazilian Air Force.[33]
T-28R-2 Nomair II
Modified to have a cramped five-seater cabin (one pilot and two rows of two passengers) that opened from the port side.[26][34] Ten aircraft were modified in all; one was sold to a high-altitude photographic company.[33]
RT-28
Photo reconnaissance conversion for counter-insurgency use with Royal Lao Air Force. Number of conversions unknown.[35][36]
AIDC T-CH-1
A derivative of the T-28 developed by AIDC in Taiwan, the AIDC T-CH-1 was powered by a 1,082 kW (1,451 hp) Avco Lycoming T53-L-701 turboprop engine. Fifty aircraft were produced for the Taiwanese Air Force between March 1976 and 1981. The type has since been retired.
B.F.13
(Thai: บ.ฝ.๑๓) Royal Thai Armed Forces designation for the T-28D.[37]
B.JF.13
(Thai: บ.จฝ.๑๓) Royal Thai Armed Forces designation for the AT-28D.[37]

Operators

T-28Ds used in Operation Barrel Roll in Laos
A former French T-28 Fennec
RoKAF T-28A
Derelict Royal Saudi Air Force T-28A at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, one of four acquired in the 1950s
Royal Thai Air Force T-28D is waiting for takeoff.
Uruguay Naval Aviation T-28S Fennec
Japan Air Self-Defense Force T-28B
 Argentina
 Bolivia
 Brazil
  • Brazilian Navy - 18 T-28C[39]
Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - 14 T-28C, 3 T-28B, 10 T-28D[42]
 Cuba
  • Cuban Air Force - 10 T-28As were ordered by the Batista regime but were never delivered owing to an arms embargo,[43][44] although at least one T-28 seems to have been acquired at some stage which was put on display at a museum at Playa Girón[45][46]
 Dominican Republic
 Ecuador
  • Ecuadorian Air Force - nine T-28A[39][49]
 Ethiopia
 France
  • French Air Force - 148 T-28A airframes modified in France (1959) to make the T-28S Fennec COIN model.[47]
 Haiti
  • Haitian Air Force - 12 ex-French Air Force[39]
 Honduras
  • Honduran Air Force - eight former Moroccan Air Force Fennecs. One delivered, seven others impounded at Fort Lauderdale[40][47][51]
 Japan
  • Japanese Air Self-Defense Force - one T-28B[52][53]
 Khmer Republic
  • Khmer Air Force operated 47 T-28s in total in service.[39][40][47]
 Laos
 Mexico
 Morocco
 Nicaragua
  • Nicaraguan Air Force - six T-28D[39][47]
 Philippines

,32 units T-28D[57]

 South Korea
 Saudi Arabia
  • Royal Saudi Air Force[59]
 South Vietnam
  • Republic of Vietnam Air Force[47]
 Tunisia
  • Tunisian Air Force - Fennec[39]
 Taiwan
 Thailand
 United States
  • United States Army[62]
  • United States Air Force - 1194 T-28A, of which 360 converted to "D"[39]
  • United States Navy - 489 T-28B and 299 T-28C[39]
 Uruguay
  • Uruguayan Naval Aviation - Fennec [47][63]
 Vietnam
  • Vietnam People's Air Force - 919th Regiment[64][7]
Template:ZAI

Surviving aircraft

A T-28A of the USAF Museum
T-28B BuNo 138266 in 2008
YAT-28E 0-13786

Many T-28s are on display throughout the world. In addition, a considerable number of flyable examples exist in private ownership, as the aircraft is a popular sport plane and warbird.

Argentina

On display
T-28A
  • S/N 174112 (ex-USAF Template:USAF serial), formerly operated by the Argentine Air Force as E-608. Preserved at the Museo Regional Inter Fuerzas, Estancia Santa Romana, San Luis.[66]
  • C/N° 174333 (ex-USAF Template:USAF serial), formerly operated by the Argentine Naval Aviation. Preserved at the Argentine Naval Aviation Museum.[67]

Australia

On display
T-28A

Germany

Airworthy
T-28A
  • 3684, civil registration N2800G - entered service in 1951 as 51-3684. Now in private ownership and flown in Baden-Württemberg at Bremgarten (EDTG).[70][71][72][73]
T-28D
  • 49-1742 - constructed in 1951 as T-28A, and remanufactured as T-28D. Currently located in Baden-Württemberg at Degerfeld (EDSA).[20] Owned by Guido Voss and registered as N1742R.[74]
T-28D 49-1742, based in Bitz, in 2024

Philippines

T-28A
AT-28D
  • 137701 - Major Danilo Atienza Air Base, Cavite City, Cavite, Philippines.
  • 114645 - Clark Air Base, Angeles City, Pampanga Philippines[78][79]
  • 100310 - Edwin Andrews Air Base, Zamboanga City, Philippines.

