Astronomy:List of private spaceflight companies

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Private spaceflight companies include non-governmental or privately owned entities focused on developing and/or offering equipment and services geared towards spaceflight, both robotic and human. This list includes both inactive and active entities.

List of abbreviations used in this article
LEO: Low Earth orbit

GTO: Geostationary transfer orbit

HCO: Heliocentric orbit

VTOL: Vertical take-off and landing

SSTO: Single-stage-to-orbit

TSTO: Two-stage-to-orbit

SSTSO: Single-stage-to-sub-orbit

Commercial astronauts

  • Association of Spaceflight Professionals[1][2] — Astronaut training, applied research and development, payload testing and integration, mission planning and operations support (Christopher Altman, Soyeon Yi)[1][3]

Manufacturers of space vehicles

Main article: Astronomy:List of spacecraft manufacturers

Cargo transport vehicles

See also: Engineering:Comparison of space station cargo vehicles
Company name Spacecraft Launch system Length (m) Dry mass (kg) Launch mass (kg) Payload (kg) Payload volume (m3) Return payload (kg) Diameter (m) Generated power (W) Automated docking Status
SpaceX Dragon Falcon 9 Block 5 6.1 4,200[4] 10,200 6,000[5] pressurized or unpressurized, in any mixture[6] 10.0 (pressurized), plus 14 (unpressurized), or 34 (unpressurized with extended trunk)[7] 3,000 capsule return[8] 3.7 2,000[9] No Retired (21/22)
Dragon 2 Falcon 9 Block 5 8.1 6,400 6,000[5] 10.0 (pressurized), plus 14 (unpressurized) 3,000[5] 3.7 Yes Operational (12/12)
Starship (spacecraft) Super Heavy 52.1 - - - - - 9 - - Testing
Orbital Cygnus (standard) Antares 110 5.14 1,500[10] 2,000[10] 18.9[10] None 3.07 3,500[11] No Retired (3/4)
Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems Cygnus (enhanced) Antares 230

Atlas V 401 Falcon 9 Block 5

6.34 1,800[12] 3,500[12] 27[12] None 3.07 No Operational (16/16)
Sierra Space Dream Chaser Cargo System Atlas V

Vulcan[13]

16.8[14] 5,000 pressurized, 500 unpressurized[15] 1,750[15] Yes Development

(planned 2025, missed)

The Exploration Company Nyx Multiple 4,000 - 5,000[16] ~8 3,000[16] Yes Development
Inversion Space Arc[17] Multiple (rideshare)[17] small payloads No Development
Atmos Space Cargo Phoenix 1 Falcon 9 250 100 No Retired (1/1)
Phoenix 2 Multiple 100[18] 50 (mean), 100 (peak)[18] No Development (planned 2026)
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries HTV-X H3-24L 8.0 16,000 4,070 pressurised, 1,750 unpressurised 78 None 4.4 3,000 (3 kW) No Operational (1/1)
Rocket Factory Augsburg Redshift RFA One 1,300 (SSO)[19] None[19] No Development
HyImpulse Hymove SL1 400[20] None No Development
Impulse Space Mira Falcon 9 300[21] ~1[21] None 350[21] No Operational (3/3)
Helios Multiple[22] 4,000 - 5,500[22] 6.5 m tall x 4.5 m diameter[22] None No Development
AVIC (Chengdu Aircraft Design Institute) Haolong Zhuque-3 10 1,800 8 (wingspan) Yes Development
CAS Space Qingzhou Kinetica-2 (Lijian-2) 5 4,200 1,800–2,750 9 (cargo bay; 27 pressurized) None 3.3 Yes Testing (1/1)
Gravitics Diamondback[23] TBD 5–12 None No Development
Medusa[23] TBD None No Development
Viper OTX[23] TBD None No Development

Crew transport vehicles

See also: Engineering:Comparison of crewed space vehicles

Orbital

Company name Spacecraft Range Launch

system

Crew

size

Length (m) Diameter (m) Launch mass (kg) Power

system

First

spaceflight*

Status
Blue Origin Biconic Space Vehicle LEO New Glenn Planned date not known Development
Boeing CST-100 Starliner LEO Multiple, initially Atlas V 7[24] 5.03[25] 4.56[25] 13,000 Solar panels Crewed: 5 June 2024

(Uncrewed: 20 December 2019)

Operational
Sierra Space Dream Chaser Space System LEO Multiple, initially Vulcan Centaur 7[26] 9[27] 11,300[28] 2026[29] Development
SpaceX Dragon 2 LEO Falcon 9 Block 5 7[30] 8.1[31] 3.7[32] up to 6,000 Solar Crewed: May 30, 2020

(Uncrewed: 2 March 2019)

Operational (18/18)
Starship Mars[33][34] Super Heavy 50[33] 9[33][35] 1,335,000[33] Solar panels Planned: First Crewed: 2027[36] (First Uncrewed: 20 April 2023) Testing

(6/11)

* - Format: Crewed (Uncrewed), includes failures

Suborbital

Company name Spacecraft Range Launch

system

Crew

size

Length (m) Diameter (m) Launch mass (kg) First

spaceflight*

Status
Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne 100 km (62 mi) White Knight 1 8.53 8.05 3,600 21 June 2004 Retired (3/3)[37]
Blue Origin New Shepard Crew Capsule 114 km (71 mi) (capsule, using the launch escape system motor) New Shepard 6 3.6 Crewed: July 20, 2021

(Uncrewed: April 29, 2015)

Operational (23/24)
The Spaceship Company SpaceShipTwo 110 km (68 mi) White Knight Two 8 (6 passengers, 2 pilots) 18.3 8.3 9,740 13 December 2018 Testing (10/11)[38]
Copenhagen Suborbitals[39] Tycho Deep Space 105 km (65 mi) Spica 1 13 0.955 4,000 Development
PD AeroSpace (Unknown) 110 km (68 mi)[40] (Unknown) 8 (6 passengers, 2 pilots) 14.8[41] >6,000 Development
World View Explorer Capsule 30 km (19 mi) Stratospheric Balloon 10 (8 passengers, 1 pilot, 1 concierge) 5.5 4,500 Planned 2024 Development
Space Perspective Spaceship Neptune 30 km (19 mi)[42] Stratospheric Balloon First uncrewed flight: 15 September 2024 Development
Halo Space Aurora 40 km (24 mi)[43] Stratospheric Balloon[43] First uncrewed flight: December 2022 Development
* - Format: Crewed (Uncrewed), includes failures

