Chemistry:List of investigational headache and migraine drugs

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Short description: Investigational antimigraine drugs
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This is a list of investigational headache and migraine drugs, or drugs that are currently under development for clinical use in the treatment of headaches and/or migraines but are not yet approved. They may also be referred to as investigational antimigraine agents.

Chemical/generic names are listed first, with developmental code names, synonyms, and brand names in parentheses. The format of list items is "Name (Synonyms) – Mechanism of Action – Indication [Reference]".

This list was last comprehensively updated in September 2025. It is likely to become outdated with time.

Under development

Phase 3

  • Botulinum toxin A (AboBoNT-A; AbobotulinumtoxinA; Alluzience; Azzalure; BoNT-A; BTX-A; Dysport; Reloxin) – acetylcholine release inhibitor and neuromuscular blocking agent – migraine [1]
  • Botulinum toxin A (Bocouture; Incobotulinum toxin A; NT-201; Vibe/Xeomin; ViXe; Xeomeen; Xeomin; Zeomaine) – acetylcholine release inhibitor and neuromuscular blocking agent – migraine [2]
  • Eptinezumab (ALD-403; Lu-AG09221; Vyepti) – monoclonal antibody against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) – cluster headache [3]
  • Naproxen/rizatriptan (rizatriptan/naproxen) – combination of naproxen (COX inhibitor/NSAID) and rizatriptan (triptan) – migraine [4]
  • Promethazine/sumatriptan (CL-H1T) – combination of promethazine (anthistamine, anticholinergic, other actions) and sumatriptan (triptan) – migraine [5]

Phase 2/3

  • Acetaminophen/naltrexone – combination of acetaminophen (analgesic) and naltrexone (opioid receptor antagonist) – migraine [6]

Phase 2

  • AGX-201 (histamine dihydrochloride salt) – histamine H1 receptor antagonist and histamine H3 receptor agonist – migraine [7][1][2]
  • BHV-2100 – transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 3 (TRPM3) antagonist – migraine [8]
  • Botulinum toxin A longer acting (IPN-10200; mrBoNT) – acetylcholine release inhibitor and neuromuscular blocking agent – migraine [9]
  • CAM-01 (C-AM-01) – undefined mechanism of action – migraine [10]
  • Dihydroergotamine mesilate (DFN-19) – non-selective monoamine receptor modulator and ergoline – migraine [11]
  • Doxepin intranasal (Dolorac) – tricyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and receptor modulator and other actions) – headache [12]
  • Elismetrep (K-304; MT-8554) – transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8 (TRPM8) antagonist – migraine [13]
  • Erenumab (Aimovig; AMG-334) – monoclonal antibody against calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (CGRPR) – headache [14]
  • Eslicarbazepine acetate (Aptiom; BIA 2-093; ESL; Exalief; SEP-0002093; SEP-2093; Stedesa; Zebinix) – sodium channel blocker – migraine [15]
  • IONIS-PKKRx (ISIS-546254; ISIS-PKKRx) – antisense oligonucleotide against kallikrein – migraine [16]
  • Ketoprofen topical (ELS-M11; Topofen) – COX inhibitor/NSAID – migraine [17]
  • LAT-8881 (AOD9604; Tyr-hGH171191) – human growth hormone protein fragment and lanthionine synthetase C-like protein (LanCL) ligand – migraine [18]
  • LU-AG09222 (ALD-1910) – monoclonal antibody against pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) – migraine [19]
  • LY-3451838 (PACAP-38 antibody) – monoclonal antibody against pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) – migraine [20]
  • Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD; MM-120) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – cluster headache [21]
  • MTX-101 – undefined mechanism of action – migraine [22]
  • Pasireotide (Signifor; SOM-230) – somatostatin receptor agonist – cluster headache [23]
  • Prabotulinumtoxin A (ABP-450; DWP-450; Evosyal; Jeuveau; Nabota; Nuceiva) – acetylcholine release inhibitor and neuromuscular blocking agent – migraine [24]
  • Sepranolone (isoallopregnanolone; UC-1010) – GABAA receptor negative allosteric modulator and neurosteroid – menstrual migraine [25]
  • TRV-250 – δ-opioid receptor (DOR) agonist – migraine [26]
  • (R)-Verapamil – calcium channel blocker and other actions – cluster headache [27]
  • Zelminemab (AMG-301) – monoclonal antibody against pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type I receptor (PAC1R) – migraine [28]

