Physics:List of mesons

Short description: None

The decay of a kaon (K⁺) into three pions (2 π⁺, 1 π⁻) is a process that involves both weak and strong interactions.

Weak interactions: The strange antiquark (s) of the kaon transmutes into an up antiquark (u) by the emission of a W⁺ boson; the W⁺ boson subsequently decays into a down antiquark (d) and an up quark (u).

Strong interactions: An up quark (u) emits a gluon (g) which decays into a down quark (d) and a down antiquark (d).

This list is of all known and predicted scalar, pseudoscalar and vector mesons. See list of particles for a more detailed list of particles found in particle physics.

This article contains a list of mesons, unstable subatomic particles composed of one quark and one antiquark. They are part of the hadron particle family—particles made of quarks. The other members of the hadron family are the baryons—subatomic particles composed of three quarks. The main difference between mesons and baryons is that mesons have integer spin (thus are bosons) while baryons are fermions (half-integer spin). Because mesons are bosons, the Pauli exclusion principle does not apply to them. Because of this, they can act as force mediating particles on short distances, and thus play a part in processes such as the nuclear interaction.

Since mesons are composed of quarks, they participate in both the weak and strong interactions. Mesons with net electric charge also participate in the electromagnetic interaction. They are classified according to their quark content, total angular momentum, parity, and various other properties such as C-parity and G-parity. While no meson is stable, those of lower mass are nonetheless more stable than the most massive mesons, and are easier to observe and study in particle accelerators or in cosmic ray experiments. They are also typically less massive than baryons, meaning that they are more easily produced in experiments, and will exhibit higher-energy phenomena sooner than baryons would. For example, the charm quark was first seen in the J/Psi meson (J/ψ) in 1974, and the bottom quark in the upsilon meson (ϒ) in 1977. The top quark (the last and heaviest quark to be discovered to date) was first observed at Fermilab in 1995.

Each meson has a corresponding antiparticle (antimeson) where quarks are replaced by their corresponding antiquarks and vice versa. For example, a positive pion (π⁺) is made of one up quark and one down antiquark; and its corresponding antiparticle, the negative pion (π⁻), is made of one up antiquark and one down quark. Although tetraquarks with two quarks and two antiquarks can be considered mesons they are not listed here.

The symbols encountered in these lists are: P (parity), C (C-parity), G (G-parity), u (up quark), d (down quark), s (strange quark), c (charm quark), b (bottom quark), I (isospin), J (total angular momentum), Q (charge), B (baryon number), S (strangeness), C (charm), and B′ (bottomness), as well as a wide array of subatomic particles (hover mouse for name).

Summary table

Because this table was initially derived from published results and many of those results were preliminary, as many as 64 of the mesons in the following table may not exist or have the wrong mass or quantum numbers.

Nomenclature of flavourless mesons

qq content	I	JPC
		0−+, 2−+, 4−+, ...	1+−, 3+−, 5+−, ...	1−−, 2−−, 3−−, ...	0++, 1++, 2++, ...
ud $\frac{u\overline{u}-d\overline{d}}{\sqrt{2}}$ du	1	pion+ pion0 pion-	b+ b0 b−	rho+ rho0 rho-	a+ a0 a−
Mix of uu, dd, ss	0	Eta Eta prime	h h′	omega meson phi meson	f f′
cc	0	Charmed Eta	hc	ψ	χc
bb	0	Bottom Eta	hb	Upsilon	χb
tt	0	Top Eta	ht	Theta meson	χt

Nomenclature of flavoured mesons

Quark	Antiquark
	up	down	charm	strange	top	bottom
up	N/A		AntiD0	Kaon+	AntiT0	B+
down		N/A	D-	Kaon0	T-	B0
charm	D0	D+	N/A	Strange D+	Charmed AntiT0	Charmed B+
strange	Kaon-	AntiKaon0	Strange D-	N/A	Strange T-	Strange B0
top	T0	T+	Charmed T0	Strange T+	N/A	Bottom T+
bottom	B-	antiB0	Charmed B-	Strange AntiB0	Bottom T-	N/A