Launch vehicle manufacturers

Company name Launcher

name

Launcher

type

No. of

stages

Maximum

reach

Launcher

status

Maiden

flight

Ref
ABL Space Systems RS1 Light rocket 2 LEO Retired (0/1) 10 January 2023 [44]
AgniKul Cosmos Agnibaan Light rocket 2 LEO Development Unknown
ARCA Space Haas 2b Suborbital crewed rocket 1 Suborbital Cancelled — [45]
Haas 2CA Light rocket 1 LEO Cancelled — [46]
Super Haas Medium rocket 2 LEO Cancelled — [47]
EcoRocket Demonstrator Reusable light rocket 3 LEO Development Unknown (2022 planned, missed) [48]
EcoRocket Heavy Heavy rocket 3 Deep space Proposed Unknown [48]
Arianespace Ariane 1 Medium rocket 3 LEO Retired (9/11) 1979
Ariane 2 Medium rocket 3 LEO Retired (5/6) 1986
Ariane 3 Medium rocket 3 LEO Retired (10/11) 1984
Ariane 4 Medium rocket 3 LEO Retired (113/116) 1988
Ariane 5 Heavy rocket 2 LEO Operational (112/117) 1996
Ariane 6 Heavy rocket 2 LEO Operational (5/6) 2024
Ariane Next Partially reusable heavy rocket 2 LEO Development 2030s
Australian Space Research Institute AUSROC Nano Light rocket 2 LEO Cancelled — [49]
Astra Space Astra Rocket 1 Sounding rocket 2 Suborbital Retired (0/1) 2018 [50][51][52]
Astra Rocket 2 Sounding rocket 2 Suborbital Retired (0/1) 2018 [53]
Astra Rocket 3 Light rocket 2 LEO Retired (2/5) 2020 [54][55]
Astra Rocket 4 Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2026 (planned) [56][57]
SALVO Light rocket 2 LEO Cancelled — [58][59][60]
Blue Origin New Shepard Reusable suborbital rocket 1 Suborbital Operational (22/23) 2015
New Glenn Reusable heavy rocket 2 or 3 GTO Operational (1/1) 2025 [61][62][63]
New Armstrong Reusable super-heavy rocket 3 HCO Proposed ~2030 (proposed)
BluShift Aerospace Stardust Reusable sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Operational (1/1) 2020
Starless Rogue Sounding rocket 2 Suborbital Cancelled —
Brown Dwarf Sounding rocket 2 or 3 Suborbital Cancelled —
Red Dwarf Light rocket 3 LEO Cancelled — (2024 planned, missed)
Borneo SubOrbitals TBA Sounding rocket 2 or 3 Suborbital Cancelled — (2022 planned, missed) [64][65][66]
Canadian Arrow Canadian Arrow Suborbital crewed rocket 2 Suborbital Cancelled — [67]
Dawn Aerospace Mk-II Aurora Reusable spaceplane 1 Suborbital Test flights (3/3) 2023 [68]
Evolution Space Gold Chain Cowboy Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Development 2023 [69][70]
Exos Aerospace SARGE Reusable sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Operational (3/4) 2018 [71][72]
Equatorial Space Systems Volans Light Rocket 3 LEO Development Unknown [73]
Dorado Sounding Rocket 1 or 2 Suborbital Development Unknown (2023 planned, missed) [74]
LAD Sounding Rocket 1 Suborbital Retired (1/1) 2020 [75]
Firefly Aerospace Firefly Alpha Light rocket 2 LEO Operational (4/5) 2021 [76]
Firefly MLV Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2026 (planned) [77]
Galactic Energy Ceres-1 Light Rocket 4 LEO Operational (23/24) 2020 [78]
Ceres-2 Light Rocket 4 LEO Testing (0/1) 2026 [79]
Pallas-1 Partially reusable medium rocket 2 SSO Development 2026 (planned) [80]
Pallas-2 Reusable super-heavy rocket Unknown Unknown Development Unknown [79]
Gilmour Space Technologies RASTA Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Retired (1/1) 2016 [81]
Eris Light rocket 3 LEO Testing (0/1) July 2025 [81]
Generation Orbit X-60A (GOLauncher 1) Air-launched sounding rocket 1 + airplane Suborbital Development Unknown [82][83]
GOLauncher 2 Air-launch-to-orbit 2 + airplane LEO Development Unknown
Independence-X Aerospace DNLV (Dedicated Nano Launch Vehicle) Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2023 (planned, missed) [84][85]
Interorbital Systems NEPTUNE N series Light rocket 3–4 LEO Development Unknown [86][87]
NEPTUNE N36 Light rocket 4 TLI Proposed Unknown [86][87]
Neptune TSAAHTO Medium rocket 2½ TLI Proposed Unknown [86]
Interstellar Technologies Momo Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Operational (3/7) 2017 [88][89]
ZERO Light rocket 2 LEO Development Unknown [90]
DECA Reusable Medium rocket 1-2 SSO Proposed Unknown [91]
Isar Aerospace Spectrum Light rocket 2 LEO Testing (0/1) 2025 [92]
Lockheed Martin VentureStar Reusable spaceplane 1 LEO Cancelled — [93]
Athena Medium rocket 2 or 3 TLI Retired (5/7) 1995
OneSpace OS-X Sounding rocket 2 Suborbital Operational (2/2) 2018 [94]
OS-M1 Light rocket 3 LEO Operational (0/1) 2019 [95]
OS-M2 Light rocket 3 + 2 boosters LEO Development Unknown [96]
OS-M4 Light rocket 3 + 4 boosters LEO Development Unknown [97]
Orbex Prime Light rocket 2 LEO Cancelled — [98]
OrbitX Haribon SLS-1 Light rocket 2 LEO Cancelled — (2023–2024 planned, missed)
Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems Antares Medium rocket 3 LEO Retired (17/18) 2013 [99]
Minotaur-C, formerly Taurus Light rocket 4 LEO Retired (7/10) 1994 [100][101][102]
Pegasus Air-launch-to-orbit 3-4 + airplane HEO Retired (40/45) 1990
Omega Medium rocket 3 + 0-6 boosters GEO Cancelled (planned 2021, missed) [103]
Orbital Transport & Raketen AG OTRAG Medium rocket Variable LEO (designed)

Suborbital (achieved)

Retired (15/18) 1977 [104]
Perigee Aerospace Blue Whale 1 Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2025 [105][106]
PLD Space Miura 1 Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Operational (1/1) 6 October 2023 [107][108][109][110][111]
Miura 5 Light rocket 3 LEO Development 2026 (planned) [110]
Miura Next Reusable light rocket 2 LEO Development Unknown [112]
Relativity Space Terran 1 Light rocket 2 LEO Retired (0/1) 23 March 2023
Terran R Reusable heavy rocket 2 Deep space Development 2026 (planned) [113]
Rocket Lab Ātea-1 Sounding rocket 2 Suborbital Retired (1/1) 2009 [114][115]
Ātea-2 Sounding rocket 2 Suborbital Cancelled — [116]
Electron Reusable light rocket 2 TLI Operational (34/37) 2017 [117]
Neutron Reusable medium rocket 2 GTO Development 2026 (planned) [118][119]
Rocket Factory Augsburg RFA One Light rocket 3 LEO Development 2026 (planned) [120][121][92]
Skyroot Aerospace Vikram-S Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Operational (1/1) 2022 [122]
Vikram-I Light rocket 4 LEO Operational (0/0) 2026 [123]
Vikram-II Light rocket 3 LEO Development 2027 (planned) [124]
Skyrora Skyrora 1 Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Development Unknown [125][126][127]
Skylark Micro Sounding rocket 2 Suborbital Operational (1/1) 2021 [128]
Skylark L Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Development 2022 (planned, missed) [129][130]
Skyrora XL Light rocket 3 LEO Development 2023 (planned, missed) [131][132][133][134]
Space Services Inc. Percheron Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Cancelled — [135]
Conestoga 1620 Medium rocket 4 LEO (designed)

Suborbital (achieved)

Retired (0/1) 1995 [135]
Space Pioneer Tiansuo-1 Vertical landing test stage 1 Suborbital Development Unknown [136]
Tianlong-1 Light rocket LEO Testing

(0/1)

2026 [136][137]
Tianlong-2 Light rocket LEO Operational (1/1) 2023
Tianlong-3 Reusable light rocket LEO Development 2026 (planned)
SpaceX Falcon 1 Light rocket 2 LEO Retired (2/5) 2006 [138]
Falcon 1e Light rocket 2 LEO Cancelled — [138]
Falcon 5 Medium rocket 2 GTO Cancelled — [139]
Falcon 9 v1.0 Medium rocket 2 GTO (designed)

LEO (achieved)

Retired (5/5) 2010 [140]
Falcon 9 v1.1 Medium rocket 2 HCO Retired (14/15) 2013 [140]
Falcon 9 Full Thrust

Block 1–4

Reusable medium rocket /

Heavy rocket (expendable)

2 TMI[141] Retired (36/36) 2015 [140]
Falcon 9 Block 5 Reusable medium rocket /

Heavy rocket (expendable)

2 TMI[141] Operational (57/57) 2018 [142][143]
Falcon Heavy Reusable heavy rocket /

Super-heavy rocket (expendable)