South Korea

On display
T-28A
  • Daejeon National Cemetery
  • Template:USAF serial - KAI Aerospace Museum, Sacheon
  • Korea Air Force Academy
  • Jeju Aerospace Museum (2)
  • War Memorial of Korea, Seoul

Taiwan

On display
T-28A

Thailand

T-28 at the Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base
On display
T-28A
T-28B
  • 137661 - Royal Thai Air Force Museum, Bangkok, Thailand.[87]
  • 138157 - Royal Thai Air Force Museum, Bangkok, Thailand.[88]
  • 138284 - Royal Thai Air Force Museum, Bangkok, Thailand.[89]
  • 138302 - Lopburi AFB, Thailand.[90]
T-28D
  • 153652 - National Memorial, Bangkok, Thailand.[91]

United Kingdom

On display
T-28C
  • 146289 - Norfolk & Suffolk Aviation Museum, Flixton, The Saints, United Kingdom.[92]

United States

On display
T-28A
T-28B
T-28B at the Cavanaugh Flight Museum
  • 137702 - Air Force Flight Test Center Museum, Edwards AFB, California.[102]
  • 137749 - Hill Aerospace Museum, Hill Air Force Base, Utah
  • 137796 - Naval Air Station Anacostia, Washington, D.C.[103]
  • 138144 - Naval Air Station Whiting Field, Florida.[104]
  • 138164 - Actively flying and performing in airshows with the Trojan Phlyers in Dallas, TX.[105]
  • 138192 - Aviation Heritage Center of Wisconsin, Sheboygan Memorial Airport, Sheboygan, WI[106]
  • 138247 - War Eagles Air Museum in Santa Teresa, New Mexico.[107]
  • 138263 - Actively flying and based at KRLD Richland Airport, Richland, WA[108]
  • 138311 - Air Heritage Aviation Museum in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania[109]
  • 138326 - National Naval Aviation Museum, Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida[110]
  • 138339 - Owned by Skydoc 1989–present (2019) Springfield, Illinois performing with the Trojan Horsemen 2003–2017, and Trojan Thunder 2017–present.[111] *138349 - USS Hornet Air and Space Museum Alameda, California[112]
  • 138353 - on a pole at Milton, Florida.[113]
  • 140047 - Actively flying and performing in airshows with the Trojan Phlyers in Dallas, TX.[105]
  • 140048 - National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB in Dayton, Ohio.[114]
T-28C
  • 138245 - WarBird Museum of Virginia in Chesterfield, Virginia.[115]
  • 140451 - Middleton Field in Evergreen, Alabama
  • 140454 - Battleship Cove in Fall River, Massachusetts.[116]
  • 140481 - Pima Air & Space Museum adjacent to Davis-Monthan AFB in Tucson, Arizona.[117]
  • 140539 - Planes of Fame Air Museum, Grand Canyon Valle Airport, Valle, Arizona
  • 140557 - Naval Air Station Wildwood Aviation Museum, Cape May Airport, Rio Grande, New Jersey.[118]
  • 140625 - Canadian Valley Technology Center, El Reno, Oklahoma, Used by the Aviation Maintenance Technology program to train Airframe and Powerplant students about radial engines and warbirds.[119] *140659 - Southern Museum of Flight, Birmingham, Alabama.[120]
YAT-28E
  • Template:USAF serial - Private collection, Port Hueneme, California. One of two surviving air-frames, currently in storage awaiting restoration.[121]

Specifications (T-28D)

North American T-28B Trojan 3-view drawing
North American T-28B Trojan 3-view drawing
North American T-28C Trojan 3-view drawing
North American T-28C Trojan 3-view drawing