Meson summary table

Light unflavoured (S = C = B = 0)				Strange (S = ±1, C = B = 0)		Charmed, strange (C = S = ±1)		cc
	IG(JPC)		IG(JPC)		I(JP)		I(JP)		IG(JPC)
π±	1−(0−)	Φ(1680)	0−(1−−)	K±	⁠1/2⁠(0−)	D±s	0(0−)	ηc(1S)	0+(0−+)
π0	1−(0−+)	ρ3(1690)	1+(3−−)	K0	⁠1/2⁠(0−)	D*±s	0(1−)	J/ψ(1S)	0−(1−−)
η	0+(0−+)	ρ(1700)	1+(1−−)	K0S	⁠1/2⁠(0−)	D*s0(2317)±	0(0+)	χc0(1P)	0+(0++)
f0(500)	0+(0++)	a2(1700)	1−(2++)	K0L	⁠1/2⁠(0−)	Ds1(2460)±	0(1+)	χc1(1P)	0+(1++)
ρ(770)	1+(1−−)	f0(1710)	0+(0++)	K*0(800)	⁠1/2⁠(0+)	Ds1(2536)±	0(1+)	hc(1P)	0−(1+−)
ω(782)	0−(1−−)	η(1760)	0+(0−+)	K*(892)	⁠1/2⁠(1−)	D*s2(2573)	0(2+)	χc2(1P)	0+(2++)
η′ (958)	0+(0−+)	π(1800)	1−(0−+)	K1(1270)	⁠1/2⁠(1+)	D*s1(2700)±	0(1−)	ηc(2S)	0+(0−+)
f0(980)	0+(0++)	f2(1810)	0+(2++)	K1(1400)	⁠1/2⁠(1+)	D*s3(2860)±	0(3−)	ψ(2S)	0−(1−−)
a0(980)	1−(0++)	X(1835)	0+(0−+)	K*(1410)	⁠1/2⁠(1−)	DsJ(3040)±	0(??)	ψ(3770)	0−(1−−)
φ(1020)	0−(1−−)	φ3(1850)	0−(3−−)	K*0(1430)	⁠1/2⁠(0+)	Bottom (B = ±1)		ψ2(3823)	0−(2−−)
h1(1170)	0−(1+−)	η1(1855)	0+(2−+)	K*2(1430)	⁠1/2⁠(2+)			χc1(3872)	0+(1++)
b1(1235)	1+(1+−)	η2(1870)	0+(2−+)	K(1460)	⁠1/2⁠(0−)	B±	⁠1/2⁠(0−)	X(3900)±	?(1+)
a1(1260)	1−(1++)	π2(1880)	1−(2−+)	K2(1580)	⁠1/2⁠(2−)	B0	⁠1/2⁠(0−)	X(3900)0	?(??)
f2(1270)	0+(2++)	ρ(1900)	1+(1−−)	K(1630)	⁠1/2⁠(??)	B±/B0 Admixture		χc0(2P)	0+(0++)
f1(1285)	0+(1++)	f2(1910)	0+(2++)	K1(1650)	⁠1/2⁠(1+)	B±/B0/B0s/b-baryon Admixture		χc2(2P)	0+(2++)
η(1295)	0+(0−+)	f2(1950)	0+(2++)	K*(1680)	⁠1/2⁠(1−)			X(3940)	??(???)
π(1300)	1−(0−+)	ρ3(1990)	1+(3−−)	K2(1770)	⁠1/2⁠(2−)	Vcb and Vub CKM Matrix Admixture		X(4020)±	?(??)
a2(1320)	1−(2++)	f2(2010)	0+(2++)	K*3(1780)	⁠1/2⁠(3−)			ψ(4040)	0−(1−−)
f0(1370)	0+(0++)	f0(2020)	0+(0++)	K2(1820)	⁠1/2⁠(2−)	B*	⁠1/2⁠(1−)	X(4050)±	?(??)
h1(1415)	0−(1+−)	a4(1970)	1−(4++)	K(1830)	⁠1/2⁠(0−)	B*J(5732)	?(??)	X(4140)	0+(??+)
π1(1400)	1−(1−+)	f4(2050)	0+(4++)	K*0(1950)	⁠1/2⁠(0+)	B1(5721)0	⁠1/2⁠(1+)	ψ(4160)	0−(1−−)