2 + 2 boosters Deep space (Pluto)[144] Operational (3/3) 2018 [140][145]
Starship Super-Heavy Reusable super-heavy rocket 2 Deep space Testing (4/9) 2023
Stoke Space Nova Reusable light rocket 2 LEO Development Unknown [146]
Success Rockets Nebo 1 Ultralight rocket 1 Suborbital Operational (1/1) December 2021 [147]
Stalker Ultralight rocket 2 LEO Development (Planned 2024, missed) [148]
Cosmos Ultralight rocket 2 LEO Development Unknown
United Launch Alliance Atlas V Medium rocket 2 + 0-5 boosters TMI Operational (98/99) 2002 [149]
Delta II 6000 Medium rocket 2-3 + 9 boosters GTO Retired (17/17) 1989 [150]
Delta II 7000 Light rocket 2-3 + 3, 4 or 9 boosters GTO Retired (130/132) 1990 [150]
Delta II 7000H Medium rocket 2-3 + 9 boosters TMI Retired (6/6) 2003 [150]
Delta IV Medium rocket 2 + 0, 2 or 4 boosters GTO Retired (29/29) 2003 [151]
Delta IV Heavy Heavy rocket 2 + 2 boosters GTO Retired (14/15) 2004 [152]
Vulcan Heavy rocket 2 + 0-6 boosters GTO Operational (4/4) 2024 [153][154]
UP Aerospace Spaceloft/Spaceloft XL Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Operational (18/19) 2006 [155]
Spyder Sounding rocket 2 Suborbital Development (Planned 2023, missed) [155]
Vector Launch Vector-R Light rocket 2 LEO Cancelled — (2 prototype launches in 2017)
Vector-RE1 Light rocket 2 or 3 LEO Cancelled —
Vector-H Light rocket 2 LEO Cancelled —
Vector-HE1 Light rocket 2 or 3 LEO Cancelled —
Virgin Orbit LauncherOne Air-launch-to-orbit 2 + airplane LEO Retired (4/6) 2020 (First successful attempt Jan 2021) [156]
Zero2infinity Bloostar Rockoon system (high-altitude balloon and space launcher) 3 + high-altitude balloon LEO Development Unknown [157]
CAS Space Lijian-1 (Kinetica-1) Medium rocket 4 LEO Operational (11/12) 27 July 2022
Kinetica-2 Medium rocket 2 LEO Operational (1/1) 2026 [158]
Kinetica-2 Heavy Partially reusable heavy rocket 2 + 2 boosters LEO Development 2028 (planned) [159]
Kinetica-3 Reusable heavy rocket LEO Development Unknown [159]
ExPace (CASIC) Kuaizhou-1 Light rocket 4 LEO Retired (2/2) 2013
Kuaizhou-1A Light rocket 4 LEO Operational (24/28) 2017
Kuaizhou-11 Medium rocket 4 LEO Operational (3/4) 2020
Honda Unknown Reusable rocket 1 Suborbital Testing (1/1) 2025 [160]
HyImpulse SR75 Sounding rocket 1 Suborbital Operational (1/1) 2024 [161]
SL1 Light rocket 3 LEO Development 2026 (planned) [162]
Innospace Hanbit-Nano Light rocket 2 LEO Testing (0/1) 2025 [163]
Hanbit-Micro Light rocket 2 LEO Development Unknown [164]
Hanbit-Mini Medium rocket 3 LEO Development Unknown [165]
iSpace (Beijing Interstellar Glory Space Technology) Hyperbola-1 Light rocket 4 LEO Operational (4/8) 2019 [166]
Hyperbola-2 Reusable light rocket 1–2 LEO Cancelled —
Hyperbola-3 Reusable medium rocket 2 LEO Development 2026 (planned) [166]
LandSpace Zhuque-1 Light rocket 2 LEO Retired (1/1) 2018 [167]
Zhuque-2 Medium rocket 2 LEO Operational (4/6) 2023 [167]
Zhuque-3 Partially reusable medium rocket 2 LEO Testing (1/1) 2025 [168]
Latitude (formerly Venture Orbital Systems) Zephyr Light rocket 2 LEO Development 2027 (planned) [169]
LinkSpace RLV-T Reusable suborbital test vehicle 1 Suborbital Retired 2019
NewLine-1 Light rocket 2 LEO Development Unknown
MaiaSpace Maia Reusable light rocket 2 LEO Development 2027 (planned)
Orienspace Gravity-1 Heavy rocket 4 LEO Operational (2/2) 2024
Gravity-2 Partially reusable heavy rocket 2 LEO Development 2026 [170]
Gravity-3 Partially reusable heavy rocket 3 LEO Development Unknown
Phantom Space Daytona Light rocket 2 LEO Development Unknown [171]
Space One KAIROS Light rocket 4 LEO Testing (0/3) 2024

Landers, rovers and orbiters

Company name Craft name Craft type Craft status First Launch Ref
Astrobotic Technology Griffin Lander (previously Artemis Lander) Lunar lander Development 2026 (planned) [172]
Peregrine Lander Lunar lander Retired (0/1) 2024 [153][173]
Blue Origin Blue Moon Crewed Lunar lander Development 2026 (planned)
Integrated Lander Vehicle Crewed lunar lander Paused Unknown
Dynetics Dynetics HLS Crewed Lunar lander Cancelled Unknown
Euroluna ROMIT Lunar lander Cancelled — [174]
Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost Lunar lander Operational (1/1) 2025
Elytra Lunar Orbiter Development 2026 (planned) [175]
Golden Spike Company

(defunct)

unnamed Crewed lunar lander Cancelled [176]
Hakuto Sorato Lunar rover Cancelled [177][178]
Tetris Lunar rover Cancelled [179]
Independence-X Aerospace SQUALL (Scientific Quest Unmanned Autonomous Lunar Lander) Lunar lander Cancelled [180]
Interorbital Systems RIPPER (Robotic InterPlanetary Prospector Excavator Retriever) Lunar lander Development [181]
Intuitive Machines Universal Reentry Vehicle (URV)[182] Reusable orbital vehicle Development [183]
IM-1 (Odysseus) Lunar lander Operational (1/1) 2024
IM-2 (Athena) Lunar lander Retired (0/1) 2025
IM-3 Lunar lander Development
IM-4 Lunar lander Development
IM-5 Lunar lander (Nova-D cargo class) Development
Lunar Mission One unnamed Lunar lander Cancelled [184]
Lunar Outpost MAPP rover Lunar rover Lost [185]
Masten Space Systems XEUS Lunar lander Cancelled [186]
XL-1 Lunar lander Cancelled [187]
Moon Express MX-1 Lunar lander Cancelled [186][188]
Odyssey Moon MoonOne (M-1) Lunar rover Cancelled [189]
OrbitBeyond Z-01 Lunar lander and rover Cancelled [190][191]
PTScientists Audi Lunar quattro Lunar rover Cancelled [192]
ALINA (Autonomous Landing and Navigation Module) Lunar lander Cancelled [193]
Puli Space Technologies Puli Lunar rover Cancelled [194]
SpaceX Starship Crewed mars lander Development
Starship HLS Crewed lunar lander Development
Team FREDNET Picorover Lunar rover Cancelled [195]
Team Indus HHK-1 Lunar lander Cancelled
ECA Lunar rover Cancelled
TransOrbital TrailBlazer Lunar orbiter Cancelled [196]
Synergy Moon Tesla Lunar rover Cancelled [197]
Blue Canyon Technologies Various smallsat buses (Draper farside relay sats; multiple NASA science smallsats) Lunar orbiter Operational
Ceres Robotics (lunar lander) Lunar lander Proposed
Draper CP-12 / SERIES-2 (using ispace APEX 1.0 lander) Lunar lander Development 2026 (planned)
Dymon YAOKI Lunar rover Development
Interlune He-3 harvester / lander Lunar lander Development
Intuitive Machines Moon RACER (with Boeing, Northrop Grumman, AVL, Michelin) Lunar rover Cancelled
ispace Hakuto-R Mission 1 Lunar lander Retired (0/1) 2022
RESILIENCE Lunar lander Retired (0/1) 2025
Tenacious Lunar rover Operational (0/1) 2025
ispace EU (with SSTL and Airbus) Lunar Pathfinder Lunar lander Development 2026 (planned)
ispace U.S. APEX 1.0 Lunar lander Development 2026 (planned)
Lunar Outpost Eagle / Lunar Dawn LTV (with Lockheed Martin, GM, Goodyear, MDA Space) Lunar rover Development
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries LUPEX rover (with ISRO Chandrayaan-class lander) Lunar rover Development
Quantum Space Ranger / Sentry Lunar lander Development
Rocket Lab Photon (CAPSTONE bus) Lunar orbiter Operational 2022
ESCAPADE (twin Mars orbiters, Photon bus) Mars orbiter Development
Aspera UV astronomy spacecraft (LEO) Development
Toyota Lunar Cruiser Crewed lunar rover Development 2029 (planned)
Astrobotic Technology CubeRover (CubeRover-1 and modular product line) Lunar rover Development 2025
GITAI GITAI Lunar Rover Lunar rover Development [198]