Phase 1/2

  • XC-101 (XC101; XC101-D13H) – serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT7 receptor agonist, serotonin 5-HT1D and 5-HT1F receptor partial agonist, and serotonin 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptor antagonist – migraine [29]

Phase 1

  • 2-Bromo-LSD (bromolysergide; BOL-148; NYPRG-101) – non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist and other actions – cluster headache, migraine[3][4][5]
  • JS-010 – monoclonal antibody against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) – migraine [30]
  • Meloxicam – COX inhibitor/NSAID – migraine [31]

Preclinical

  • 2-Bromo-LSD (bromolysergide; BOL-148; BETR-001, TD-0148A) – non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonist and other actions – cluster headache [6][7][8]
  • GA-2601 – undefined mechanism of action – migraine [32]
  • MST-02 – undefined mechanism of action – migraine [33]
  • TACT908 – serotonin 5-HT1B receptor agonist and non-hallucinogenic serotonin 5-HT2A receptor partial agonist – cluster headache [5][9][10]

Research

  • Research programme: Neurological disorder therapeutics - Lario Therapeutics – undefined mechanism of action – migraine [34]

Phase unknown

  • AST-004 – adenosine A1 and A3 receptor agonist – migraine [35]
  • Propofol hemisuccinate (EP-102; EP-103) – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator (propofol prodrug) – migraine [36]
  • Topiramate oral suspension – various actions – migraine [37]

Not under development

Preregistration submission withdrawal

  • Frovatriptan (Allegro; Auradol; EN-3266; Frova; Isimig; Migard; Pitunal; Rilamig; SB-209509; SB-209509AX; VML-251) – serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor agonist and triptan – menstrual migraine [38]

Suspended

  • Zolmitriptan transdermal (M-207; Qtrypta; triptan microneedle patch) – serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor agonist and triptan – cluster headache, migraine [39]