η(1405)	0+(0−+)	π2(2100)	1−(2−+)	K*2(1980)	⁠1/2⁠(2+)	B*1(5721)0	⁠1/2⁠(2+)	X(4160)	??(???)
f1(1420)	0+(1++)	f0(2100)	0+(0++)	K*0(2045)	⁠1/2⁠(4+)	Bottom, strange (B = ±1, S = ∓1)		X(4250)±	?(??)
ω(1420)	0−(1−−)	f2(2150)	0+(2++)	K2(2250)	⁠1/2⁠(2−)			X(4260)	??(1−−)
f2(1430)	0+(2++)	ρ(2150)	1+(1−−)	K3(2320)	⁠1/2⁠(3+)	B0s	0(0−)	X(4350)	0+(??+)
a0(1450)	1−(0++)	φ(2170)	0−(1−−)	K*5(2380)	⁠1/2⁠(5−)	B*s	0(1−)	ψ(4360)	0−(1−−)
ρ(1450)	1+(1−−)	f0(2200)	0+(0++)	K4(2500)	⁠1/2⁠(4−)	Bs1(5830)0	0(1+)	ψ(4415)	0−(1−−)
η(1475)	0+(0−+)	fJ(2220)	0+(2++ or 4++)	K(3100)	??(???)	B*s2(5840)0	0(2+)	X(4430)±	?(1+)
f0(1500)	0+(0++)			Charmed (C = ±1)		B*sJ(5850)	?(??)	ψ(4660)	0−(1−−)
f1(1510)	0+(1++)	η(2225)	0+(0−+)			Bottom, charmed (B = C = ±1)		bb
f′2(1525)	0+(2++)	ρ3(2250)	1+(3−−)	D±	⁠1/2⁠(0−)			ηb(1S)	0+(0−+)
f2(1565)	0+(2++)	f2(2300)	0+(2++)	D0	⁠1/2⁠(0−)	B+c	0(0−)	Υ(1S)	0−(1−−)
ρ(1570)	1+(1−−)	f4(2300)	0+(4++)	D*(2007)0	⁠1/2⁠(1−)	Bc(2S)±	0(0−)	χb0(1P)	0+(0++)
h1(1595)	0−(1+−)	f0(2330)	0+(0++)	D*(2010)±	⁠1/2⁠(1−)			χb1(1P)	0+(1++)
π1(1600)	1−(1−+)	f2(2340)	0+(2++)	D*0(2400)0	⁠1/2⁠(0+)			χb0(2P)	0+(0++)
a1(1640)	1−(1++)	ρ5(2350)	1+(5−−)	D*0(2400)±	⁠1/2⁠(0+)			hb(1P)	0−(1+−)
f2(1640)	0+(2++)	a6(2450)	1−(6++)	D1(2420)0	⁠1/2⁠(1+)			χb2(1P)	0+(2++)
η2(1645)	0+(2−+)	f6(2510)	0+(6++)	D1(2420)±	⁠1/2⁠(??)			ηb(2S)	0+(0−+)
ω(1650)	0−(1−−)	Other light		D1(2430)0	⁠1/2⁠(1+)			Υ(2S)	0−(1−−)
ω3(1670)	0−(3−−)	Further States		D*2(2460)0	⁠1/2⁠(2+)			Υ(1D)	0−(2−−)
π2(1670)	1−(2−+)	Further states		D*2(2460)±	⁠1/2⁠(2+)			χb0(2P)	0+(0++)
				D(2550)0	⁠1/2⁠(0−)			χb1(2P)	0+(1++)
				D(2600)	⁠1/2⁠(??)			hb(2P)	0−(1+−)
				D*(2640)±	⁠1/2⁠(??)			χb2(2P)	0+(2++)
				D(2750)	⁠1/2⁠(??)			Υ(3S)	0−(1−−)
								χb(3P)	??(??+)
								Υ(4S)	0−(1−−)
								X(10610)±	1+(1+)
								X(10610)0	1+(1+)
								X(10650)±	?+(1+)
								Υ(10860)	0−(1−−)
								Υ(11020)	0−(1−−)