Research craft and tech demonstrators

Company name Craft name Craft purpose Craft status Ref
ARCA Demonstrator 2b demonstrate reusable monopropellant engine Retired
Armadillo Aerospace Quad demonstrate VTOL Retired
ASRI AUSROC I systems Testing Retired
AUSROC II payload to 10 km Retired
AUSROC 2.5 systems Testing Testing
AUSROC III payload of 150 kg to 500 km Development
Blue Origin Goddard demonstrate VTOL Retired
Deep Blue Aerospace Nebula-1 demonstrate VTOL Development [199]
Evolution Space Gold Chain Cowboy systems testing, payload to 124 km Development [69]
Interorbital Systems Neutrino systems Testing Operational
Tachyon systems Testing Operational [200]
Lockheed Martin X-33 demonstrate SSTO Cancelled
Masten Space Systems XA-0.1 demonstrate VTOL Retired
XA-0.1B Lunar Lander Challenge Level 1 Retired
XA-0.1E Lunar Lander Challenge Level 2, commercial precursor flights Retired (12 flights)
XA-0.1E2 commercial flights Destroyed (115 flights)
XA-0.1E4 commercial flights Retired (75 flights)
XA-0.1E5 commercial flights Retired
XL-1T terrestrial test bed for the XL-1 lunar lander Cancelled
Xeus commercial flights Cancelled
McDonnell Douglas DC-X demonstrate VTOL Retired (11 test flights)
Origin Space Yang Wang-1 space mineral resources developer Operational [201]
Rotary Rocket Roton ATV demonstrate VTOL Retired (3 test flights)
Space Services Inc. Conestoga I systems Testing Retired (1 test) [135]
SpaceX Grasshopper demonstrate VTOL Retired (8 tests) [202]
F9R Dev1 refine VTOL (low altitude) Destroyed (5 flights) [203]
F9R Dev2 refine VTOL (high altitude) Cancelled
Starhopper demonstrate VTOL Retired (4 test flights)
Starship prototypes demonstrate VTOL Retired (7 test flight)
Swedish Space Corp. Maxus payload to 700 km Operational
Maser payload to 300 km Operational
UP Aerospace SpaceLoft XL payload to 140 km Operational [204]
World View Enterprises Stratollite payload up to 30 km and 300 kg Operational [205][206]
zero2infinity nanobloon 1.0 payload to 32 km Operational [207]
nanobloon 2.0 payload to 33 km Operational
microbloon 1.0 payload to 24 km Operational
microbloon 2.0 payload to 31 km Operational
microbloon 3.0 payload to 27 km Operational
Stratolaunch Roc (carrier aircraft) air-launch carrier platform Operational (24+)
Talon-A2 demonstrate reusable hypersonic flight (Mach 5+) with runway recovery Operational (2/2)
Stoke Space Hopper2 demonstrate VTVL with active regeneratively-cooled heat shield and differential-throttle thrust vector control Retired (1/1)

Propulsion manufacturers

Company name Engine Engine type Applications Status Ref
Ad Astra Rocket Company VASIMR plasma propulsion space tug/orbital transfer vehicle Development [208]
ARCA Executor LOX/RP-1 IAR 111, Haas 2, Haas 2b, Super Haas Development
ArianeGroup Vulcain LH2/LOX Ariane 5/Ariane 6 Main stage Operational
Blue Origin BE-3 LH2/LOX New Shepard Operational
BE-4 LOX/CH4 Vulcan, New Glenn Operational
Firefly Aerospace Reaver LOX/RP-1 Firefly Alpha first stage Operational
Miranda LOX/RP-1 Firefly MLV first stage Development [77]
Reaction Engines Ltd. SABRE hybrid air-breathing/chemical Skylon Development [209]
Rocket Lab Rutherford LOX/RP-1 Electron first stage Operational
Rutherford Vacuum LOX/RP-1 Electron second stage Operational
Archimedes LOX/CH4 Neutron first stage Development [210]
Sierra Space VR35K-A LH2/LOX Upper Stage Development [211]
SpaceDev RocketMotorOne hybrid SpaceShipOne Retired [212]
SpaceX Kestrel LOX/RP-1 Falcon 1 second stage Retired
Merlin LOX/RP-1 Falcon 1, Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy first stage/boosters Operational [213][214][144]
Merlin Vacuum LOX/RP-1 Falcon 9 second stage, Falcon Heavy second stage Operational [214][144]
Raptor LOX/CH4 SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure, Starship, Starship HLS Operational [215]
Virgin Galactic RocketMotorTwo hybrid SpaceShipTwo Operational

Satellite launchers

Company Launch vehicles Notes Refs
Arianespace Ariane, Vega Minority owned by some EU states
Astra Space Rocket 3, Rocket 4 Rocket 3 retired in August 2022 [57]
Firefly Aerospace Firefly Alpha, Firefly MLV
IHI Corporation Epsilon Some R&D by JAXA
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries H-IIA R&D done by JAXA. [216]
Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems Antares, Minotaur Own launchers, funded by NASA
Rocket Lab Electron, Neutron
Skyroot Aerospace Vikram-I, Vikram-II [123]
SpaceX Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy
Sea Launch Zenit Cancelled (no launches since 2014; owned by S7 Airlines)
United Launch Alliance Atlas V, Vulcan Centaur 50% owned by Lockheed Martin, 50% Boeing

Space-based economy

Space manufacturing

Company name Products Manufacturing craft Status Ref
Shackleton Energy Company propellant, space infrastructure, propellant depot Unknown Defunct (2020) [217]
Made In Space 3D printing in ISS, in-space antenna systems, fiber optics Unknown Operational (2018) [218]
Varda Space Industries building products in space and bringing them back to earth (ex: ZBLAN, 3d printed organs) Unknown Operational (2021) [219]
Deep Space Industries propellant, communications platforms, space solar power satellites MicroGravity Foundry Defunct (2020) [220]
Space Forge in-space manufacturing (semiconductors, specialist alloys) ForgeStar return capsule series Development
Redwire Space in-space manufacturing (PIL-BOX pharma platform; ZBLAN; ceramics; bioprinting) Various ISS-attached payloads Operational

Space mining

Company name Body to be mined Mining craft Mining status Ref
AstroForge Near-Earth asteroids Brokrr-1, Odin (formerly Brokkr-2) Development [221]
Deep Space Industries Near-Earth asteroids Prospector-1, Harvestor 1 Defunct (2019) [222][223]
Ispace Moon Hakuto-R Development [224][225]
Moon Express Moon MX-1, MX-2, MX-5, MX-9 Development [226]
Planetary Resources Near-Earth asteroids Arkyd Series 100, 200, 300 Cancelled [227]
Shackleton Energy Company Moon TBD Defunct (2020) [217]

Space stations

Private Company name Space Craft name Space Craft type Internal

volume

Passenger

capacity

Craft status Orbit Around Ref
Axiom Space Axiom Station Rigid module style="text-align: center; background: rgb(255,255,200)" |Development Earth [229]
Bigelow Aerospace Genesis I subscale test spacecraft Inflatable module 11.5 m3 (406 cu ft)[230] Uncrewed Derelict, on orbit[231] Earth [230]
Genesis II subscale test spacecraft Inflatable module 11.5 m3 (406 cu ft) Uncrewed Derelict, on orbit[231][232] Earth [233][234]
Galaxy Inflatable module 16.7 m3 (590 cu ft)[235][230] Uncrewed Cancelled Earth [236]
Sundancer Inflatable module 180 m3 (6,357 cu ft) 3 Cancelled Earth [237]
BA 330 Inflatable module 330 m3 (11,654 cu ft) 6 Cancelled[238] Earth [239][240][241]
BA 2100 Inflatable module 2,100 m3 (74,161 cu ft) 16 Cancelled[238] Earth [242]
Space Complex Alpha Inflatable space station 690 m3 (24,367 cu ft) 12 Cancelled Earth
Excalibur Almaz Almaz derivative Rigid module 3 Cancelled Earth [243][244][245]
SPACEHAB Inc. SPACEHAB Module (Single, Double, Logistics variants) Pressurized cargo / research module (Shuttle-attached) 31 m3 (1,095 cu ft)–62 m3 (2,190 cu ft) — Retired (22 Shuttle missions 1993–2008) Earth (Shuttle-attached)
Sierra Space Large Inflatable Fabric Environment (LIFE) Inflatable module 300 m3 (10,594 cu ft) 4 Testing Moon/Mars [246]
Blue Origin Orbital Reef Rigid module 830 m3 (29,311 cu ft) TBA Development (2021) Earth [247]
Airbus LOOP Three-module station concept — TBA Proposed Earth [248]
Gravitics Orbital Carrier Rigid module supplier (for use across commercial stations) — — Development Earth [249]
Max Space Thunderbird Station Inflatable module 350 m3 (12,360 cu ft) 4 Development Earth [250]
Voyager Technologies Bishop Airlock ISS-attached and free-flyer commercial hardware — Uncrewed Operational Earth
Northrop Grumman (free-flyer commercial destination) Rigid module — TBA Cancelled Earth
ThinkOrbital ThinkPlatforms / Think Stations Spherical orbital platform — TBA Development Earth [251]
Vast Haven Demo Smallsat technology demonstrator — Uncrewed Operational (deployed November 2025) Earth
Haven-1 Rigid module 45 m3 (1,589 cu ft) 4 Development Earth
Haven-2 Modular rigid station (NASA CLD Phase 2 bid) — TBA Development Earth
Voyager Technologies, Airbus, MDA Space, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Northrup Grumman Starlab Rigid module (single-launch) 450 m3 (15,892 cu ft) 4 Development Earth [252]
Mitsui & Co. Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui) (Kibō successor) Rigid module (designed to dock with a US commercial space station) — TBA Development Earth [253]

