Biology:Chromosome 19

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Short description: Human chromosome
Chromosome 19
Human male karyotpe high resolution - Chromosome 19 cropped.png
Human chromosome 19 pair after G-banding.
One is from mother, one is from father.
Human male karyotpe high resolution - Chromosome 19.png
Chromosome 19 pair
in human male karyogram.
Features
Length (bp)61,707,364 bp
(CHM13)
No. of genes1,357 (CCDS)[1]
TypeAutosome
Centromere positionMetacentric[2]
(26.2 Mbp[3])
Complete gene lists
CCDSGene list
HGNCGene list
UniProtGene list
NCBIGene list
External map viewers
EnsemblChromosome 19
EntrezChromosome 19
NCBIChromosome 19
UCSCChromosome 19
Full DNA sequences
RefSeqNC_000019 (FASTA)
GenBankCM000681 (FASTA)

Chromosome 19 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 19 spans more than 61.7 million base pairs, the building material of DNA. It is considered the most gene-rich chromosome containing roughly 1,500 genes, despite accounting for only 2 percent of the human genome.[4][5]

Genes

Number of genes

The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 19. Because researchers use different approaches to genome annotation, their predictions of the number of genes on each chromosome varies (for technical details, see gene prediction). Among various projects, the collaborative consensus coding sequence project (CCDS) takes an extremely conservative strategy. So CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes.[6]

Estimated by Protein-coding genes Non-coding RNA genes Pseudogenes Source Release date
CCDS 1,357 — — [1] 2016-09-08
HGNC 1,372 299 413 [7] 2017-05-12
Ensembl 1,469 894 514 [8] 2017-03-29
UniProt 1,435 — — [9] 2018-02-28
NCBI 1,430 604 528 [10][11][12] 2017-05-19

Gene list

See also: Category:Genes on human chromosome 19.

The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 19. For complete list, see the link in the infobox on the right.


Short arm

Long arm

Diseases and disorders

The following diseases are some of those related to genes on chromosome 19:[15]


Cytogenetic band

G-banding ideograms of human chromosome 19
G-banding ideogram of human chromosome 19 in resolution 850 bphs. Band length in this diagram is proportional to base-pair length. This type of ideogram is generally used in genome browsers (e.g. Ensembl, UCSC Genome Browser).
G-banding patterns of human chromosome 19 in three different resolutions (400,[18] 550[19] and 850[3]). Band length in this diagram is based on the ideograms from ISCN (2013).[20] This type of ideogram represents actual relative band length observed under a microscope at the different moments during the mitotic process.[21]
G-bands of human chromosome 19 in resolution 850 bphs[22]
Chr. Arm[23] Band[24] ISCN
start[25] 		ISCN
stop[25] 		Basepair
start 		Basepair
stop 		Stain[26] Density
19 p 13.3 0 578 1 6,900,000 gneg
19 p 13.2 578 870 6,900,001 12,600,000 gpos 25
19 p 13.13 870 1034 12,600,001 13,800,000 gneg
19 p 13.12 1034 1216 13,800,001 16,100,000 gpos 25
19 p 13.11 1216 1581 16,100,001 19,900,000 gneg
19 p 12 1581 1809 19,900,001 24,200,000 gvar
19 p 11 1809 1992 24,200,001 26,200,000 acen
19 q 11 1992 2159 26,200,001 28,100,000 acen
19 q 12 2159 2372 28,100,001 31,900,000 gvar
19 q 13.11 2372 2569 31,900,001 35,100,000 gneg
19 q 13.12 2569 2737 35,100,001 37,800,000 gpos 25
19 q 13.13 2737 2949 37,800,001 38,200,000 gneg
19 q 13.2 2949 3101 38,200,001 42,900,000 gpos 25
19 q 13.31 3101 3193 42,900,001 44,700,000 gneg
19 q 13.32 3193 3390 44,700,001 47,500,000 gpos 25
19 q 13.33 3390 3649 47,500,001 50,900,000 gneg
19 q 13.41 3649 3770 50,900,001 53,100,000 gpos 25
19 q 13.42 3770 3938 53,100,001 55,800,000 gneg
19 q 13.43 3938 4120 55,800,001 58,617,616 gpos 25