Data from Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft[122]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 2
  • Length: 33 ft 0 in (10.06 m)
  • Wingspan: 40 ft 1 in (12.22 m)
  • Height: 12 ft 8 in (3.86 m)
  • Wing area: 268.0 sq ft (24.90 m2)
  • Aspect ratio: 6.0:1
  • Empty weight: 6,424 lb (2,914 kg) (equipped)
  • Max takeoff weight: 8,500 lb (3,856 kg)
  • Powerplant: 1 × Wright R-1820-86 Cyclone 9-cylinder air-cooled radial engine, 1,425 hp (1,063 kW)

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 343 mph (552 km/h, 298 kn) at 10,000 ft (3,000 m)
  • Ferry range: 1,060 mi (1,710 km, 920 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 35,500 ft (10,800 m)
  • Rate of climb: 3,540 ft/min (18.0 m/s)

Armament

  • Hardpoints: 6 with a capacity of 1,200 lb (540 kg) total,

See also

  • Lee Lue

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

Related lists

  • List of United States Navy aircraft designations (pre-1962)
  • List of military aircraft of the United States

References

Notes

  1. ↑ "Historical Listings: Philippines, (PHL)". http://www.worldairforces.com/Countries/philippines/phl.html. 
  2. ↑ "T-28 Trainer Now at Eglin – Is Latest Word In Instructional Craft". Playground News (Fort Walton, FL) 5 (21): p. 10. 1950-06-22. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft 1985, p. 2678.
  4. ↑ "The Diamond Anniversary Decade, 1981-1990, Part 11". p. 342. http://www.history.navy.mil/avh-1910/PART11.PDF. 
  5. ↑ Toperczer 2001, pp. 8–9.
  6. ↑ Toperczer 2015, pp. 18–19.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Đoàn bay 919: Hành trình chinh phục bầu trời" (in vi). 2024-05-02. https://spirit.vietnamairlines.com/65-nam-doan-bay/doan-bay-919-hanh-trinh-chinh-phuc-bau-troi.html. "Đặc biệt, sự kiện ngày 15/2/1964 đã đánh dấu trận thắng lợi trên không đầu tiên của Đoàn bay 919. Phi công Nguyễn Văn Ba, một trong hai phi công điều khiển máy bay T-28 xuất kích từ sân bay Gia Lâm, đã tiếp cận và tiêu diệt gọn máy bay C-123 chở biệt kích Mỹ." 
  8. ↑ Hobson 2001, p. 12.
  9. ↑ Holm, Richard L. (Winter 1999–2000). "A Plane Crash, Rescue, and Recovery - A Close Call in Africa". Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/winter99-00/art2.html. 
  10. ↑ Leeker, Dr Joe F. (2015-08-24). "Khmer Air Force T-28s (maintained under the supervision of Air America's LMAT, Phnom Penh)". https://library.utdallas.edu/specialcollections/hac/cataam/Leeker/aircraft/kt28.pdf. 
  11. ↑ "20 DIE IN BOMBING AIMED AT LON NOL". The New York Times (New York, NY): p. 1. 1973-03-18. https://www.nytimes.com/1973/03/18/archives/20-die-in-bombing-aimed-at-lon-nol-cambodian-leader-unhurt-as.html. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Ganivet, Jean-Luc. "T-28 Fennec History". http://fennec.pfiquet.be/history.htm. 
  13. ↑ Hagedorn 1993, p. 41
  14. ↑ Hagedorn 1993, pp. 42–43
  15. ↑ Godfrey, Joe (2003-04-16). "Profiles: Charlie Summers". http://www.avweb.com/news/profiles/184369-1.html. 
  16. ↑ "T-28 Instrumented Research Aircraft". http://www.ias.sdsmt.edu/institute/t28/index.htm. 
  17. ↑ "Next-generation Storm-penetrating Aircraft". Institute of Atmospheric Science at South Dakota School of Mines and Technology. http://www.ias.sdsmt.edu/institute/t28/Next-Generation_files/Next-Generation.pdf. 
