Chemistry:Aluminium sulfacetate
Aluminium sulfacetate is a mixture of aluminium salts dissolved in water with formula Al2SO4(CH3CO2)4.[1][2]
Uses
It is an evenly balanced mixture of aluminium sulfate and aluminium acetate. It can be used as a mordant, which is a substance used to set dyes on fabrics[3] that typically contains a polyvalent metal ion like aluminium or iron,[4] In mixtures with basic aluminium diacetate or aluminium sulfacetate, aluminium triacetate has been used as a mordant with alizarin dye.[1] In 1899, Albert Ganswindt recommended that the use of impure sulfacetates that are empyreumatic liquids "should be abandoned" in favour of pure preparations.[5] Empyreuma is an obsolete chemical and medical term referring to "the smell and taste associated with burning vegetable and animal matter",[6] and likely results in this case from the use of pyroligneous acid (wood acid) or wood acid lime in the preparation of the mordant.[5]
Preparation
A common approach to preparing aluminium sulfacetate is by reaction of aluminium sulfate with lead(II) acetate. The relative amount of each reagent controls the composition of the resulting mixture.[1] When the stoichiometric ratio of lead acetate to aluminium sulfate exceeds 3:1, the process is theoretically driven to completion and aluminium triacetate is the sole product. With less lead acetate, a mixture of aluminium triacetate and aluminium sulfacetate results that becomes increasingly rich in the latter as the reagent mole ratio approaches 2:1. This approach is used to form various mixtures for mordant applications:[1]
- Al2(SO4)3 + 3 Pb(CH3CO2)2 → 2 Al(CH3CO2)3 + 3 PbSO4
Basic aluminium sulfacetates can also be prepared, Al2SO4(CH3CO2)4 - n(OH)n, with hydroxide anions replacing some acetate ions. The extreme cases are aluminium sulfacetate itself (n = 0) and the double salt of aluminium sulfate and aluminium hydroxide (n = 4 case, Al2SO4(OH)4). Aluminium sulfacetate is made from the hydrates of aluminium sulfate and lead acetate:[2]
- Al2(SO4)3•18H2O + 2 Pb(CH3CO2)2•3H2O → Al2SO4(CH3CO2)4 + 2 PbSO4 + 24 H2O
The n = 1 and n = 2 cases, both of which are basic aluminium sulfacetates, are prepared using sodium bicarbonate along with the regents:[2]
- 2 Al2(SO4)3•18H2O + 3 Pb(CH3CO2)2•3H2O + 2 NaHCO3 → Al2SO4(CH3CO2)3OH + 3 PbSO4 + Na2SO4 + 2 CO2 + 45 H2O
- Al2(SO4)3•18H2O + Pb(CH3CO2)2•3H2O + 2 NaHCO3 → Al2SO4(CH3CO2)2(OH)2 + PbSO4 + Na2SO4 + 2 CO2 + 21 H2O
The n = 3 case, also a basic aluminium sulfacetate, is prepared using acetic acid instead of lead acetate, along with sodium bicarbonate:[2]
- Al2(SO4)3•18H2O + CH3COOH + 4 NaHCO3 → Al2SO4(CH3CO2)(OH)3 + 2 Na2SO4 + CO2 + 19 H2O
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 von Georgievics, Georg (2013). The Chemical Technology of Textile Fibres – Their Origin, Structure, Preparation, Washing, Bleaching, Dyeing, Printing and Dressing. Read Books. ISBN 9781447486121. https://books.google.com/books?id=GL98CgAAQBAJ&q=aluminium+acetate+mordant&pg=PT118.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Hummel, J. J.; Knecht, Edmund (1888) (in de). Die Färberei und Bleicherei der Gespinnstfasern. Springer-Verlag. pp. 116–118. ISBN 9783642912061. https://books.google.com/books?id=epufBgAAQBAJ&q=%22aluminium+sulfacetate%22&pg=PA117.
- ↑ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "Mordant". doi:10.1351/goldbook.M04029
- ↑ Llewellyn, Bryan D. (May 2005). "Stain Theory – How mordants work". http://stainsfile.info/StainsFile/theory/mordant.htm.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Ganswindt, Albert (1889) (in de). Handbuch der Färberei und der damit verwandten vorbereitenden und vollendenden Gewerbe. p. 270. http://www.deutschestextarchiv.de/book/view/ganswindt_faerberei_1889?p=296.
- ↑ "Definition of empyreuma". Collins Dictionary. 2016. http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/empyreuma.
Acetyl halides and salts of the acetate ion
| |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AcOH | He | ||||||||||||||||||
| LiOAc | Be(OAc)2 BeAcOH |
B(OAc)3 | AcOAc ROAc |
NH4OAc | AcOOH | FAc | Ne | ||||||||||||
| NaOAc | Mg(OAc)2 | Al(OAc)3 ALSOL Al(OAc)2OH Al2SO4(OAc)4 |
Si | P | S | ClAc | Ar | ||||||||||||
| KOAc | Ca(OAc)2 | Sc(OAc)3 | Ti(OAc)4 | VO(OAc)3 | Cr(OAc)2 Cr(OAc)3 |
Mn(OAc)2 Mn(OAc)3 |
Fe(OAc)2 Fe(OAc)3 |
Co(OAc)2, Co(OAc)3 |
Ni(OAc)2 | Cu(OAc)2 | Zn(OAc)2 | Ga(OAc)3 | Ge | As(OAc)3 | Se | BrAc | Kr | ||
| RbOAc | Sr(OAc)2 | Y(OAc)3 | Zr(OAc)4 | Nb | Mo(OAc)2 | Tc | Ru(OAc)2 Ru(OAc)3 Ru(OAc)4 |
Rh2(OAc)4 | Pd(OAc)2 | AgOAc | Cd(OAc)2 | In | Sn(OAc)2 Sn(OAc)4 |
Sb(OAc)3 | Te | IAc | Xe | ||
| CsOAc | Ba(OAc)2 | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt(OAc)2 | Au | Hg2(OAc)2, Hg(OAc)2 |
TlOAc Tl(OAc)3 |
Pb(OAc)2 Pb(OAc)4 |
Bi(OAc)3 | Po | At | Rn | |||
| Fr | Ra | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Nh | Fl | Mc | Lv | Ts | Og | |||
| ↓ | |||||||||||||||||||
| La(OAc)3 | Ce(OAc)x | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm(OAc)3 | Eu(OAc)3 | Gd(OAc)3 | Tb | Dy(OAc)3 | Ho(OAc)3 | Er | Tm | Yb(OAc)3 | Lu(OAc)3 | |||||
| Ac | Th | Pa | UO2(OAc)2 | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr | |||||
 |  |