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Search results - 19[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("has ccds"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". 2016-09-08. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=19%5BChr%5D%20AND%20%22Homo%20sapiens%22%5BOrganism%5D%20AND%20%28%22has%20ccds%22%5BProperties%5D%20AND%20alive%5Bprop%5D%29&cmd=DetailsSearch. 
  2. ↑ Tom Strachan; Andrew Read (2 April 2010). Human Molecular Genetics. Garland Science. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-136-84407-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=dSwWBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
  4. ↑ Ucciferri, Charles (2004-03-31). "Gene-Rich Human Chromosome 19 Sequence Completed" (in en-US). https://jgi.doe.gov/news_3_31_04/. 
  5. ↑ Sehgal, N.; Fritz, A. J.; Morris, K.; Torres, I.; Chen, Z.; Xu, J.; Berezney, R. (2014). "Gene Density and Chromosome Territory Shape". Chromosoma 123 (5): 499–513. doi:10.1007/s00412-014-0480-y. PMID 25106753. 
  6. ↑ Pertea M, Salzberg SL (2010). "Between a chicken and a grape: estimating the number of human genes.". Genome Biol 11 (5): 206. doi:10.1186/gb-2010-11-5-206. PMID 20441615. 
  7. ↑ "Statistics & Downloads for chromosome 19". 2017-05-12. https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/statistics?c=19. 
  8. ↑ "Chromosome 19: Chromosome summary - Homo sapiens". 2017-03-29. http://mar2017.archive.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=19. 
  9. ↑ "Human chromosome 19: entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM". 2018-02-28. https://www.uniprot.org/docs/humchr19.txt. 
  10. ↑ "Search results - 19[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". 2017-05-19. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=19%5BCHR%5D%20AND%20%22Homo%20sapiens%22%5BOrganism%5D%20AND%20%28%22genetype%20protein%20coding%22%5BProperties%5D%20AND%20alive%5Bprop%5D%29&cmd=DetailsSearch. 
  11. ↑ "Search results - 19[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ( ("genetype miscrna"[Properties] OR "genetype ncrna"[Properties] OR "genetype rrna"[Properties] OR "genetype trna"[Properties] OR "genetype scrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snrna"[Properties] OR "genetype snorna"[Properties]) NOT "genetype protein coding"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". 2017-05-19. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=19%5BCHR%5D%20AND%20%22Homo%20sapiens%22%5BOrganism%5D%20AND%20%28%28%22genetype%20miscrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20ncrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20rrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20trna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20scrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20snrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20snorna%22%5BProperties%5D%29%20NOT%20%22genetype%20protein%20coding%22%5BProperties%5D%20AND%20alive%5Bprop%5D%29&cmd=DetailsSearch. 
  12. ↑ "Search results - 19[CHR] AND "Homo sapiens"[Organism] AND ("genetype pseudo"[Properties] AND alive[prop]) - Gene". 2017-05-19. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=19%5BCHR%5D%20AND%20%22Homo%20sapiens%22%5BOrganism%5D%20AND%20%28%22genetype%20pseudo%22%5BProperties%5D%20AND%20alive%5Bprop%5D%29&cmd=DetailsSearch. 
  13. ↑ "2E4/Kaptin (KPTN)—a candidate gene for the hearing loss locus, DFNA4". Ann Hum Genet 64 (3): 189–196. 2000. doi:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2000.6430189.x. PMID 11409409. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Dean, L. (2005). "Ch. 5: The ABO blood group". Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens. Bethesda MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information. NBK2261. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2267/. 
  15. ↑ Gilbert F (1997). "Disease genes and chromosomes: disease maps of the human genome. Chromosome 19". Genet Test 1 (2): 145–9. doi:10.1089/gte.1997.1.145. PMID 10464639. 
  16. ↑ "OMIM Entry - # 613845 - HYPERURICEMIA, PULMONARY HYPERTENSION, RENAL FAILURE, AND ALKALOSIS SYNDROME; HUPRAS" (in en-us). https://www.omim.org/entry/613845. 
  17. ↑ Moss, K (Spring 2001). "Leber's Congenital Amaurosis". Texas Deafblind Outreach. Texas School for the Blind and Visually Impaired. http://www.tsbvi.edu/seehear/spring01/lebers.htm. 
  18. ↑ Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (400 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-03-04. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
  19. ↑ Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (550 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2015-08-11. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
  20. ↑ International Standing Committee on Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). ISCN 2013: An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. ISBN 978-3-318-02253-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=lGCLrh0DIwEC. 
  21. ↑ Sethakulvichai, W.; Manitpornsut, S.; Wiboonrat, M.; Lilakiatsakun, W.; Assawamakin, A.; Tongsima, S. (2012). "Estimation of band level resolutions of human chromosome images". 2012 Ninth International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (JCSSE). pp. 276–282. doi:10.1109/JCSSE.2012.6261965. ISBN 978-1-4673-1921-8. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261304470. 
  22. ↑ Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3). Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
  23. ↑ "p": Short arm; "q": Long arm.
  24. ↑ For cytogenetic banding nomenclature, see article locus.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 These values (ISCN start/stop) are based on the length of bands/ideograms from the ISCN book, An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). Arbitrary unit.
  26. ↑ gpos: Region which is positively stained by G banding, generally AT-rich and gene poor; gneg: Region which is negatively stained by G banding, generally CG-rich and gene rich; acen Centromere. var: Variable region; stalk: Stalk.

External links



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