Spacecraft component developers and manufacturers

Company Products Refs
Altius Space Machines Rendezvous and capture technology for uncooperative satellites; magnetoshell aerocapture and aerobraking technology for CubeSats; lightweight robotic manipulators[when?]
Andrews Space Reusable space vehicles; HTHL spacecraft; magnetorquers[when?]
Alén Space NanoSats and CubeSats [254]
Astranis MicroGEO Satellites
Axelspace (ja) CubeSats [255]
CesiumAstro Active phased array communications payloads that include RF inter-satellite links as of 2017. [256][257]
EADS Astrium Satellites Spacecraft and ground segment elements
EADS Astrium Space Transportation Launchers and orbital infrastructure
Innovative Solutions In Space CubeSat manufacture and operation, as of 2018 [258]
Made in Space 3D printers for use in microgravityas of 2013 [259]
Mynaric Laser communication for satellites and aircraft [260]
Portal Space Systems Satellite buses with a solar thermal propulsion system [261][262]
RUAG Space Antenna Pointing Mechanisms; Solar Array Drive Assembly (SADA); satellite components; launchers and structures as of 2009 - SpaceDev Small spacecraft; propulsion products and services; space components, mechanisms and structures[when?] [264]
SpaceQuest, Ltd. Spacecraft and spacecraft components[when?]
Apex Space Production satellite buses (Aries, Comet, Nova product lines)
Astroscale Active debris removal and satellite life-extension services (ELSA-d demonstrator 2021; ADRAS-J close-approach to H-IIA upper stage 2024)
Atomos Space Orbital transfer vehicles (Quark and Gluon tugs)
BlackSky Earth-observation constellation (Gen-2 imaging satellites)
ClearSpace Active debris removal (ESA ClearSpace-1 contract; planned removal of VESPA payload adapter)
D-Orbit In-space transport (ION Satellite Carrier; multiple operational missions)
ICEYE Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite constellation
K2 Space Large-class satellite buses (Mega-class platform)
Loft Orbital Hosted-payload satellite services (YAM and Longbow series)
Pixxel Hyperspectral satellite constellation (Firefly satellites)
Planet Labs Earth-observation constellation (Dove, SuperDove, SkySat, Pelican)
SpinLaunch Kinetic launch system (suborbital accelerator; multiple suborbital test flights completed)
Spire Global RF and weather smallsats (LEMUR constellation)
True Anomaly Defence and space-domain awareness satellites (Jackal autonomous orbital vehicle)

Spaceliner companies

Company name Contracts for Craft utilised Status Notes Refs
Axiom Space SpaceX Crew Dragon Active SpaceX Axiom Space-1 launched in April 2022 [265][266]
Benson Space Company SpaceDev Dream Chaser Defunct [267]
MirCorp none Soyuz TM, Progress M1 and Mir Defunct Mir deorbited
Space Adventures - Soyuz and the ISS Active 9 tourists sent [268]
RocketShip Tours XCOR Lynx rocketplane Defunct
Virgin Galactic Scaled Composites Spaceship Two, White Knight 2 Active 7 Spaceship Two glide flights successfully completed