Mesons named with the letter "f" are scalar mesons (as opposed to a pseudo-scalar meson), and mesons named with the letter "a" are axial-vector mesons (as opposed to an ordinary vector meson) a.k.a. an isoscalar vector meson, while the letters "b" and "h" refer to axial-vector mesons with positive parity, negative C-parity, and quantum numbers I^G of 1⁺ and 0⁻ respectively.

The, "f", "a", "b" and "h" mesons are not listed in the tables below and their internal structure and quark content is a matter of ongoing investigation. The particle described in the table above as f₀(500) has historically been known by two other names: f₀(600) and σ (sigma).

A complete set of meson naming conventions is set forth in a 2017 review article for the Particle Data Group which also contains a table mapping pre-2016 common names to the new Particle Data Group standard naming conventions for XYZ mesons.

Meson properties

The following lists details for all known and predicted pseudoscalar (J^P = 0⁻) and vector (J^P = 1⁻) mesons.

The properties and quark content of the particles are tabulated below; for the corresponding antiparticles, simply change quarks into antiquarks (and vice versa) and flip the sign of Q, B, S, C, and B′. Particles with ^† next to their names have been predicted by the Standard Model but not yet observed. Values in red have not been firmly established by experiments, but are predicted by the quark model and are consistent with the measurements.

Pseudoscalar mesons

Pseudoscalar mesons

Particle name	Particle symbol	Antiparticle symbol	Quark content	Rest mass [MeV/c2]	IG	JPC	S	C	B′	Mean lifetime [s]	Commonly decays to (>5% of decays)
Pion	Pion+	Pion-	Up quarkDown antiquark	0139.57018 139.57018±0.00035	1−	0−	0	0	0	-08.2 (2.6033±0.0005)×10−8	Antimuon + Muon neutrino
Pion	Pion0	Self	$\frac{u\overline{u}-d\overline{d}}{\sqrt{2}}$	0134.9766 134.9766±0.0006	1−	0−+	0	0	0	-17 (8.52±0.18)×10−17	Photon + Photon
Eta meson	Eta	Self	$\frac{u\overline{u}+d\overline{d}-2s\overline{s}}{\sqrt{6}}$	0547.862 547.862±0.018	0+	0−+	0	0	0	-19 (5.02±0.19)×10−19	Photon + Photon or Pion0 + Pion0 + Pion0 or Pion+ + Pion0 + Pion-
Eta prime meson	Eta prime(958)	Self	$\frac{\mathrm{u}\overline{\mathrm{u}}\mathrm{+}\mathrm{d}\overline{\mathrm{d}}\mathrm{+}\mathrm{s}\overline{\mathrm{s}}}{\sqrt{3}}$	0957.78 957.78±0.06	0+	0−+	0	0	0	-21 (3.32±0.15)×10−21	Pion+ + Pion- + Eta or (rho0 + Photon) / (Pion+ + Pion- + Photon) or Pion0 + Pion0 + Eta
Charmed eta meson	Charmed eta(1S)	Self	charm quarkcharm antiquark	2983.6±0.7	0+	0−+	0	0	0	-23 (2.04±0.05)×10−23	See ηc decay modes
Bottom eta meson	Bottom eta(1S)	Self	bBottom antiquark	9398.0±3.2	0+	0−+	0	0	0	-23 (6.58±0.15)×10−23	See ηb decay modes
Kaon	Kaon+	Kaon-	Up quarkStrange antiquark	0493.677 493.677±0.016	⁠1/2⁠	0−	1	0	0	-08.3 (1.2380±0.0021)×10−8	Antimuon + Muon neutrino or pion+ + pion0 or pion0 + positron + Electron neutrino or pion+ + pion+ + pion-
Kaon	Kaon0	Antikaon0	Down quarkStrange antiquark	0497.614 497.614±0.024	⁠1/2⁠	0−	1	0	0
K-Short	K-short0	Self	$\frac{d\overline{s}-s\overline{d}}{\sqrt{2}}$	0497.614 497.614±0.024	⁠1/2⁠	0−	(*)	0	0	-11 (8.954±0.004)×10−11	pion+ + pion- or pion0 + pion0
K-Long	K0L	Self	$\frac{d\overline{s}+s\overline{d}}{\sqrt{2}}$	0497.614 497.614±0.024	⁠1/2⁠	0−	(*)	0	0	-08.1 (5.116±0.021)×10−8	Pion+- + electron-+ + Electron neutrino or Pion+- + muon-+ + Muon neutrino or Pion0 + Pion0 + Pion0 or Pion+ + Pion0 + Pion-
D meson	D+	D-	Charm quarkDown antiquark	1869.61±0.10	⁠1/2⁠	0−	0	+1	0	-12.4 (1.040±0.007)×10−12	See D+ decay modes
D meson	D0	AntiD0	Charm quarkup antiquark	1864.84±0.07	⁠1/2⁠	0−	0	+1	0	-13.3 (4.101±0.015)×10−13	See D0 decay modes
strange D meson	Strange D+	Strange D-	Charm quarkstrange antiquark	1968.30±0.11	0	0−	+1	+1	0	-13.1 (5.00±0.07)×10−13	See D+s decay modes
B meson	B+	B-	up quarkbottom antiquark	5279.26±0.17	⁠1/2⁠	0−	0	0	+1	-12.1 (1.638±0.004)×10−12	See B+ decay modes
B meson	B0	AntiB0	Down quarkBottom antiquark	5279.58±0.17	⁠1/2⁠	0−	0	0	+1	-12.2 (1.519±0.009)×10−12	See B0 decay modes
Strange B meson	Strange B0	Strange AntiB0	strange quarkBottom antiquark	5366.77±0.24	0	0−	−1	0	+1	-12.3 (1.512±0.007)×10−12	See B0s decay modes
Charmed B meson	Charmed B+	Charmed B-	Charm quarkbottom antiquark	6275.6±1.1	0	0−	0	+1	+1	-13.2 (4.52±0.33)×10−13	See B+c decay modes