  18. ↑ Rogoway, Tyler. "The Storm Chasing A-10 Thunderhog Program Is Officially Dead, Jet To Be Returned To USAF". The Warzone. https://www.twz.com/24047/the-storm-chasing-a-10-thunderhog-program-is-officially-dead-jet-to-be-returned-to-usaf. 
  19. ↑ Meier, Sid; Noonan, Jennifer Lee (2020). Sid Meier's memoir!: A life in computer games (First ed.). New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-1324005872. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 See German Wikipedia Flugplatz Albstadt-Degerfeld
  21. ↑ Ginter 1981, p. 6
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Darke 2013, p. 147
  23. ↑ Ginter 1981, p. 27
  24. ↑ Ginter 1981, p. 53
  25. ↑ Sweeney, Richard L. (December 1961). "New Role for Nomad". Flying Magazine. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 Concannon, Milt. "The Lost (and last) Nomad". http://www.courtesyaircraft.com/Current%20Inventory/The%20Last%20Nomad%20Article.htm. 
  27. ↑ Trichter, J. Gary (2016-08-12). "The Poor Man's P-51: The T-28 Trojan". https://www.texasdwilaw.com/earning-honorary-naval-aviator-wings-visit-uss-harry-s-truman-cvn-75/. 
  28. ↑ "The Ejection Site: Stanley YANKEE Extraction System". http://www.ejectionsite.com/yankee.htm. 
  29. ↑ Tate Air Enthusiast May/June 1999, pp. 58–59.
  30. ↑ "Warbirds of New Smyrna, Page 4". https://www.angelfire.com/art2/dashvii/page4.htm. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 Renaud, Patrick-Charles. "T-28 Fennec: des ailes pour un renard" (in fr). http://aerostories.free.fr/events/algerie/algerie05/index.html. 
  32. ↑ "North American T-28 Trojan/Fennec". http://www.amilarg.com.ar/north-american-t-28.html. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 "No. 1040. Hamilton T-28-R2 Nomair (N9106Z c/n 10)". http://www.1000aircraftphotos.com/GeneralAv/1040.htm. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Flying Magazine, April 1962, p. 3.
  35. ↑ Troung, Albert Grandolini; Cooper, Tom (2003-11-13). "Laos, 1948-1989; Part 1". http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_347.shtml. 
  36. ↑ Troung, Albert Grandolini; Cooper, Tom (2003-11-13). "Laos, 1948-1989; Part 2". http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_348.shtml. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "Thai Military Aircraft Designations". https://designation-systems.net/non-us/thailand.html. 
  38. ↑ Ay, Carlos (2013-08-15). "The Illustrated Catalogue to Argentine Air Force Aircraft". http://www.gacetaeronautica.com/gaceta/wp-102/?p=2199. 
  39. ↑ 39.00 39.01 39.02 39.03 39.04 39.05 39.06 39.07 39.08 39.09 39.10 39.11 39.12 39.13 39.14 39.15 39.16 39.17 Taylor and Munson 1973, p. 179.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 40.4 40.5 40.6 40.7 40.8 Krivinyi 1977, p. 178.
  41. ↑ Andrade 1982, p. 28.
  42. ↑ Air-Britain Aeromilitaria, March 2015
  43. ↑ Wieland, William A. (1958-08-29). "Memorandum From the Director of the Office of Middle American Affairs". http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/cable/cable-8-29-58.htm. 
  44. ↑ Hagedorn 1993, pp. 22, 27
  45. ↑ Hagedorn 1993, p. 27
  46. ↑ Valero, Jose Ramon (2003-10-13). "Picture of the North American T-28 Trojan aircraft". http://www.airliners.net/photo/440841/L/. 
  47. ↑ 47.00 47.01 47.02 47.03 47.04 47.05 47.06 47.07 47.08 47.09 47.10 47.11 47.12 47.13 47.14 Fitzsimons 1988, p. 137.
  48. ↑ Andrade 1982, p. 56.
  49. ↑ Andrade 1982, p. 58.