No development reported

  • AF-130 – purinergic P2X3 receptor antagonist – migraine [40]
  • B-244 (AOB-101; AOB-102; AOB-103; AOB-201; AOB-202; AOB-203; B244; nitrosomonas eutropha D23) – bacteria replacement – migraine [41]
  • Carabersat (SB-204269) – undefined mechanism of action (anticonvulsant) – migraine [42]
  • CLE-500 – undefined mechanism of action – cluster headache [43]
  • CT-044 analogues - CERSCI Therapeutics – reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor – migraine [44]
  • Cyclobenzaprine extended release (Amrix; Bonelax; EUR-1002) – tricyclic antidepressant (non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitor and receptor modulator and other actions) – migraine [45]
  • Donepezil (Allydone; Aricept; E-2020; E-2022; Eranz) – acetylcholinesterase inhibitor – migraine [46]
  • Donitriptan mesilate (F-12640) – serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor agonist and triptan – migraine [47]
  • Estetrol (E4; Donesta) – estrogen (estrogen receptor agonist) – migraine [48]
  • Filorexant (MK-6096) – orexin OX1 and OX2 receptor antagonist – migraine [49]
  • Flunarizine (XEN-007) – calcium channel blocker, non-selective monoamine receptor modulator, other actions – migraine [50]
  • Ibudilast (AV-411; Eyevinal; Ibinal; KC-404; Ketas; MN-166; Pinatos) – phosphodiesterase PDE4 inhibitor – headache [51]
  • IPX-232 – undefined mechanism of action – migraine [52]
  • Ketamine hydrochloride intranasal – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative hallucinogen – cluster headache [53]
  • Ondansetron/rizatriptan oral transmucosal film (rizatriptan/ondansetron; MSRX-202) – combination of ondansetron (serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist and antiemetic) and rizatriptan (triptan) [54]
  • Oxytocin (TI-001; TI-114; TNX-1900; TNX-2900) – oxytocin receptor agonist – headache [55]
  • Piroxicam betadex (β-cyclodextrin piroxicam; Brexecam; Brexidol; Brexin; Brexine; Brexinil; CHF 1194; Cicladol; Cycladol; Flogene; piroxicam β-cyclodextrin) – COX inhibitor/NSAID – migraine, tension-type headache [56]
  • Psilocybin (low-dose psilocybin; BPL-PSILO) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – headache [57]
  • Psilocybin (MYCO-001; MYCO-003) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – headache [58]
  • Psilocybin (SYNP-101; synthetic psilocybin) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist and psychedelic hallucinogen – cluster headache, migraine [59]
  • Relutrigine (PRAX-562) – sodium channel blocker – headache [60]
  • Research programme: calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonists - Merck (CGRP receptor antagonists; Imidazoazepanes; MK-2918; MK-8825) – calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (CGRPR) antagonists [61]
  • Research programme: GPCR modulators - Nxera Pharma – various actions [62]
  • Research programme: migraine and pain therapeutics - NeurAxon – various actions – migraine [63]
  • Research programme: pain and migraine therapy - OptiNose (OPT-1005) – undefined mechanism of action – migraine [64]
  • Rizatriptan intranasal – serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor agonist and triptan – migraine [65]
  • Rizatriptan oral film – serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor agonist and triptan – migraine [66]
  • Salubrin (PH80; PH-80; ORG-39479) – vomeropherine – migraine [67] [68]
  • Sumatriptan (Imigran Nasal Spray; Imitrex Nasal Spray) – serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor agonist and triptan – menstrual migraine [69]
  • Sumatriptan transmucosal (Omexa) – serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor agonist and triptan – migraine [70]
  • Zucapsaicin (cis-capsaicin; Civamide; Civanex; Dolorac; Neuroderm; Zuacta) – transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) agonist – cluster headache, migraine [71]