^[a] ^ Makeup inexact due to non-zero quark masses.
^[b] ^ PDG reports the resonance width (Γ). Here the conversion τ = ⁠ħ/Γ⁠ is given instead.
^[c] ^ Strong eigenstate. No definite lifetime (see kaon notes below)
^[d] ^ The mass of the K0L and K0S are given as that of the K⁰. However, it is known that a difference between the masses of the K0L and K0S on the order of 2.2×10⁻¹¹ MeV/c² exists.
^[e] ^ Weak eigenstate. Makeup is missing small CP–violating term (see notes on neutral kaons below).

Vector mesons

Vector mesons

Particle name	Particle symbol	Antiparticle symbol	Quark content	Rest mass [MeV/c2]	IG	JPC	S	C	B′	Mean lifetime [s]	Commonly decays to (>5% of decays)
Charged rho meson	Rho+(770)	Rho-(770)	Up quarkDown antiquark	0775.11 775.11±0.34	1+	1−	0	0	0	-24 (4.41±0.02)×10−24	Pion+ + Pion0
Neutral rho meson	Rho0(770)	Self	$\frac{u\overline{u}-d\overline{d}}{\sqrt{2}}$	0775.26 775.26±0.25	1+	1−−	0	0	0	-24 (4.45±0.03)×10−24	Pion+ + Pion-
Omega meson	omega meson(782)	Self	$\frac{u\overline{u}+d\overline{d}}{\sqrt{2}}$	0783 782.65±0.12	0−	1−−	0	0	0	-23 (7.75±0.07)×10−23	Pion+ + Pion0 + Pion- or Pion0 + Photon
Phi meson	Phi meson(1020)	Self	Strange quarkStrange antiquark	1019.461±0.019	0−	1−−	0	0	0	-22.3 (1.54±0.01)×10−22	Kaon+ + Kaon- or K-short0 + K0L or (rho + pion) / (pion+ + pion0 + pion-)
J/Psi	J/Psi	Self	Charm quarkCharm antiquark	3096.916±0.011	0−	1−−	0	0	0	-21.1 (7.09±0.21)×10−21	See J/ψ(1S) decay modes
Upsilon meson	Upsilon(1S)	Self	bbottom antiquark	9460.30±0.26	0−	1−−	0	0	0	-20.3 (1.22±0.03)×10−20	See ϒ(1S) decay modes
Kaon	K∗+	Kaon*-	Up quarkStrange antiquark	0892 891.66±0.26	⁠1/2⁠	1−	1	0	0	-23.1 (3.26±0.06)×10−23	Kaon+ + Pion0 or Kaon0 + Pion+
Kaon	Kaon*0	Antikaon*0	Down quarkStrange antiquark	0896 895.81±0.19	⁠1/2⁠	1−	1	0	0	-20.2 (1.39±0.02)×10−23	Kaon+ + Pion- or Kaon0 + Pion0
D meson	D*+(2010)	D*-(2010)	Charm quarkDown antiquark	2010.26±0.07	⁠1/2⁠	1−	0	+1	0	-21.2 (7.89±0.17)×10−21	D0 + Pion+ or D+ + Pion0
D meson	D*0(2007)	AntiD*0(2007)	Charm quarkup antiquark	2006.96±0.10	⁠1/2⁠	1−	0	+1	0	-22.2 >3.1×10−22	D0 + Pion0 or D0 + Photon
Strange D meson	Strange D*+	Strange D*-	Charm quarkstrange antiquark	2112.1±0.4	0	1−	+1	+1	0	-22.1 >3.4×10−22	Strange D+ + Photon or Strange D+ + Pion0
B meson	B*+	B*-	up quarkbottom antiquark	5325.2±0.4	⁠1/2⁠	1−	0	0	+1	Unknown	B+ + Photon
B meson	B*0	AntiB*0	Down quarkBottom antiquark	5325.2±0.4	⁠1/2⁠	1−	0	0	+1	Unknown	B0 + Photon
Strange B meson	Strange B*0	Strange AntiB*0	strange quarkBottom antiquark	5415.4+2.4 −2.1	0	1−	−1	0	+1	Unknown	Strange B0 + Photon