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Association of Spaceflight Professionals - THPedia" (in en). https://thpedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Spaceflight_Professionals. 
  2. ↑ Kisfaludy, Eddie (2012-06-17), Welcome to the World's First Commercial Astronaut Corps, Christopher Altman, Kristine Ferrone, Jose Hurtado, IMDb: Internet Movie Database, https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8234746/, retrieved 2018-07-31 
  3. ↑ Seedhouse, Erik. Astronauts for Hire: The Emergence of the World's First Commercial Astronaut Corps. Springer-Verlag: New York (2012).
  4. ↑ "SpaceX Brochure v7". http://www.spacex.com/SpaceX_Brochure_V7_All.pdf. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 SpaceX (1 March 2019). "Dragon". SpaceX. https://www.spacex.com/dragon. 
  6. ↑ Bergin, Chris (19 October 2012). "Dragon enjoying ISS stay, despite minor issues – Falcon 9 investigation begins". NASASpaceflight.com. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2012/10/dragon-iss-stay-minor-issues-falcon-9-investigation/. "CRS-2 will debut the use of Dragon's Trunk section, capable of delivering unpressurized cargo, prior to the payload being removed by the ISS' robotic assets after berthing." 
  7. ↑ "Fact sheet". http://www.spacex.com/sites/spacex/files/pdf/DragonLabFactSheet.pdf. 
  8. ↑ "Falcon 9 launches Dragon on CRS-1 mission to the ISS – NASASpaceFlight.com". 7 October 2012. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2012/10/falcon-9loft-dragon-crs-1-mission-iss-attempt1/. 
  9. ↑ "Dragonlab Datasheet". http://www.spacex.com/downloads/dragonlab-datasheet.pdf. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "Cygnus Fast Sheet". Orbital Sciences Co.. http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/Publications/Cygnus_fact.pdf. 
  11. ↑ "The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2012". Federal Aviation Administration. February 2012. http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/media/The_Annual_Compendium_of_Commercial_Space_Transporation_2012.pdf. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 "Cygnus Spacecraft Information". http://www.spaceflight101.com/cygnus-spacecraft-information.html. 
  13. ↑ Elizabeth Howell (April 18, 2023). "Dream Chaser: Sierra Space's design for spaceflight". Space.com. https://www.space.com/19552-dream-chaser.html. 
  14. ↑ Meredith Garofalo (February 2, 2024). "Sierra Space unveils Dream Chaser space plane ahead of 1st flight to ISS (video)". Space.com. https://www.space.com/sierra-space-unveils-dream-chaser-space-plane-photos. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Brian Wang (January 22, 2024). "Sierra Space Spaceplane and Space Stations". Next Big Future. https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2024/01/sierra-space-spaceplane-and-space-stations.html. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Nyx | The Exploration Company" (in en). https://www.exploration.space/nyx. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Arc - Inversion" (in en). https://www.inversionspace.com/arc. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Technology - ATMOS Space Cargo" (in de). 2026-01-23. https://atmos-space-cargo.com/technology/. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Redshift OTV" (in en-US). https://www.rfa.space/redshift/. 
  20. ↑ "HyMove". https://hyimpulse.de/hymove. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Space, Impulse. "Mira - The Agile Spacecraft | Impulse Space" (in en). https://www.impulsespace.com/mira. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Space, Impulse. "Helios - The Distance Vehicle | Impulse Space" (in en). https://www.impulsespace.com/helios. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 "Gravitics". https://www.gravitics.com/. 
  24. ↑ "Commercial Human Spaceflight Plan Unveiled". Aviation Week. July 20, 2010. http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story.jsp?id=news/asd/2010/07/20/14.xml&channel=space. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Burghardt, Mike (August 2011). "Boeing CST-100: Commercial Crew Transportation System". Boeing. http://www.boeing.com/assets/pdf/defense-space/space/ccts/docs/CCDev2%20Boeing%20CST-100%20Overview.pdf. 
  26. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (2011-02-01). "Businesses Take Flight, With Help From NASA". New York Times: p. D1. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/01/science/space/01private.html?_r=4&ref=science&pagewanted=all. 
  27. ↑ Wade, Mark (2014). "Dream Chaser". Encyclopedia Astronautix. http://www.astronautix.com/craft/drehaser.htm. 
  28. ↑ Sirangelo, Mark (August 2011). "NewSpace 2011: A Commercial Spaceflight Story". Spacevidcast. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D7sWtEAddkM. Sirangelo, Mark (24 August 2014). "Flight Plans and Crews for Commercial Dream Chaser's First Flights: One-on-One Interview With SNC VP Mark Sirangelo (Part 3)". AmericaSpace. http://www.americaspace.com/?p=66192. 
  29. ↑ Foust, Jeff (2022-06-14). "Sierra Space to start astronaut training program" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/sierra-space-to-start-astronaut-training-program/. 
  30. ↑ Number of seats will be 4 for crew member rotations for the ISS
  31. ↑ "Falcon 9". SpaceX. http://www.spacex.com/falcon9. 
  32. ↑ "SpaceX Brochure – 2008". http://www.spacex.com/SpaceX_Brochure_V7_All.pdf. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 "Making Life Multiplanetary". SpaceX. 2017-10-18. http://www.spacex.com/sites/spacex/files/making_life_multiplanetary-2017.pdf. 
  34. ↑ Although designed to be capable of flying to anywhere in the Solar System , this vehicle's intended maximum range (after refueling in LEO) is Mars
  35. ↑ Plus fins/legs
  36. ↑ "Artemis III: NASA's First Human Mission to Lunar South Pole - NASA" (in en-US). 2023-01-13. https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/artemis-iii/. 
  37. ↑ Does not include crewed atmospheric flights
  38. ↑ Does not include powered flights not intended to reach space
  39. ↑ Denmark's amateur human space program.
  40. ↑ "SpacePlane Project｜Business｜PD Aerospace Co., Ltd.". https://www.pdas.co.jp/en/business01.html. 
  41. ↑ "Spaceplane Project｜PD Aerospace Co., Ltd.". https://www.pdas.co.jp/en/dev_plan.html. 
  42. ↑ "Space Perspective - Space Experiences - Spaceship Neptune". https://www.spacevip.com/space-perspective-space-experiences-spaceship-neptune. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "Technology" (in en). https://www.halospaceflight.com/technology. 
  44. ↑ "ABL Payload User's Guide". https://ablspacesystems.com/site/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/ABL-Payload-Users-Guide-2022-1.pdf. 
  45. ↑ Haas2b specifications ARCA
  46. ↑ Haas2c specifications ARCA
  47. ↑ Super haas Specifications ARCA
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Popescu, Dimitru (2022-07-18). "Arca Space : AMi Exploration White Paper". https://www.amiexploration.com/_files/ugd/b4b6cb_0e96270b6f1f4828ba51284ca4e15860.pdf. 
  49. ↑ "AUSROC Nano | Australian Space Research Institute". 18 July 2016. http://asri.org.au/project/ausroc-nano/. 
  50. ↑ "Sky7 spots stealthy space startup Testing its rocket in Alameda". 16 February 2018. http://abc7news.com/3097474/. 
  51. ↑ "Astra Space preparing for suborbital test launch". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/astra-space-preparing-for-suborbital-test-launch/. 
  52. ↑ "Super Cali upstart's new rocket test approaches, even though the size of it won't launch a Tesla motor". The Register. https://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/04/04/astra_space_inc_launch/. 
  53. ↑ December 2018, Jeff Foust 07 (7 December 2018). "Secretive Astra Space Suborbital Launch Fails". https://www.space.com/42657-astra-space-suborbital-launch-fails-november-2018.html. 
  54. ↑ "A Closer Look at Astra Space". Parabolic Arc. http://www.parabolicarc.com/2018/03/26/ventionsastra-space/. 
  55. ↑ "Astra to fly upgraded rocket on next launch" (in en-US). 2021-08-13. https://spacenews.com/astra-to-fly-upgraded-rocket-on-next-launch/. 
  56. ↑ "Astra CEO Chris Kemp previews Rocket 4.0, daily launches, and a smarter planet - Page 2 of 2" (in en-US). 2021-06-12. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/06/astra-ceo-chris-kemp-previews-rocket-4-0-daily-launches-and-a-smarter-planet/. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 "Astra announces second quarter 2022 financial results". 2022-08-04. https://investor.astra.com/news-releases/news-release-details/astra-announces-second-quarter-2022-financial-results. 
  58. ↑ "SALVO Cubesat Rocket Debuts Stealth Launch Vehicle Era". 16 June 2015. http://www.americaspace.com/2015/06/16/salvo-cubesat-rocket-debuts-stealth-launch-vehicle-era/. 
  59. ↑ "Ventions, LLC to launch liquid-fueled rocket from Wallops this week". NewSpace Watch. 2012-11-05. http://www.newspacewatch.com/articles/ventions-llc-to-launch-liquid-fueled-rocket-from-wallops-this-week.html. 
  60. ↑ Pike, John. "Airborne Launch Assist Space Access (ALASA)". https://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/alasa.htm. 
  61. ↑ "Blue Origin Announces Big 'New Glenn' Rocket for Satellite & Crew Launches". Space.com. http://www.space.com/34034-blue-origin-new-glenn-rocket-for-satellites-people.html. 
  62. ↑ Henry, Caleb (12 September 2017). "Blue Origin enlarges New Glenn's payload fairing, preparing to debut upgraded New Shepard". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/blue-origin-enlarges-new-glenns-payload-fairing-preparing-to-debut-upgraded-new-shepard/. 
  63. ↑ "New Glenn's progress towards maiden flight" (in en). https://www.blueorigin.com/news/new-glenns-progress-towards-maiden-flight. 
  64. ↑ "Borneo SubOrbitals" (in en). https://www.facebook.com/suborbitals/photos/a.1208165282682470/1226154294216902/?type=3. 