Discontinued

  • Alniditan (R-91274) – serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor agonist – migraine [72]
  • Avitriptan (BMS-180048) – serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor agonist and triptan – migraine [73]
  • Bezisterim (HE-3286; NE-3107; Triolex; 17α-ethynyl-5-androstene-3β,7β,17β-triol) – undefined mechanism of action (synthetic androstenetriol analogue and anti-inflammatory) – migraine [74]
  • BI-44370 (BI44370) – calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (CGRPR) antagonist – migraine [75]
  • Botulinum toxin A topical (RT-001) – acetylcholine release inhibitor and neuromuscular blocking agent – migraine [76]
  • Carisbamate (Comfyde; JNJ-10234094; RWJ-333369; YKP-509) – unknown mechanism of action – migraine [77][11]
  • Dasolampanel (NGX-426) – ionotropic glutamate AMPA and kainate receptor antagonist – migraine [78]
  • Dextromethorphan/quinidine (DXM/Q; AVP-923; Neurodex; Nuedexta; Zenvia) – combination of dextromethorphan (various actions) and quinidine (various actions) – migraine [79]
  • Dihydroergocryptine (SRN-001) – non-selective monoamine receptor modulator and ergoline – migraine [80]
  • Donitriptan (F-11356) – serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor agonist and triptan – migraine [81]
  • Dotarizine (Dotaricin; FI-6026) – calcium channel blocker and serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT2C receptor antagonist – migraine [82]
  • Dronabinol (Δ9-THC; Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol; Deltanyne; Elevat; Marinol) – cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptor agonist – migraine [83]
  • Ergotamine inhalation (Tempo-ergotamine) – non-selective monoamine receptor modulator and ergoline – migraine [84]
  • Esprolol – beta blocker (β-adrenergic receptor antagonist) – migraine [85]
  • Ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel (DP3; DR-103; DR-105; LoSeasonique; Seasonique) – combination of ethinylestradiol (an estrogen) and levonorgestrel (a progestogen) and a combined oral contraceptive – menstrual migraine [86]
  • (S)-Ethylisothiouronium diethylphosphate (Difetur; MTR-104; MTR-105; MTR-106; MTR-107; MTR-108; Raviclust; Ravimig; Raviten) – nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor [87]
  • Fremanezumab (Ajovy; LBR-101; PF-04427429; PF-4427429; RN-307; TEV-48125) – monoclonal antibody against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) – cluster headache, headache [88]
  • Gabapentin (CI-945; Gabapen; GOE-3450; Neurontin) – gabapentinoid (α2δ subunit-containing voltage-gated calcium channel ligand) – migraine [89]
  • Gabapentin enacarbil (1838262; ASP8825; GSK-1838262; Horizant; Regnite; Solzira; XP13512) – gabapentinoid (α2δ subunit-containing voltage-gated calcium channel ligand) – migraine [90]
  • Ganaxolone (CCD-1042; Ztalmy) – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator and neurosteroid – migraine [91]
  • HTL-0022562 (BHV-3100; HTL-22562) – calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (CGRPR) antagonist – migraine [92]
  • IS-159 – serotonin 5-HT1D receptor agonist – migraine [93]
  • Lacosamide (ADD-234037; Erlosamide; Harkoseride; SPM-927; SPM-929; Vimpat; Vimpato) – various actions – migraine [94]
  • Lanepitant (LY-303870) – neurokinin NK1 receptor antagonist – migraine [95]
  • Lidocaine transdermal patch (ADL-87223; LidoPAIN) – sodium channel blocker – headache [96]
  • Lornoxicam (Bosporon; Chlortenoxicam; HN-10000; RO-139297; Safem; TS-110; Xefo) – COX inhibitor/NSAID – migraine [97]
  • LY-2300559 – metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) positive allosteric modulator and cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 (CysLTR1) antagonist – migraine [98][12]
  • LY-334370 – serotonin 5-HT1F receptor agonist and triptan – migraine [99]
  • MEDI-0618 – monoclonal antibody against protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) – migraine [100]
  • Olcegepant (BIBN-4096; BIBN-4096BS) – calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (CGRPR) antagonist – migraine [101]
  • Oxytocin (TI-001; TI-114; TNX-1900; TNX-2900) – oxytocin receptor agonist – migraine [102]
  • Perampanel (E-2007; ER-155055-90; Fycompa) – AMPA receptor antagonist – migraine [103]
  • PF-5180999 (PF-05180999) – phosphodiesterase PDE2 inhibitor – migraine [104]
  • PNU-142633 (PNU-142633F) – serotonin 5-HT1D receptor agonist – cluster headache, headache, migraine [105]
  • Prochlorperazine inhalation (AZ-001) – typical antipsychotic (non-selective monoamine receptor modulator) – migraine [106]
  • Propisergide (ergalgin) – serotonin receptor modulator and ergoline – migraine
  • Propofol phosphate (Neuprox; propofol prodrug) – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator (propofol prodrug) – migraine [107]
  • Research programme: migraine therapy - Orexo (OX-40; OX641) – undefined mechanism of action – migraine [108]
  • Selurampanel (BGG-492; BGG-492A) – ionotropic glutamate AMPA and kainate receptor antagonist – migraine [109]
  • Sergolexole (LY-281067) – serotonin 5-HT2 receptor antagonist and ergoline – migraine [110]
  • Telcagepant (MK-0974) – calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (CGRPR) antagonist – migraine [111]
  • Tezampanel (LY-293558; NGX-424; PRN-001-01) – ionotropic glutamate AMPA and kainate receptor antagonist – migraine [112]
  • Tizanidine (AN-021A; AN-021; DS-103282; Sirdalud; Ternelin; Zanaflex) – α2-adrenergic receptor agonist – migraine [113]
  • Tonabersat (SB-220453; USL-260; Xiflam) – connexin 43 (GJA1) inhibitor – migraine [114]
  • Zolmitriptan inhalation (CVT-427) – serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor agonist and triptan – migraine [115]
  • Zonisamide (AD-810; CI-912; Excegran; Kinaplase; PD-110843; Tremode; Trerief; Zonegran) – calcium channel blocker, sodium channel blocker, and other actions – migraine [116]