Charmed B meson†	Charmed B*+	Charmed B*-	Charm quarkbottom antiquark	Unknown	0	1−	0	+1	+1	Unknown	Unknown

^[f] ^ PDG reports the resonance width (Γ). Here the conversion τ = ⁠ħ/Γ⁠ is given instead.
^[g] ^ The exact value depends on the method used. See the given reference for detail.

Notes on neutral kaons

There are two complications with neutral kaons:

• Due to neutral kaon mixing, the K-short0 and K0L are not eigenstates of strangeness. However, they are eigenstates of the weak force, which determines how they decay, so these are the particles with definite lifetime.
• The linear combinations given in the table for the K-short0 and K0L are not exactly correct, since there is a small correction due to CP violation. See CP violation in kaons.

Note that these issues also exist in principle for other neutral flavored mesons; however, the weak eigenstates are considered separate particles only for kaons because of their dramatically different lifetimes.

See also

• List of baryons
• List of particles
• Timeline of particle discoveries

References

Bibliography

• J.R. Pelaez (2016). "From controversy to precision on the sigma meson: a review on the status of the non-ordinary f0(500) resonance". Physics Reports 658: 1–111. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2016.09.001. Bibcode: 2016PhR...658....1P. https://eprints.ucm.es/41255/1/pelaezsagredo133preprint.pdf. 
• K.A. Olive (2014). "Review of Particle Physics". Chinese Physics C 38 (9): 1–708. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/38/9/090001. Bibcode: 2014ChPhC..38i0001O. 
• M.S. Sozzi (2008a). "Parity". Discrete Symmetries and CP Violation: From Experiment to Theory. Oxford University Press. pp. 15–87. ISBN 978-0-19-929666-8. https://archive.org/details/discretesymmetri00msoz. 
• M.S. Sozzi (2008a). "Charge Conjugation". Discrete Symmetries and CP Violation: From Experiment to Theory. Oxford University Press. pp. 88–120. ISBN 978-0-19-929666-8. https://archive.org/details/discretesymmetri00msoz. 
• M.S. Sozzi (2008c). "CP-Symmetry". Discrete Symmetries and CP Violation: From Experiment to Theory. Oxford University Press. pp. 231–275. ISBN 978-0-19-929666-8. https://archive.org/details/discretesymmetri00msoz. 
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External links

• Particle Data Group: The Review of Particle Physics; pdgLive – Meson Summary Table
• Mesons made thinkable, an interactive visualisation allowing physical properties to be compared

it:Lista dei mesoni