  50. ↑ Andrade 1982, p. 62.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Andrade 1982, p. 97.
  52. ↑ Green 1956, p. 238.
  53. ↑ Thompson, Paul. "JASDF – Where Are They Now? Part 1". http://www.j-hangarspace.jp/jasdf-where-are-they-now. 
  54. ↑ Andrade 1982, p. 146.
  55. ↑ Andrade 1982, p. 156.
  56. ↑ Andrade 1982, p. 181.
  57. ↑ "World's Air Forces". Flight International. 1987-11-28. http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1987/1987%20-%202528.html. 
  58. ↑ Andrade 1982, p. 143.
  59. ↑ Cooper 2017, p. 14
  60. ↑ Andrade 1982, p. 223.
  61. ↑ Pocock 1986, p. 115.
  62. ↑ Talking Paper for Chief of Staff, U.S. Army: Guidance for T-28 Aircraft Operations, U.S. Army, 1964-03-09 
  63. ↑ Andrade 1982, p. 336.
  64. ↑ Cảnh Dương; Đông A (2007) (in vi). Bí mật các chiến dịch không kích của Mỹ vào Bắc Việt Nam. Hanoi: People's Police Publisher. p. 513. 
  65. ↑ Ginter 1981, p. 22.
  66. ↑ "North American T-28A/F/P Trojan/Fennec" (in es). http://amilarg.com.ar/t-28.html. 
  67. ↑ "Museo de la Aviacion Naval - ARA 25 de MAYO - T-28 Fennec". http://www.museoaeronaval.ara.mil.ar/. 
  68. ↑ "T-28 Trojan/49-1583". http://www.warbirdregistry.org/t28registry/t28-491583.html. 
  69. ↑ "T-28 Trojan 50-221 "Littl Juggs", Mutze Street, Toowoomba Airport, Toowoomba (2021)". https://www.gluseum.com/AU/Toowoomba/287406544649061/T-28-Trojan-50-221-%22Littl-Juggs%22. 
  70. ↑ "Aerial visuals airplane dossier". https://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=23066. 
  71. ↑ "Oldtimer: Zwei Brüder bringen alte Flugzeuge wieder zum Fliegen!" (in de) (video). SWR. Oct 22, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=902BOhxNQCI&t=943s. 
  72. ↑ "N2800G". https://de.flightaware.com/live/flight/N2800G. 
  73. ↑ See German Wikipedia :de:Flugplatz Bremgarten
  74. ↑ "Aerial visuals airplane dossier". https://aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=21533. 
  75. ↑ "Skippyscage photography - Philippine Air Force Museum, Manila, Philippines - February 2010". https://www.skippyscage.com/aviation/ph/philippine-air-force-museum-manila/index.php. 
  76. ↑ "The T-28 Trojan is Not the Tora Tora Plane". 2023-12-02. https://mondortiz.com/the-t-28-trojan-is-not-the-tora-tora-plane/. 
  77. ↑ "17712 - North American T-28A Trojan in Philippines - Air Force, Buzu". 2018-08-25. https://www.jetphotos.com/photo/9045134. 
  78. ↑ "645 North American T-28 Trojan Philippine Air Force". 2012-08-22. https://www.flickr.com/photos/aeroprints/7838745960. 
  79. ↑ "North American aviation photos - Serial #: 114". https://www.jetphotos.com/aircraft/manufacturer/North%20American/serial/114. 
  80. ↑ "T-28 Trojan/51-3664". http://www.warbirdregistry.org/t28registry/t28-513664.html. 
  81. ↑ "T-28 Trojan/49-1538". http://www.warbirdregistry.org/t28registry/t28-491538.html. 
  82. ↑ "T-28 Trojan/49-1601". http://www.warbirdregistry.org/t28registry/t28-491601.html. 
  83. ↑ "T-28 Trojan/49-1687". http://www.warbirdregistry.org/t28registry/t28-491687.html. 
  84. ↑ "T-28 Trojan/51-3480". http://www.warbirdregistry.org/t28registry/t28-513480.html. 
  85. ↑ "T-28 Trojan/51-3578". http://www.warbirdregistry.org/t28registry/t28-513578.html. 
  86. ↑ "T-28 Trojan/51-3740". http://www.warbirdregistry.org/t28registry/t28-513740.html. 
  87. ↑ "T-28 Trojan/13-7661". http://www.warbirdregistry.org/t28registry/t28-137661.html. 