Clinically used drugs

Approved drugs

COX inhibitors/NSAIDs

  • Celecoxib (DFN-15; Elyxyb) – COX inhibitor/NSAID – migraine [117]
  • Dexibuprofen (Daxfen; DexOptifen; Movone; (S)-(+)-ibuprofen; Seractil; Ultraprofen) – COX inhibitor/NSAID – headache [118]

Triptans (serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor agonists)

  • Almotriptan (Almogran; Axert; LAS-31416) – serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor agonist and triptan – migraine [119]
  • Eletriptan (Relert; Relpax; UK-116044) – serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor agonist and triptan – migraine, menstrual migraine [120]
  • Frovatriptan (Allegro; Auradol; EN-3266; Frova; Isimig; Migard; Pitunal; Rilamig; SB-209509; SB-209509AX; VML-251) – serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor agonist and triptan – migraine [121]
  • Naratriptan (Amerge; GR-85548; GR-85548A; Naramig; SMP-948) – serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor agonist and triptan – migraine [122]
  • Rizatriptan (L-705126; Maxalt; MK-0462; MK-462) – serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor agonist and triptan – migraine [123]
  • Rizatriptan oral film (INT-0008; RHB-103; Rizafilm; VersaFilm; RizaPort) – serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor agonist and triptan – migraine [124]
  • Sumatriptan (Imigran Nasal Spray; Imitrex Nasal Spray) – serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor agonist and triptan – migraine [125]
  • Zolmitriptan (311-C90; 311C; AscoTop; BW-311C90; Zomig; Zomigon) – serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor agonist and triptan – cluster headache, menstrual migraine, migraine [126]
  • Zolmitriptan oral dispersible film (zolmitriptan ODF; Zolmitriptan PharmaFilm; Zolmitriptan RapidFilm; Zolmitriptan Renantos Schmelzfilm) – serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor agonist and triptan – migraine [127]

Ergolines (non-selective monoamine receptor modulators)

  • Atogepant (AGN-241689; Aquipta; MK-8031; Qulipta) – calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (CGRPR) antagonist – migraine [131]
  • Eptinezumab (ALD-403; Lu-AG09221; Vyepti) – monoclonal antibody against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) – migraine [132]
  • Erenumab (Aimovig; AMG-334) – monoclonal antibody against calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (CGRPR) – migraine [133]
  • Fremanezumab (Ajovy; LBR-101; PF-04427429; PF-4427429; RN-307; TEV-48125) – monoclonal antibody against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) – migraine [134]
  • Galcanezumab (Emgality; LY-2951742) – monoclonal antibody against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) – cluster headache, migraine [135]
  • Rimegepant (BHV-3000; BMS-927711; Nurtec; Vydura) – calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (CGRPR) antagonist – migraine [136]
  • Ubrogepant (MK-1602; Ubrelvy) – calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (CGRPR) antagonist – migraine [137]
  • Zavegepant (BHV-3500; BMS-742413; PF-07930207; Vazegepant; Zavzpret) – calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor (CGRPR) antagonist – migraine [138]

Combination drugs

Other drugs

  • Alpiropride (Revistel, Rivistel, Rivestel) – dopamine D2 receptor antagonist – migraine
  • Dimetotiazine (Banistyl, Normelin) – non-selective monoamine receptor modulator – migraine
  • Flumedroxone acetate (Demigran, Leomigran) – progestogen (progesterone receptor agonist) – migraine[13][14]
  • Iprazochrome (Divascan) – serotonin receptor antagonist – migraine
  • Lasmiditan (COL-144; LY-573144; Rayvow; Reyvow) – serotonin 5-HT1F receptor agonist – migraine [141]
  • Lomerizine (DE-090; KB-2796; Migsis) – non-selective monoamine receptor modulator, other actions – migraine [142]
  • Onabotulinum toxin A (BoNTA; Botox; GSK-1358820; OnabotA X; Vistabel; Vistabex) – acetylcholine release inhibitor and neuromuscular blocking agent – migraine [143]
  • Oxetorone (Nocertone, Oxedix) – non-selective monoamine receptor modulator – migraine
  • Topiramate (Epitomax; KW-6485; MCN-4853; RWJ-17021; Topamax; Topimax; Topina) – various actions – migraine [144]
  • Topiramate oral (Eprontia; ET-101) – various actions – migraine [145]
  • Topiramate extended-release (SPN-538; TPM XR; Trokendi XR; Trokesa) – various actions – migraine [146]
  • Valproate semisodium (Depakote; Divalproex; Divalproex sodium; Epival; LA40220) – various actions – migraine [147]

