Chemistry:Ruthenium red

From HandWiki
Ammoniated ruthenium oxychloride
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
EC Number
  • 802-133-7
UNII
Properties
Cl6H42N14O2Ru3
Molar mass 786.34 g·mol−1
Appearance Brownish-red solid[1]
Hazards
GHS pictograms GHS07: Harmful
GHS Signal word Warning
HH302Script error: No such module "Preview warning".Category:GHS errors, HH315Script error: No such module "Preview warning".Category:GHS errors, HH319Script error: No such module "Preview warning".Category:GHS errors
PP264Script error: No such module "Preview warning".Category:GHS errors, PP264+P265Script error: No such module "Preview warning".Category:GHS errors, PP270Script error: No such module "Preview warning".Category:GHS errors, PP280Script error: No such module "Preview warning".Category:GHS errors, PP301+P317Script error: No such module "Preview warning".Category:GHS errors, PP302+P352Script error: No such module "Preview warning".Category:GHS errors, PP305+P351+P338Script error: No such module "Preview warning".Category:GHS errors, PP321Script error: No such module "Preview warning".Category:GHS errors, PP330Script error: No such module "Preview warning".Category:GHS errors, PP332+P317Script error: No such module "Preview warning".Category:GHS errors, PP337+P317Script error: No such module "Preview warning".Category:GHS errors, PP362+P364Script error: No such module "Preview warning".Category:GHS errors, PP501Script error: No such module "Preview warning".Category:GHS errors
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Ruthenium red (RR), also known as ammoniated ruthenium oxychloride, is an inorganic compound used as a dye in histology to stain aldehyde fixed mucopolysaccharides.

Structure

The chloride has the chemical formula [Ru3O2(NH3)14]Cl6·4H2O.[2] A thiosulfate been characterized with the formula [Ru3O2(NH3)14](S2O3)3·4H2O.[3] The cation is composed of a linear [(NH3)5-RuIII-O-(NH3)4RuIV-O-RuIII-(NH3)5]6+ backbone formed from three ruthenium coordination octahedra.[3][4]

The inhibition of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake is attributed to an impurity with the formula μ-O-[(HCO2)(NH3)4Ru]2Cl3.[4] This compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic system (space group Pnn2 (No. 34), a = 8.588 Å, b = 13.335 Å, c = 7.602 Å, cell volume = 870.6 Å3, Z = 2 units per cell).[4]

Preparation

The chloride is prepared by the aerial oxidation of ruthenium(III) chloride in aqueous ammonia solution.[3] The thiosulfate is prepared by treating an aqueous solution of the chloride with sodium thiosulfate.[3]

Uses

Ruthenium red has been used as a pharmacological tool to study specific cellular mechanisms. Selectivity is a significant issue in such studies as RR is known to interact with many proteins.[5] These include mammalian ion channels (CatSper1, TASK, RyR1, RyR2, RyR3, TRPM6, TRPM8, TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV3, TRPV4, TRPV5, TRPV6, TRPA1, mCa1, mCa2, CALHM1[6][7]) TRPP3,[8] a plant ion channel, Ca2+-ATPase, mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter,[9] tubulin, myosin light-chain phosphatase, and Ca2+ binding proteins such as calmodulin. Ruthenium red displays nanomolar potency against several of its binding partners (e.g. TRPV4, ryanodine receptors,...). For example, it is a potent inhibitor of intracellular calcium release by ryanodine receptors (Kd ~20 nM).[10] As a TRPA1 blocker, it assists in reducing the airway inflammation caused by pepper spray.

RR has been used on plant material since 1890 for staining pectins, mucilages, and gums. RR is a stereoselective stain for pectic acid, insofar as the staining site occurs between each monomer unit and the next adjacent neighbor.[11]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 PubChem. "Ruthenium Red" (in en). https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/117587625. 
  2. ↑ Fletcher, J. M.; Greenfield, B. F.; Hardy, C. J.; Scargill, D.; Woodhead, J. L. (1961-01-01). "382. Ruthenium red" (in en). Journal of the Chemical Society (Resumed) (0): 2000–2006. doi:10.1039/JR9610002000. ISSN 0368-1769. https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/1961/jr/jr9610002000. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 de C.T. Carrondo, M. A. A. F.; Griffith, W. P.; Hall, J. P.; Skapski, A. C. (1980-02-07). "X-ray structure of [Ru3 O2 (NH3)146+, cation of the cytological reagent ruthenium red"]. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects 627 (3): 332–334. doi:10.1016/0304-4165(80)90464-X. ISSN 0304-4165. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030441658090464X. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Emerson, Jeffrey; Clarke, M. J.; Ying, Wen Long; Sanadi, D. Rao (1993-12-01). "The component of "ruthenium red" responsible for inhibition of mitochondrial calcium ion transport. Spectra, electrochemistry, and aquation kinetics. Crystal structure of .mu.-O-[(HCO2)(NH3)4Ru2Cl3"]. Journal of the American Chemical Society 115 (25): 11799–11805. doi:10.1021/ja00078a019. ISSN 0002-7863. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00078a019. 
  5. ↑ Vincent, F; Duncton, MA (2011). "TRPV4 agonists and antagonists". Curr Top Med Chem 11 (17): 2216–26. doi:10.2174/156802611796904861. PMID 21671873. 
  6. ↑ Ma, Z; Siebert, AP; Cheung, KH; Lee, RJ; Johnson, B; Cohen, AS; Vingtdeux, V; Marambaud, P et al. (2012). "Calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (CALHM1) is the pore-forming subunit of an ion channel that mediates extracellular Ca2+ regulation of neuronal excitability". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109 (28): E1963–71. doi:10.1073/pnas.1204023109. PMID 22711817. Bibcode: 2012PNAS..109E1963M. 
  7. ↑ Dreses-Werringloer, U; Vingtdeux, V; Zhao, H; Chandakkar, P; Davies, P; Marambaud, P (2013). "CALHM1 controls Ca2+-dependent MEK/ERK/RSK/MSK signaling in neurons". J Cell Sci 126 (Pt 5): 1199–206. doi:10.1242/jcs.117135. PMID 23345406. 
  8. ↑ Decaen, P. G.; Delling, M.; Vien, T. N.; Clapham, D. E. (2013). "Direct recording and molecular identification of the calcium channel of primary cilia". Nature 504 (7479): 315–318. doi:10.1038/nature12832. PMID 24336289. Bibcode: 2013Natur.504..315D. 
  9. ↑ Hajnóczky, G; Csordás, G; Das, S; Garcia-Perez, C; Saotome, M; Sinha Roy, S; Yi, M (2006). "Mitochondrial calcium signalling and cell death: approaches for assessing the role of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in apoptosis". Cell Calcium 40 (5–6): 553–60. doi:10.1016/j.ceca.2006.08.016. PMID 17074387. 
  10. ↑ Tripathy, Le Xu Ashutosh; Pasek, Daniel A.; Meissner, Gerhard (1998). "Potential for Pharmacology of Ryanodine Receptor/Calcium Release Channels". Ann NY Acad Sci 853 (1): 130–148. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb08262.x. PMID 10603942. Bibcode: 1998NYASA.853..130T. http://www.annalsnyas.org/cgi/content/abstract/853/1/130. Retrieved 2006-10-22. 
  11. ↑ Mariani Colombo P, Rascio N. "Ruthenium red staining for electron microscopy of plant material". Journal of Ultrastructure Research Volume 60, Issue 2, August 1977, Pages 135–139



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