  88. ↑ "T-28 Trojan/13-8157". http://www.warbirdregistry.org/t28registry/t28-138157.html. 
  89. ↑ "T-28 Trojan/13-8284". http://www.warbirdregistry.org/t28registry/t28-138284.html. 
  90. ↑ "T-28 Trojan/13-8302". http://www.warbirdregistry.org/t28registry/t28-138302.html. 
  91. ↑ "T-28 Trojan/15-3652". http://www.warbirdregistry.org/t28registry/t28-153652.html. 
  92. ↑ "T-28 Trojan/14-6289". http://www.warbirdregistry.org/t28registry/t28-146289.html. 
  93. ↑ "T-28 Trojan/49-1494". http://www.warbirdregistry.org/t28registry/t28-491494.html. 
  94. ↑ "T-28 Trojan/49-1663". http://www.warbirdregistry.org/t28registry/t28-491663.html. 
  95. ↑ "T-28 Trojan/49-1679". http://www.warbirdregistry.org/t28registry/t28-491679.html. 
  96. ↑ "T-28 Trojan/49-1682". http://www.warbirdregistry.org/t28registry/t28-491682.html. 
  97. ↑ "T-28 Trojan/49-1689". http://www.warbirdregistry.org/t28registry/t28-491689.html. 
  98. ↑ "T-28 Trojan/49-1695". http://www.warbirdregistry.org/t28registry/t28-491695.html. 
  99. ↑ "T-28 Trojan/50-0300". http://www.warbirdregistry.org/t28registry/t28-500300.html. 
  100. ↑ "T-28 Trojan/51-3612". http://www.warbirdregistry.org/t28registry/t28-513612.html. 
  101. ↑ "T-28 Trojan/51-7500". http://www.warbirdregistry.org/t28registry/t28-517500.html. 
  102. ↑ "T-28 Trojan/13-7702". http://www.warbirdregistry.org/t28registry/t28-137702.html. 
  103. ↑ "T-28 Trojan/13-7796". http://www.warbirdregistry.org/t28registry/t28-137796.html. 
  104. ↑ "T-28 Trojan/13-8144". http://www.warbirdregistry.org/t28registry/t28-138144.html. 
  105. ↑ 105.0 105.1 "Our T-28s". https://thetrojanphlyers.com/our-t-28s/. 
  106. ↑ "US Navy and US Marine Corps BuNos--Third Series (135774 to 140052)". http://www.joebaugher.com/navy_serials/thirdseries16.html. 
  107. ↑ "T-28 Trojan/13-8247". http://www.warbirdregistry.org/t28registry/t28-138247.html. 
  108. ↑ "N63NA Aircraft Registration". https://flightaware.com/resources/registration/N63NA. 
  109. ↑ "NORTH AMERICAN T-28 TROJAN". https://airheritage.org/aircraft/north-american-t-28-trojan/. 
  110. ↑ "Aircraft on Display: T-28B Trojan". http://www.navalaviationmuseum.org/explore/exhibits-and-collections/aircraft-on-display. 
  111. ↑ "The T-28 Warbird Aerobatic Formation Demonstration Team". http://www.trojanhorsemen.com. 
  112. ↑ "T-28B Trojan". https://www.uss-hornet.org/visit-hornet/aircraft/t-28b-trojan/. 
  113. ↑ "T-28 Trojan/13-8353". http://www.warbirdregistry.org/t28registry/t28-138353.html. 
  114. ↑ "T-28 Trojan/14-0048". http://www.warbirdregistry.org/t28registry/t28-140048.html. 
  115. ↑ "OUR NORTH AMERICAN T-28 "TROJAN"". http://warbirdmuseumva.org/airplane.htm. 
  116. ↑ "T-28 Trojan/14-0454". http://www.warbirdregistry.org/t28registry/t28-140454.html. 
  117. ↑ "T-28 Trojan/14-0481". http://www.warbirdregistry.org/t28registry/t28-140481.html. 
  118. ↑ "T-28 Trojan/14-0557". http://www.warbirdregistry.org/t28registry/t28-140557.html. 
  119. ↑ "Historic Military Plane to Prepare Aircraft Mechanics at CV Tech". 23 June 2020. https://cvtech.edu/historic-military-plane-to-prepare-aircraft-mechanics-at-cv-tech/. 
  120. ↑ "T-28 Trojan/14-0659". http://www.warbirdregistry.org/t28registry/t28-140659.html. 
  121. ↑ "YAT-28E". http://www.t28trojanfoundation.com/yat-28e.html. 
  122. ↑ Donald and Lake 1996, p. 333