Off-label drugs

See also

References

  1. ↑ Devadoss, Thangaraj; Pingili, Ravindra Babu (2024). "Drugs Under Clinical Trials for the Treatment of Migraine". Management of Migraine Pain. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. pp. 229–249. doi:10.1007/978-981-97-4529-6_12. ISBN 978-981--974528-9. https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-97-4529-6_12. Retrieved 1 October 2025. "The AGX-201 is chemically 2-(4-imidazolyl)ethylamine dihydrochloride, refer to Fig. 12.7 for the chemical structure. [...] AGX-201 is a dihydrochloride salt of histamine. [...]" 
  2. ↑ "Pharmacological management of migraine: current strategies and future directions". Expert Opin Pharmacother 25 (6): 673–683. April 2024. doi:10.1080/14656566.2024.2349791. PMID 38720629. "AGX-201 is a histamine receptor modulator that acts as an antagonist at H1 receptors and an agonist at H3 receptors. This dual mechanism of action offer a unique approach to mitigate migraine symptoms by reducing the release of proinflammatory neuropeptides from trigeminal nerve endings. Subcutaneous AGX-201 is currently tested in a phase II trial (NCT02021474) enrolling subjects with migraine requiring prophylactic treatment.". 
  3. ↑ "A Phase 1 clinical trial of NYPRG-101 in healthy adult participants - AdisInsight". https://adisinsight.springer.com/trials/700360718. 
  4. ↑ "Ceruvia Lifesciences Announces First Participant Dosed in BOL-148 Phase 1 Clinical Trial". 17 January 2023. https://www.biospace.com/ceruvia-lifesciences-announces-first-participant-dosed-in-bol-148-phase-1-clinical-trial. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Michael Haichin (2024). "Psychedelics Drug Development Tracker". https://psychedelicalpha.com/data/psychedelic-drug-development-tracker. 
  6. ↑ "BETR 001 - AdisInsight". https://adisinsight.springer.com/drugs/800061475. 
  7. ↑ "Delving into the Latest Updates on Bromolysergide with Synapse". https://synapse.patsnap.com/drug/3bcabbea8776452d8fcd680529dec52c. 
  8. ↑ "A non-hallucinogenic LSD analog with therapeutic potential for mood disorders". Cell Rep 42 (3). March 2023. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112203. PMID 36884348. 
  9. ↑ "Tactogen Inc – Pipeline". 8 February 2021. https://tactogen.com/pipeline/. 
  10. ↑ Matthew J. Baggott, "Indolizine compounds for the treatment of mental disorders or inflammation", WO patent 2023183613A2, published 2023 September 28, assigned to Tactogen
  11. ↑ "Carisbamate (RWJ-333369)". Neurotherapeutics 4 (1): 106–109. January 2007. doi:10.1016/j.nurt.2006.11.016. PMID 17199023. 
  12. ↑ Johnson, K. W.; Smith, A. C.; Davis, R. J.; Schkeryantz, J. M.; Johnson, M. P. (1 August 2013). "Preclinical Characterization of LY2300559, a Dual Acting mGlu2 Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulator (PAM) and Leukotriene CysLT1 Receptor Antagonist, for Potential Use as a Migraine Therapy". Cephalalgia (SAGE): 975. ISSN 0333-1024. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298144552. Retrieved 19 September 2025. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Endocrinology of Headache: A Review". Updating in Headache. Springer Science & Business Media. 6 December 2012. pp. 229–. ISBN 978-3-642-88581-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=czSSBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA229. 
  14. ↑ The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. 14 November 2014. pp. 560–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=0vXTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA560. 
  15. ↑ "Preventative treatment for migraine and tension-type headaches: do drugs having effects on muscle spasm and tone have a role?". CNS Drugs 17 (6): 373–381. 2003. doi:10.2165/00023210-200317060-00001. PMID 12696998. 