  65. ↑ Assiqin, Naziatul (2019-05-29). "Parties sign MoU on educational hybrid rocket" (in en-GB). https://startupborneo.my/parties-sign-mou-on-educational-hybrid-rocket/. 
  66. ↑ "Sarawak dijangka saksi pelancaran roket hibrid dalam masa tiga tahun - Utusan Borneo (The Borneo Post) through PressReader.com". https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/utusan-borneo-sarawak/20190315/281595241856032. 
  67. ↑ "Canadian Arrow". http://www.astronautix.com/c/canadianarrow.html. 
  68. ↑ Werner, Debra (5 April 2023). "Dawn flies rocket-powered spaceplane". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/dawn-flies-rocket-powered-spaceplane/. 
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 Messier, Doug (2023-04-25). "Evolution Space Launches Rocket on Suborbital Flight From Mojave Desert" (in en-US). https://parabolicarc.com/2023/04/25/suborbital-launches/. 
  70. ↑ Foust, Jeff (2023-05-23). "The Spaceport Company demonstrates offshore launch operations" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/the-spaceport-company-demonstrates-offshore-launch-operations/. 
  71. ↑ Foust, Jeff (23 March 2018). "Exos Aerospace prepares for first suborbital launch". Space New. http://spacenews.com/exos-aerospace-prepares-for-first-suborbital-launch/. 
  72. ↑ "Stig-B / SARGE". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/stig-b.htm. 
  73. ↑ "Space Access" (in en). https://www.equatorialspace.com/launchers. 
  74. ↑ "Suborbital" (in en). https://www.equatorialspace.com/dorado. 
  75. ↑ "Suborbital" (in en). 22 December 2020. https://www.spacetechasia.com/singapores-equatorial-space-systems-concludes-first-test-flight/. 
  76. ↑ Clark, Stephen. "Firefly says early engine shutdown led to launch failure – Spaceflight Now" (in en-US). https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/09/09/firefly-says-early-engine-shutdown-led-to-launch-failure/. 
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 "MLV" (in en-US). https://firefly.com/beta/. 
  78. ↑ Jones, Andrew (2020-11-07). "Chinese rocket firm Galactic Energy succeeds with first orbital launch, secures funding" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/chinese-rocket-firm-galactic-energy-succeeds-with-first-orbital-launch-secures-funding/. 
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 Jones, Andrew (28 September 2025). "Galactic Energy secures $336 million, nears debut of new reusable and solid rockets". https://spacenews.com/galactic-energy-secures-336-million-nears-debut-of-new-reusable-and-solid-rockets/. 
  80. ↑ Jacklin, Ben (2024-03-13). "Pallas-1 – How Does Galactic Energy's Falcon 9 Competitor Stack Up?" (in en-US). https://orbitaltoday.com/2024/03/13/pallas-1-how-does-galactic-energys-falcon-9-competitor-stack-up/. 
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 "Gilmour Space Tech - Small Launch Vehicles - Australia, Singapore". https://www.gspacetech.com/launch-vehicles. 
  82. ↑ Tyler, Roxy (29 June 2018). "First-of-its-kind hypersonic flight booster tested at Cecil...". https://www.news4jax.com/news/local/jacksonville/first-of-its-kind-hypersonic-flight-booster-tested-at-cecil-spaceport. 
  83. ↑ "X-60A". https://generationorbit.com/x-60a/. 
  84. ↑ "Launch Services". http://www.independence-x.com/launch-services.html. 
  85. ↑ "About Us". http://www.independence-x.com/about-us.html. 
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 86.2 Interorbital Systems Neptune Interorbital Systems
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 "Neptune". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/neptune.htm. 
  88. ↑ "Japanese company preparing for country's first private rocket launch". 26 July 2017. https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/07/japanese-company-preparing-for-countrys-first-private-rocket-launch/. 
  89. ↑ Krishna, Swapna (31 July 2017). "Japan's first private rocket launch is a partial success". engadget.com. https://www.engadget.com/2017/07/31/japan-momo-rocket-launch/. 
  90. ↑ "ZERO | Interstellar Technologies" (in en). 2026-03-31. https://www.istellartech.com/en/launch/zero. 
  91. ↑ "DECA | Interstellar Technologies" (in en). https://www.istellartech.com/en/launch/deca. 
  92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 Messier, Doug (2022-08-09). "German Launch Providers Isar Aerospace and RFA Eye Maiden Launches in 2023" (in en-US). http://www.parabolicarc.com/2022/08/09/german-launch-providers-isar-aerospace-and-rfa-eye-maiden-launches-in-2023/. 
  93. ↑ "X-33/VentureStar – What really happened - NASASpaceFlight.com". 4 January 2006. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2006/01/x-33venturestar-what-really-happened/. 
  94. ↑ China's private space sector has achieved liftoff. Michelle Toh and Serenitie Wang, CNN News. 17 May 2018.
  95. ↑ "OS-M系列". http://www.onespacechina.com/os-m1/. 
  96. ↑ "OS-M2 - OneSpace 零壹空间". http://www.onespacechina.com/os-m2/. 
  97. ↑ "OS-M4 - OneSpace 零壹空间". http://www.onespacechina.com/os-m4/. 
  98. ↑ "#journeytolaunch #peoplebehindprime #orbexalumni #toplaunchteam #launchuk #europeanlaunch #spaceishard | Orbex | 17 comments" (in en). https://www.linkedin.com/posts/orbital-express-launch-limited_journeytolaunch-peoplebehindprime-orbexalumni-activity-7429955706428010497-z-VH. 
  99. ↑ "Orbital ATK". http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/release.asp?prid=852. 
  100. ↑ "Taurus". archive.org. 22 Nov 2013. http://www.orbital.com/SpaceLaunch/Taurus/. 
  101. ↑ Clark, Stephen (24 February 2014). "Taurus rocket on the market with new name, upgrades". Spaceflight Now. http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1402/24minotaurc/. 
  102. ↑ "Minotaur C". orbital.com. http://www.orbital.com/LaunchSystems/SpaceLaunchVehicles/Minotaur/Minotaur_C/. 
  103. ↑ "Northrop Grumman to terminate OmegA rocket program" (in en-US). 2020-09-09. https://spacenews.com/northrop-grumman-to-terminate-omega-rocket-program/. 
  104. ↑ "OTRAG". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/otrag.htm. 
  105. ↑ "South Korean rocket startup to launch from South Australia". September 30, 2019. http://theleadsouthaustralia.com.au/industries/space/south-korean-rocket-startup-to-launch-from-south-australia/. 
  106. ↑ "Backed by Samsung, South Korean startup Perigee aims for 2020 maiden launch". October 23, 2019. https://spacenews.com/backed-by-samsung-south-korean-startup-perigee-aims-for-2020-maiden-launch/. 
  107. ↑ Giménez, Jorge (March 16, 2015). "PLD Space fabricará los primeros motores de combustible líquido de España" (in es). Defensa Global y Avances en el Desarrollo Argentino. 
  108. ↑ "PLD Space". http://www.pldspace.com/. 
  109. ↑ "PLD Space raises additional $10 million for reusable smallsat launchers - SpaceNews.com". 11 June 2018. http://spacenews.com/pld-space-raises-additional-10-million-for-reusable-smallsat-launchers/. 
  110. ↑ 110.0 110.1 "Spanish startup PLD Space gears up for 2022 suborbital launch" (in en-US). 2021-11-24. https://spacenews.com/spanish-startup-pld-space-gears-up-for-2022-suborbital-launch/. 
  111. ↑ Limón, Raúl (2023-10-06). "El 'Miura 1' despega con éxito desde Huelva y mete a España en el exclusivo club de países con acceso al espacio" (in es). https://elpais.com/ciencia/2023-10-06/lanzamiento-del-miura-1.html. 
  112. ↑ Marín, Daniel (2024-10-07). "El cohete pesado Miura Next y la cápsula tripulada Lince: el ambicioso programa espacial de PLD Space para los próximos veinte años" (in es). https://danielmarin.naukas.com/2024/10/07/el-cohete-pesado-miura-next-y-la-capsula-tripulada-lince-el-ambicioso-programa-espacial-de-pld-space-para-los-proximos-veinte-anos/. 
  113. ↑ "Relativity Space" (in en-US). https://www.relativityspace.com/rockets. 
  114. ↑ "NZ's first space launch saved by $6 replacement part". The New Zealand Herald. 30 November 2009. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/space/news/article.cfm?c_id=325&objectid=10612593. 
  115. ↑ "Ātea-1, Rocket Lab : New Zealand Rocket". http://www.rocketlab.co.nz/atea-1.html/. 
  116. ↑ "Ātea-2, Rocket Lab : New Zealand Rocket". http://www.rocketlab.co.nz:80/atea-2.html/. 
  117. ↑ "Electron • Rocket Lab". http://www.rocketlabusa.com/index.html. 
  118. ↑ "Neutron" (in en). https://www.rocketlabusa.com/launch/neutron/. 
  119. ↑ Grush, Loren (2021-12-02). "Rocket Lab unveils details of new reusable Neutron launcher" (in en). https://www.theverge.com/2021/12/2/22813819/rocket-lab-neutron-launch-satellite-reusable-mega-constellations. 
  120. ↑ "Rocket Factory Augsburg secures launch site in Andøya, Norway.". 28 April 2021. https://www.rfa.space/rocket-factory-augsburg-secures-launch-site-in-andoya-norway/. 
  121. ↑ "German Microlauncher start-up Rocket Factory announces unrivalled low price of EUR 3 million per rocket launch". 12 February 2021. https://www.rfa.space/german-microlauncher-start-up-rocket-factory-announces-unrivalled-low-price-of-eur-3-million-per-rocket-launch/. 
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  128. ↑ O'Callaghan, Jonathan. "Skyrora Rocket Launch From Iceland Reaches Three Times The Height Of Mount Everest" (in en). https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathanocallaghan/2020/08/18/skyrora-reaches-three-times-the-height-of-mount-everest-with-rocket-launch-from-iceland/. 
  129. ↑ "Skylark L Rocket | Skyrora". https://www.skyrora.com/skylark-l. 
  130. ↑ "British rocket firm Skyrora gets ready for debut rocket launch from Scotland in 2023-Xinhua". 2022-08-29. https://english.news.cn/20220829/477202ef5ea342648c4203ff27bedb55/c.html. 
  131. ↑ "Space technologies - Skyrora - Skyrora XL". https://www.skyrora.com/skyroraxl. 
  132. ↑ "Skyrora announces new engine test plant in Scotland". Industry Analysis. 18 October 2019. http://theindustryanalysis.com/2019/10/18/skyrora-announces-new-engine-test-plant-in-scotland/. 
