Chemistry:Perchloryl fluoride
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| Names | |||
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| IUPAC name
Perchloryl fluoride
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| Other names
Chlorine oxyfluoride, Perchlorofluoride, Chlorine fluorine oxide, Trioxychlorofluoride, Perchloric acid fluoride
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| Identifiers | |||
3D model (JSmol)
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PubChem CID
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| Properties | |||
| ClO3F | |||
| Molar mass | 102.4496 g/mol | ||
| Appearance | Colorless gas | ||
| Odor | sweet odor | ||
| Density | 1.434 g/cm3 | ||
| Melting point | −147.8 °C (−234.0 °F; 125.3 K) | ||
| Boiling point | −46.7 °C (−52.1 °F; 226.5 K) | ||
| Critical point (T, P) | 95.2 °C (203.4 °F; 368.3 K), 53 standard atmospheres (5,400 kPa; 780 psi)[1] | ||
| 0.06 g/100 ml (20 °C), slow hydrolysis | |||
| Vapor pressure | 10.5 atm (20°C)[2] | ||
| Viscosity | 3.91 x 10−3 Pa.s (@ melting point) | ||
| Structure | |||
| Tetrahedral[3]:373 | |||
| Thermochemistry | |||
Std molar
entropy (S |
278.97 J/(mol*K) | ||
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298) |
-21.42 kJ/mol [4]:380 | ||
| Hazards | |||
| Main hazards | oxidizing, toxic. Non-corrosive. | ||
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |||
Threshold limit value (TLV)
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3 ppm | ||
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |||
LC50 (median concentration)
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385 ppm (rat, 4 hr) 451 ppm (dog, 4 hr)[5] | ||
LCLo (lowest published)
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2000 ppm (rat, 40 min) 451 ppm (dog, 4 hr)[5] | ||
| NIOSH (US health exposure limits): | |||
PEL (Permissible)
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TWA 3 ppm (13.5 mg/m3)[2] | ||
REL (Recommended)
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TWA 3 ppm (14 mg/m3) ST 6 ppm (28 mg/m3)[2] | ||
IDLH (Immediate danger)
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100 ppm[2] | ||
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |||
 verify (what is   ?)
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| Infobox references | |||
Perchloryl fluoride[6] is a reactive gas with the chemical formula ClO3F. It has a characteristic sweet odor[7] that resembles gasoline and kerosene. It is toxic and is a powerful oxidizing and fluorinating agent. It is the acid fluoride of perchloric acid.
In spite of its small enthalpy of formation (ΔHf° = −5.2 kcal/mol), it is kinetically stable, decomposing only at 400 °C.[3]:380 It is quite reactive towards reducing agents and anions, however, with the chlorine atom acting as an electrophile.[3]:382 It reacts explosively with reducing agents such as metal amides, metals, hydrides, etc.[7] Its hydrolysis in water occurs very slowly, unlike that of chloryl fluoride.
Synthesis and chemistry
Perchloryl fluoride is produced primarily by the fluorination of perchlorates. Antimony pentafluoride is a commonly used fluorinating agent:[3]:372–373
- ClO−4 + 3 HF + 2 SbF5 → ClO3F + H3O+ + 2 SbF−6
ClO3F reacts with alcohols to produce alkyl perchlorates, which are extremely shock-sensitive explosives.[8] In the presence of a Lewis acid, it can be used for introducing the –ClO3 group into aromatic rings via electrophilic aromatic substitution.[9]
Applications
Perchloryl fluoride is used in organic chemistry as a mild fluorinating agent.[3]:383 It was the first industrially relevant electrophilic fluorinating agent, used since the 1960s for producing fluorinated steroids.[8] In the presence of aluminum trichloride, it has also been used as an electrophilic perchlorylation reagent for aromatic compounds.[10]
Perchloryl fluoride was investigated as a high performance liquid rocket fuel oxidizer.[11] In comparison with chlorine pentafluoride and bromine pentafluoride, it has significantly lower specific impulse, but does not tend to corrode tanks. It does not require cryogenic storage. Rocket fuel chemist John Drury Clark reported in his book Ignition! that perchloryl fluoride is completely miscible with all-halogen oxidizers such as chlorine trifluoride and chlorine pentafluoride, and such a mixture provides the needed oxygen to properly burn carbon-containing fuels.[12]
It can also be used in flame photometry as an excitation source.[13]
Safety
Perchloryl fluoride is toxic, with a TLV of 3 ppm.[14] It is a strong lung- and eye-irritant capable of producing burns on exposed skin. Its IDLH level is 100 ppm.[15] Symptoms of exposure include dizziness, headaches, syncope, and cyanosis. Exposure to toxic levels causes severe respiratory tract inflammation and pulmonary edema.[11]
See also
References
- ↑ Budavari, Susan, ed (1989). "7297. Perchloryl Fluoride". The Merck Index — Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck. p. 1231. IA147021.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0490". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0490.html.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Harry Julius Emeléus; A. G. Sharpe (1976). Advances in inorganic chemistry and radiochemistry, Volume 18. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-023618-4.
- ↑ NIST Chemistry WebBook, SRD 69. 2018. https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C7616946&Units=SI&Mask=1#Thermo-Gas.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Perchloryl fluoride". Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/7616946.html.
- ↑ Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory. "Perchloryl fluoride". National Institute of Standards and Technology. http://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/cbook.cgi?ID=C7616946.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Jared Ledgard (2007). The Preparatory Manual of Explosives (3rd ed.). Lulu.com. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-615-14290-6.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Peer Kirsch (2004). Modern fluoroorganic chemistry: synthesis, reactivity, applications. Wiley-VCH. p. 74. ISBN 3-527-30691-9.
- ↑ Peter Bernard David De la Mare (1976). Electrophilic halogenation: reaction pathways involving attack by electrophilic halogens on unsaturated compounds. CUP Archive. p. 63. ISBN 0-521-29014-7.
- ↑ Inman, C. E.; Oesterling, R. E.; Tyczkowski, E. A. (1958-10-01). "Reactions of Perchloryl Fluoride with Organic Compounds. I. Perchlorylation of Aromatic Compounds1". Journal of the American Chemical Society 80 (19): 5286–5288. doi:10.1021/ja01552a069. ISSN 0002-7863.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 John Burke Sullivan; Gary R. Krieger (2001). Clinical environmental health and toxic exposures (2nd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 969. ISBN 0-683-08027-X.
- ↑ Clark, John D. (1972). Ignition! An informal history of liquid rocket propellants.. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-0725-1. OCLC 281664. https://library.sciencemadness.org/library/books/ignition.pdf.[page needed]
- ↑ Schmauch, G. E.; Serfass, E. J. (1958). "The Use of Perchloryl Fluoride in Flame Photometry". Applied Spectroscopy 12 (3): 98–102. doi:10.1366/000370258774615483. Bibcode: 1958ApSpe..12...98S.
- ↑ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0490.html.
- ↑ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. "Documentation for Immediately Dangerous To Life or Health Concentrations (IDLHs)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/7616946.html.
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