  16. ↑ "Other Preventive Anti-Migraine Treatments: ACE Inhibitors, ARBs, Calcium Channel Blockers, Serotonin Antagonists, and NMDA Receptor Antagonists". Curr Treat Options Neurol 21 (4). March 2019. doi:10.1007/s11940-019-0559-0. PMID 30880363. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 "The effect of blood pressure lowering medications on the prevention of episodic migraine: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Cephalalgia 43 (6): 3331024231183166. June 2023. doi:10.1177/03331024231183166. PMID 37350141. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 "Aspirin, paracetamol (acetaminophen) and caffeine for the treatment of acute migraine attacks: A systemic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials". Eur J Neurol 29 (1): 350–357. January 2022. doi:10.1111/ene.15103. PMID 34519136. 
  19. ↑ "Caffeine in the management of patients with headache". J Headache Pain 18 (1). October 2017. doi:10.1186/s10194-017-0806-2. PMID 29067618. 
  20. ↑ "Are butyrophenones effective for the treatment of primary headache in the emergency department?". CJEM 13 (2): 96–104. March 2011. doi:10.2310/8000.2011.100301. PMID 21435315. 
  21. ↑ "Canadian Headache Society systematic review and recommendations on the treatment of migraine pain in emergency settings". Cephalalgia 35 (3): 271–284. March 2015. doi:10.1177/0333102414535997. PMID 24875925. 
  22. ↑ "Parenteral treatment of episodic tension-type headache: a systematic review". Headache 54 (2): 260–268. February 2014. doi:10.1111/head.12287. PMID 24433525. 
  23. ↑ "Rescue therapy for acute migraine, part 2: neuroleptics, antihistamines, and others". Headache 52 (2): 292–306. February 2012. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.02070.x. PMID 22309235. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Current Status of Antiepileptic Drugs as Preventive Migraine Therapy". Curr Treat Options Neurol 21 (4). March 2019. doi:10.1007/s11940-019-0558-1. PMID 30880369. 
  25. ↑ "Butalbital in the treatment of headache: history, pharmacology, and efficacy". Headache 41 (10): 953–967. 2001. doi:10.1046/j.1526-4610.2001.01189.x. PMID 11903523. 
  26. ↑ "Do butalbital-containing products have a role in the management of migraine?". Pharmacotherapy 22 (8): 1029–1035. August 2002. doi:10.1592/phco.22.12.1029.33595. PMID 12173787. 
  27. ↑ "β-blockers: Their new life from hypertension to cancer and migraine". Pharmacol Res 151. January 2020. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104587. PMID 31809852. 
  28. ↑ "The Exploration of Cannabis and Cannabinoid Therapies for Migraine". Curr Pain Headache Rep 27 (9): 339–350. September 2023. doi:10.1007/s11916-023-01144-z. PMID 37515745. 
  29. ↑ "Cannabinoids in headache: helpful or harmful?". Curr Opin Neurol 38 (3): 277–280. June 2025. doi:10.1097/WCO.0000000000001364. PMID 40152937. 
  30. ↑ "Medical Cannabis for Headache Pain: a Primer for Clinicians". Curr Pain Headache Rep 25 (10). October 2021. doi:10.1007/s11916-021-00974-z. PMID 34628531. 
  31. ↑ "What is the evidence for the use of corticosteroids in migraine?". Curr Pain Headache Rep 18 (12). December 2014. doi:10.1007/s11916-014-0464-x. PMID 25373608. 
  32. ↑ "Corticosteroid treatment in cluster headache: evidence, rationale, and practice". Curr Pain Headache Rep 9 (2): 126–131. April 2005. doi:10.1007/s11916-005-0050-3. PMID 15745623. 
  33. ↑ "Dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methysergide and sumatriptan - basic science in relation to migraine treatment". Headache 52 (4): 707–714. April 2012. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2012.02124.x. PMID 22444161. 
  34. ↑ "What happens to the old headache medicines?". Headache 52 (4): 701–706. April 2012. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2012.02123.x. PMID 22486742. 
  35. ↑ "Dopamine and migraine: biology and clinical implications". Cephalalgia 27 (11): 1308–1314. November 2007. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2007.01478.x. PMID 17970991. 