  133. ↑ "UK-Ukrainian satellite launch vehicle developer Skyrora to test its first rocket in 2018 -". 8 February 2018. http://euromaidanpress.com/2018/02/08/uk-ukrainian-satellite-launch-vehicle-developer-skyrora-test-first-rocket-2018/. 
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  137. ↑ Baptista, Eduardo (3 April 2026). "China's Space Pioneer says reusable rocket's maiden flight fails". https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/chinas-space-pioneer-says-reusable-rockets-maiden-flight-fails-2026-04-03/. 
  138. ↑ 138.0 138.1 "Space Exploration Technologies Corporation – Falcon 1". Archived from the original on January 3, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110103230037/http://www.spacex.com/falcon1.php. 
  139. ↑ "Space Exploration Technologies Corporation – Press". Archived from the original on March 26, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130326183411/http://www.spacex.com/press.php?page=18. 
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  142. ↑ "Space Exploration Technologies Corporation – Falcon 9". Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120118103620/http://www.spacex.com/falcon9.php. 
  143. ↑ Musk, Elon (21 January 2017). "Yes. Block 5 is the final upgrade of the Falcon architecture. Significantly improves performance & ease of reusability. Flies end of year.". https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/822985910782283776. 
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  145. ↑ "Falcon Heavy enabler for Dragon solar system explorer - NASASpaceFlight.com". 2015-05-11. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/05/falcon-heavy-dragon-solar-system-explorer/. 
  146. ↑ Berger, Eric (10 October 2022). "Stoke Space aims to build rapidly reusable rocket with a completely novel design". https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/10/stoke-space-aims-to-build-rapidly-reusable-rocket-with-a-completely-novel-design/. 
  147. ↑ Kurasheva, A. (2021-12-24). "Российская космическая компания Success Rockets совершила первый суборбитальный запуск" (in ru). https://incrussia.ru/news/success-rockets-zapusk/. 
  148. ↑ "Кто зарабатывает на космосе в России и мире" (in ru). RBC Trends. 2021-05-17. https://trends.rbc.ru/trends/industry/609e90409a794700dab35d24. 
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  150. ↑ 150.0 150.1 150.2 "Space Launch Report: Delta II Data Sheet". 20 Oct 2018. http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/delta2.html. 
  151. ↑ "Space Launch Report: Delta IV Data Sheet". 26 Apr 2021. http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/delta4.html. 
  152. ↑ "Delta IV Heavy – Rockets". http://spaceflight101.com/spacerockets/delta-iv-heavy/. 
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  154. ↑ Ray, Justin. "ULA unveils its future with the Vulcan rocket family – Spaceflight Now". https://spaceflightnow.com/2015/04/13/ula-unveils-its-future-with-the-vulcan-rocket-family/. 
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  156. ↑ "Virgin Orbit plans 2018 first launch". 2 August 2017. http://spacenews.com/virgin-orbit-plans-2018-first-launch/. 
  157. ↑ Reyes, Tim (October 17, 2014). "Balloon launcher Zero2Infinity Sets Its Sights to the Stars". Universe Today. http://www.universetoday.com/115391/balloon-launcher-zero2infinity-sets-its-sights-to-the-stars/. Retrieved 9 July 2015. 
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  162. ↑ "SL1". https://hyimpulse.de/sl1. 
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  164. ↑ "INNOSPACE HANBIT – Micro" (in ko). https://www.innospc.com/page/sub01_02_1. 
  165. ↑ "INNOSPACE HANBIT – Mini" (in ko). https://www.innospc.com/page/sub01_03_1. 
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  168. ↑ "China's first reusable rocket Zhuque-3 fails recovery, leaving US in the lead" (in en). 2025-12-03. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3335004/chinas-first-reusable-rocket-zhuque-3-makes-maiden-voyage-recovery-attempt-fails. 
  169. ↑ "Our launcher" (in en-US). https://www.latitude.eu/launcher/. 
  170. ↑ "Oriental Space's "Gravity-2" Targets Mid-2026 Maiden Flight, Joining China's Commercial Space Race in Rocket Core-Stage Recovery" (in en). https://finance.biggo.com/news/mg7AJ5wBE5UokKaw2CIU. 
  171. ↑ "Launch – Phantom Space" (in en-US). https://phantomspace.com/launch/. 
  172. ↑ "Griffin Lander" (in en-US). https://www.astrobotic.com/lunar-delivery/landers/griffin-lander/. 
  173. ↑ "Peregrine Lander | Astrobotic". https://www.astrobotic.com/peregrine. 
  174. ↑ "Google Lunar XPrize". http://www.googlelunarxprize.org/lunar/teams/euroluna. 
  175. ↑ "Elytra" (in en-US). https://fireflyspace.com/elytra/. 
  176. ↑ Lindsey, Clark (2013-01-03). "Golden Spike contracts Northrop Grumman for lunar lander design". NewSpace Watch. http://www.newspacewatch.com/articles/golden-spike-contracts-northrop-grumman-for-lunar-lander-design.html. 
  177. ↑ "Hakuto - Google Lunar XPrize". http://lunar.xprize.org/teams/hakuto. 
  178. ↑ "Hakuto - 日本発の月面探査チーム on Twitter". https://twitter.com/Team_HAKUTO/status/833995538483736576. 
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  182. ↑ Universal Reentry Vehicle . Intuitive Machines. Accessed on 1 December 2018.
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  190. ↑ OrbitBeyond Teams with Team Indus, Honeybee Robotics for NASA Lunar Program. Doug Messier, Parabolic Arc. 29 November 2018.
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  202. ↑ Klotz, Irene (2011-09-27). "A rocket that lifts off — and lands — on launch pad". MSNBC. http://satellite.tmcnet.com/topics/satellite/articles/222324-spacex-plans-test-reusable-suborbital-vtvl-rocket-texas.htm. 
  203. ↑ Rhian, Jason (2014-08-22). "SpaceX F9R explodes in the skies above Texas in recent test flight". http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/space-flight-news/spacex-f9r-explodes-recent-test/. 
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  206. ↑ "World View's 'Stratollite' Balloon Stays Aloft for Record 32 Days" (in en). 2019-10-01. https://www.space.com/world-view-stratollite-balloon-flight-record.html. 
  207. ↑ López-Urdiales, José Mariano (March 12, 2014). NEAr-Space high-altitude balloons: the alternative for space tourism and science (Report). European Space Astronomy Centre, Madrid (Spain). http://www.sciops.esa.int/SD/ESACFACULTY/docs/seminars/120314_LopezUrdiales.pdf. Retrieved 9 July 2015. 
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  210. ↑ "Neutron" (in en). https://www.rocketlabusa.com/launch/neutron/. 
  211. ↑ "Rocket Engines and Propulsion". Sierra Space. https://www.sierraspace.com/space-applications/rocket-engines-propulsion. 
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  222. ↑ "Xplorer - Deep Space Industries". http://deepspaceindustries.com/prospector-1/. 
  223. ↑ "Missions | Deep Space Industries". http://deepspaceindustries.com/missions/. 
  224. ↑ The Japanese Space Bots That Could Build Moon Valley. Sarah Scoles, Wired. 14 May 2018.
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  227. ↑ "Technology". http://www.planetaryresources.com/technology/. 
  228. ↑ "Axiom Space | Axiom Station". http://axiomspace.com/axiom-station/. 
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  235. ↑ "Developing a Galaxy". http://www.bigelowaerospace.com/out_there/developing_a_galaxy.php. 
  236. ↑ Knapp, George (2007-08-17). "I-Team: Bigelow Aerospace Makes Giant Leap Towards Commercial Space Travel". Las Vegas Now. http://www.lasvegasnow.com/global/story.asp?s=6943443. 
  237. ↑ Covault, Craig (April 8, 2007). "Bigelow Reveals Business Plan". Aviation Week. http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news/aw040907p2.xml. 
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  239. ↑ "The Five-Billion-Star Hotel". 18 March 2019. https://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2005-03/five-billion-star-hotel/. 
  240. ↑ Mahoney, Erin (9 August 2016). "NextSTEP Partners Develop Deep Space Habitat Ground Prototypes". https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nextstep-partnerships-develop-ground-prototypes. 
  241. ↑ Madden, Duncan. "Mankind's First Space Hotel Is Coming In 2021 - Probably". https://www.forbes.com/sites/duncanmadden/2018/03/09/mankinds-first-space-hotel-is-coming-in-2021-probably/#26c2118a5bed. 
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  243. ↑ "Spaceflight Now - Breaking News - Beating swords into plough shares with Soviet Almaz". http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n0908/18almaz/. 
  244. ↑ "Excalibur Almaz to Pioneer Private Orbital Manned Space Flight In cooperation with NPOM of Russia - OnOrbit". http://www.onorbit.com/node/1395. 
  245. ↑ "Shooting for the Moon: Time is called on Isle of Man space race". March 11, 2015. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/shooting-moon-time-called-isle-man-space-race-10101750.html. 
  246. ↑ "Inflatable space habitats undergo testing". October 1, 2023. https://specialtyfabricsreview.com/2023/10/01/inflatable-space-habitats-undergo-testing/. 
  247. ↑ "Blue Origin unveils plans to build a private space station called Orbital Reef by 2030". 25 October 2021. https://www.space.com/blue-origin-unveils-orbital-reef-private-space-station. 
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  249. ↑ "Gravitics". https://www.gravitics.com/. 
  250. ↑ "Space Real Estate for LEO, Moon & Mars | Max Space" (in en). https://www.getmaxspace.com/. 
  251. ↑ "Space infrastructure – ThinkOrbital" (in en-US). https://thinkorbital.com/space-infrastructure/. 
  252. ↑ "Starlab Space | A new era of space exploration has arrived" (in en-US). https://starlab-space.com/. 
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