Biology:Axicabtagene ciloleucel

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Short description: Treatment for large B-cell lymphoma
Axicabtagene ciloleucel
Clinical data
Trade namesYescarta
Other namesKTE-C19, Axi-cel
AHFS/Drugs.comProfessional Drug Facts
MedlinePlusa618003
License data
Pregnancy
category
Routes of
administration		Intravenous injection
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Identifiers
DrugBank
UNII
KEGG

Axicabtagene ciloleucel, sold under the brand name Yescarta, is a medication used for the treatment for large B-cell lymphoma that has failed conventional treatment.[6] T cells are removed from a person with lymphoma and genetically engineered to produce a specific T-cell receptor. The resulting chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-Ts) that react to the cancer are then given back to the person to populate the bone marrow.[7] Axicabtagene treatment carries a risk for cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurological toxicities.[7]

Due to CD19 being a pan-B cell marker,[8] the T-cells that are engineered to target CD19 receptors on the cancerous B cells[7] also influence normal B cells, except some plasma cells.[9]

Side effects

Because treatment with axicabtagene carries a risk of cytokine release syndrome and neurological toxicities, the FDA has mandated that hospitals be certified for its use prior to treatment of any patients.[7]

History

It was developed by California-based Kite Pharma.[10]

Axicabtagene ciloleucel was awarded U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) breakthrough therapy designation on 18 October 2017, for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, transformed follicular lymphoma, and primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma.[11] It also received priority review and orphan drug designation.[7]

Based on the ZUMA-1 trial, Kite submitted a biologics license application for axicabtagene in March 2017, for the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.[12]

The FDA granted approval on 18 October 2017, for the second-line treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.[7][13][5]

On 1 April 2022, the FDA approved axicabtagene ciloleucel for adults with large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL) that is refractory to first-line chemoimmunotherapy or relapses within twelve months of first-line chemoimmunotherapy.[14] It is not indicated for the treatment of patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma.[14]

Approval was based on ZUMA-7, a randomized, open-label, multicenter trial in adults with primary refractory LBCL or relapse within twelve months following completion of first-line therapy.[14] Participants had not yet received treatment for relapsed or refractory lymphoma and were potential candidates for autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).[14] A total of 359 participants were randomized 1:1 to receive a single infusion of axicabtagene ciloleucel following fludarabine and cyclophosphamide lymphodepleting chemotherapy or to receive second-line standard therapy, consisting of two or three cycles of chemoimmunotherapy followed by high-dose therapy and autologous HSCT in participants who attained complete remission or partial remission.[14]

In January 2023, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommended axicabtagene ciloleucel to treat adult patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) or primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma (PMBCL) who have already been treated with two or more systemic therapies.[15][16]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "T Cells - Axicabtagene ciloleucel, cryopreserved - T - Yescarta (axicabtagene ciloleucel) Suspension for Intravenous Infusion". http://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2020-PI-01410-1. 
  2. ↑ "Updates to the Prescribing Medicines in Pregnancy database". 12 May 2022. https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/resource/guidance/updates-prescribing-medicines-pregnancy-database. 
  3. ↑ "Summary Basis of Decision (SBD) for Yescarta". 23 October 2014. https://hpr-rps.hres.ca/reg-content/summary-basis-decision-detailTwo.php?linkID=SBD00442&lang=en. 
  4. ↑ "Yescarta- axicabtagene ciloleucel suspension". 31 January 2022. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=9b70606e-b99c-4272-a0f1-b5523cce0c59. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Yescarta (axicabtagene ciloleucel)". 18 October 2017. https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/cellular-gene-therapy-products/yescarta-axicabtagene-ciloleucel. 
  6. ↑ Axicabtagene Ciloleucel (Yescarta) for B-Cell Lymphoma Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2018 Jul 16;60(1551):e122-123
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 "FDA approves CAR-T cell therapy to treat adults with certain types of large B-cell lymphoma". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (Press release). Retrieved 20 October 2017. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  8. ↑ "CD19: a biomarker for B cell development, lymphoma diagnosis and therapy". Experimental Hematology & Oncology 1 (1): 36. November 2012. doi:10.1186/2162-3619-1-36. PMID 23210908. 
  9. ↑ "Long-Lived Plasma Cells Are Contained within the CD19(-)CD38(hi)CD138(+) Subset in Human Bone Marrow". Immunity 43 (1): 132–45. July 2015. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2015.06.016. PMID 26187412. 
  10. ↑ "Kite's Yescarta (Axicabtagene Ciloleucel) Becomes First CAR T Therapy Approved by the FDA for the Treatment of Adult Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Large B-Cell Lymphoma After Two or More Lines of Systemic Therapy". Gilead (Press release). Retrieved 20 October 2017.
  11. ↑ "Kite to Present Two Plenary Presentations from the ZUMA-1 Pivotal Trial of Axicabtagene Ciloleucel at the 2017 American Association of Cancer Research Annual Meeting". http://ir.kitepharma.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=1019378. 
  12. ↑ "Kite Completes Submission of U.S. Biologics License Application (BLA) for Axicabtagene Ciloleucel as the First CAR-T Therapy for the Treatment of Patients With Aggressive Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) March 2017". http://ir.kitepharma.com/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=1019623. 
  13. ↑ F.D.A. Approves Second Gene-Altering Treatment for Cancer 2017
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 "FDA approves axicabtagene ciloleucel for second-line treatment of large B-cell lymphoma". 1 April 2022. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-approves-axicabtagene-ciloleucel-second-line-treatment-large-b-cell-lymphoma.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  15. ↑ Kansteiner, Fraiser (2023-01-26). "After years of back-and-forth, Gilead's CAR-T Yescarta sways England's cost watchdog NICE" (in en). https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/after-years-back-and-forth-gilead-and-kites-car-t-yescarta-woos-uk-cost-watchdog-nice. 
  16. ↑ biopharma-reporter.com. "Gilead's Yescarta set to become England's first routinely available personalized immunotherapy for lymphoma" (in en-GB). https://www.biopharma-reporter.com/Article/2023/01/26/gilead-s-yescarta-set-to-become-england-s-first-routinely-available-personalized-immunotherapy-for-lymphoma. 

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