Bibliography

  • Andrade, John (1982). Militair 1982. London: Aviation Press Limited. ISBN 0-907898-01-7. 
  • Avery, Norm (1998). North American Aircraft: 1934–1998, Volume 1. Santa Ana, CA: Narkiewicz-Thompson. ISBN 0-913322-05-9. 
  • Compton, Frank (June 1983). "November 79 Zulu: the Story of the North American Nomad". Sport Aviation. 
  • Cooper, Tom (2017). Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 1: Aerial Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula, 1962-1994. Solihull, UK: Helion & Company Publishing. ISBN 978-1-912174-23-2. 
  • Darke, Stephen M. (Winter 2013). "The North American T-28D". Air-Britain Aeromilitaria 39 (156): 147–155. ISSN 0262-8791. 
  • Donald, David; Lake, Jon (1996). Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft. London: Aerospace Publishing. ISBN 1-874023-95-6. 
  • Fitzsimons, Bernie (1988). The Defenders: A Comprehensive Guide to Warplanes of the USA. London: Aerospace Publishing. ISBN 0-8317-2181-2. 
  • Ginter, Steve (1981). North American T-28 Trojan. Naval Fighters. 5 (First ed.). California: Ginter Books. ISBN 0-942612-05-1. 
  • Green, William (1956). Observers Aircraft, 1956. London: Frederick Warne Publishing. 
  • Hagedorn, Daniel P. (1993). Central American and Caribbean Air Forces. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 0-85130-210-6. 
  • Hellström, Leif (Autumn 2014). "T-28s in the Congo – Part 1: Stemming The Rebellion". Air-Britain Aeromilitaria 40 (159): 117–128. ISSN 0262-8791. 
  • Hellström, Leif (Winter 2014). "T-28s in the Congo – Part 2: Heyday of the Trojan". Air-Britain Aeromilitaria 40 (160): 147–157. ISSN 0262-8791. 
  • Hellström, Leif (Spring 2015). "T-28s in the Congo – Part 3: The Twilight Years". Air-Britain Aeromilitaria 41 (161): 4–17. ISSN 0262-8791. 
  • Hobson, Chris (2001). Vietnam Air Losses, USAF/Navy/Marine, Fixed Wing Aircraft Losses in Southeast 1961–1973. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press. ISBN 1-85780-115-6. 
  • The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982–1985). London: Orbis Publishing. 1985. 
  • Krivinyi, Nikolaus (1977). World Military Aviation. New York: Arco Publishing Company. ISBN 0-668-04348-2. 
  • Pocock, Chris (September 1986). "Thailand Hones its Air Forces". Air International 31 (3): 113–121, 168. ISSN 0306-5634. 
  • Tate, Jess (May–June 1999). "Ultimate Trojan: North American's YAT-28E Project". Air Enthusiast (99): 58–59. ISSN 0143-5450. 
  • Taylor, John J.H.; Munson, Kenneth (1973). Jane's Pocket Book of Major Combat Aircraft. New York: Collier Books. ISBN 0-7232-3697-6. 
  • Thompson, Kevin (1999). North American Aircraft: 1934–1998 Volume 2. Santa Ana, CA: Narkiewicz-Thompson. ISBN 0-913322-06-7. 
  • Toperczer, Istvan (2001). MiG-17 and MiG-19 Units of the Vietnam War. London: Osprey Publishing Limited. ISBN 1-84176-162-1. 
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Further reading

  • Adcock, Al (1989). T-28 Trojan in Action. Squadron/Signal Publications Inc.. ISBN 0-89747-211-X. 
  • Cupido, Joe (September–October 1999). "Veteran United: A T-28D Trojan Meets Up with a Former Pilot". Air Enthusiast (83): 16–20. ISSN 0143-5450. 
  • Genat, Robert (1996). Final Tour of Duty - North American's T-28 Trojans. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press. ISBN 0-933424-61-2. 
  • Núñez Padin, Jorge Felix (2010). Núñez Padin, Jorge Felix. ed (in es). North American T-28 Fennec. Serie Aeronaval. 28. Bahía Blanca, Argentina: Fuerzas Aeronavales. ISBN 978-987-1682-02-7. 

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