  36. ↑ "The complex relationship between estrogen and migraines: a scoping review". Syst Rev 10 (1). March 2021. doi:10.1186/s13643-021-01618-4. PMID 33691790. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "Ovarian hormones and migraine headache: understanding mechanisms and pathogenesis--part 2". Headache 46 (3): 365–386. March 2006. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2006.00370.x. PMID 16618254. 
  38. ↑ "Gabapentin or pregabalin for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults". Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013 (6). June 2013. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010609. PMID 23797675. 
  39. ↑ "The Role of Melatonin in the Treatment of Primary Headache Disorders". Headache 56 (8): 1257–1266. September 2016. doi:10.1111/head.12862. PMID 27316772. 
  40. ↑ "Therapeutic role of melatonin in migraine prophylaxis: A systematic review". Medicine (Baltimore) 98 (3). January 2019. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000014099. PMID 30653130. 
  41. ↑ "Evidence-based guideline update: NSAIDs and other complementary treatments for episodic migraine prevention in adults: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society". Neurology 78 (17): 1346–1353. April 2012. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182535d0c. PMID 22529203. 
  42. ↑ "Opioids in headache". Headache 54 (1): 12–21. January 2014. doi:10.1111/head.12266. PMID 24127913. 
  43. ↑ "Opioid Treatment of Migraine: Risk Factors and Behavioral Issues". Curr Pain Headache Rep 20 (9). September 2016. doi:10.1007/s11916-016-0581-9. PMID 27474093. 
  44. ↑ "Propofol in the treatment of refractory migraine headaches". Expert Rev Neurother 16 (9): 1007–1011. September 2016. doi:10.1080/14737175.2016.1216795. PMID 27454834. 
  45. ↑ "Propofol for Treatment of Acute Migraine in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review". Acad Emerg Med 27 (2): 148–160. February 2020. doi:10.1111/acem.13870. PMID 31621134. 
  46. ↑ "Exploring the Potential of Psychedelics in the Treatment of Headache Disorders: Clinical Considerations and Exploratory Insights". Curr Pain Headache Rep 29 (1). January 2025. doi:10.1007/s11916-024-01321-8. PMID 39820774. 
  47. ↑ "Psychedelics and Headache Disorders: an Update". Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 25 (1). August 2025. doi:10.1007/s11910-025-01446-2. PMID 40782223. 
  48. ↑ "Licit and illicit drug use in cluster headache". Curr Pain Headache Rep 18 (5). May 2014. doi:10.1007/s11916-014-0413-8. PMID 24715619. 
  49. ↑ "Putative role of 5-HT2B receptors in migraine pathophysiology". Cephalalgia 37 (4): 365–371. April 2017. doi:10.1177/0333102416646760. PMID 27127104. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:29-opus4-112198. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 "5-HT2 receptor antagonists and migraine therapy". J Neurol 238 Suppl 1: S45–52. 1991. doi:10.1007/BF01642906. PMID 2045831. 
  51. ↑ "The Use and Method of Action of Intravenous Lidocaine and Its Metabolite in Headache Disorders". Headache 58 (5): 783–789. May 2018. doi:10.1111/head.13298. PMID 29536530. 
  52. ↑ "Tension-type headache: the most common, but also the most neglected, headache disorder". Curr Opin Neurol 19 (3): 305–309. June 2006. doi:10.1097/01.wco.0000227043.00824.a9. PMID 16702840. 
  53. ↑ "Antidepressants for Preventive Treatment of Migraine". Curr Treat Options Neurol 21 (4). March 2019. doi:10.1007/s11940-019-0557-2. PMID 30895388. 
  54. ↑ "Treatment of chronic headache with antidepressants: a meta-analysis". Am J Med 111 (1): 54–63. July 2001. doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(01)00762-8. PMID 11448661. 




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