Chemistry:Pregabalin

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Short description: Anticonvulsant drug
Pregabalin
Pregabalin.svg
Pregabalin ball-and-stick model.png
Clinical data
Pronunciation/priˈɡæbəlɪn/
Trade namesLyrica, others[1]
Other names3-isobutyl GABA, (S)-3-isobutyl-γ-aminobutyric acid
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa605045
License data
Pregnancy
category
Dependence
liability		Physical: High[4]
Psychological: Moderate[4]
Addiction
liability		Low[4]
Routes of
administration		By mouth
Drug classGabapentinoid;

Anticonvulsant;

GABA analogue
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
BioavailabilityOral: High (≥90% rapidly absorbed; administration with food may reduce the rate of Pregabalin absorption, yet it’s highly absorbed)[9]
Protein binding<1%[10]
MetabolitesN-methylpregabalin[11]
Onset of actionMay occur within a week (pain)[12]
Elimination half-life4.5–7 hours[13] (mean 6.3 hours)[13][14]
Duration of actionUnknown[15]
ExcretionKidney
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC8H17NO2
Molar mass159.229 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  (verify)

Pregabalin, sold under the brand name Lyrica among others, is an anticonvulsant, analgesic, and anxiolytic medication used to treat epilepsy, neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, restless leg syndrome, opioid withdrawal, and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).[12][16][17] Pregabalin also has antiallodynic properties.[18][19][20] Its use in epilepsy is as an add-on therapy for partial seizures.[12] It is a gabapentinoid medication and acts by inhibiting certain calcium channels.[12][21][22] When used before surgery, it reduces pain but results in greater sedation and visual disturbances.[23] It is taken by mouth.[12]

Common side effects include headache, dizziness, sleepiness, confusion, trouble with memory, poor coordination, dry mouth, problems with vision, and weight gain.[12][24] Serious side effects may include angioedema, drug misuse, and an increased suicide risk.[12] When pregabalin is taken at high doses over a long period of time, addiction may occur, but if taken at usual doses the risk is low.[4] Use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is of unclear safety.[25]

Pregabalin was approved for medical use in the United States in 2004.[12] It was developed as a successor to the related gabapentin.[26] It is available as a generic medication.[24][27][28][29][30] In 2020, it was the 78th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 9 million prescriptions.[31][32] In the US, pregabalin is a Schedule V controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act of 1970.[12] It is a Class C controlled substance in the UK.[33]


Medical uses

Box of 150 mg Lyrica (pregabalin) capsules from Finland

Seizures

For drug-resistant focal epilepsy, pregabalin is useful as an add-on therapy to other treatments.[34] Its use alone is less effective than some other seizure medications.[35] It is unclear how it compares to gabapentin for this use.[35]

Neuropathic pain

The European Federation of Neurological Societies recommends pregabalin as a first line agent for the treatment of pain associated with diabetic neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia, and central neuropathic pain.[36] A minority obtain substantial benefit, and a larger number obtain moderate benefit.[37] It is given equal weight as gabapentin and tricyclic antidepressants as a first line agent, however the latter are less expensive as of 2010.[38] Pregabalin is as effective at relieving pain as duloxetine and amitriptyline. Combination treatment of pregabalin and amitriptyline or duloxetine offers additional pain relief for people whose pain is not adequately controlled with one medication, and is safe.[39][40]

Studies have shown that higher doses of pregabalin are associated with greater efficacy.[41]

Pregabalin's use in cancer-associated neuropathic pain is controversial,[42] though such use is common.[43] It has been examined for the prevention of post-surgical chronic pain, but its utility for this purpose is controversial.[44][45]

Pregabalin is generally not regarded as efficacious in the treatment of acute pain.[37] In trials examining the utility of pregabalin for the treatment of acute post-surgical pain, no effect on overall pain levels was observed, but people did require less morphine and had fewer opioid-related side effects.[44][46] Several possible mechanisms for pain improvement have been discussed.[47]

Anxiety disorders

Pregabalin is moderately effective for treatment of generalized anxiety disorder.[48] It is also effective for the short- and long-term treatment of social anxiety disorder and in reducing preoperative anxiety.[49][50] However, there is concern regarding pregabalin's off-label use due to the lack of strong scientific evidence for its efficacy in multiple conditions and its proven side effects.[51]

The World Federation of Biological Psychiatry recommends pregabalin as one of several first line agents for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder, but recommends other agents such as SSRIs as first line treatment for obsessive–compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).[52][53] For PTSD, pregabalin as complementary treatment seems to be effective.[50]

Generalized anxiety disorder

Pregabalin appears to have anxiolytic effects similar to benzodiazepines with less risk of dependence.[54] The effects of pregabalin appear within one week of use,[55] and are similar in effectiveness to lorazepam, alprazolam, and venlafaxine, but pregabalin has demonstrated superiority by producing more consistent therapeutic effects for psychosomatic anxiety symptoms.[56] Long-term trials have shown continued effectiveness without the development of tolerance, and, in addition, unlike benzodiazepines, it has a beneficial effect on sleep and sleep architecture, characterized by the enhancement of slow-wave sleep.[56] It produces less severe cognitive and psychomotor impairment compared to benzodiazepines.[56][57]

A 2019 review found that pregabalin reduces symptoms, and was generally well tolerated.[48]

Other uses

Although pregabalin is sometimes prescribed for people with bipolar disorder there is no evidence showing that it is effective.[50][58]

There is no evidence and significant risk in using pregabalin for sciatica and low back pain.[59][60][61] Evidence of benefit in alcohol withdrawal as well as withdrawal from certain other drugs is limited as of 2016.[62]

One study concluded that pregabalin may be a useful prophylactic medication for migraines.[63]

Adverse effects

Exposure to pregabalin is associated with weight gain, sleepiness and fatigue, dizziness, vertigo, leg swelling, disturbed vision, loss of coordination, and euphoria.[64] It has an adverse effect profile similar to other central nervous system depressants.[65] Even though pregabalin is a depressant and anti-convulsant it can sometimes paradoxically induce seizures, particularly in large overdoses.[66] Adverse drug reactions associated with the use of pregabalin include:[67][68]

Cases of recreational use, with associated adverse effects have been reported.[70]

In a 2020 systematic review of the literature about movement disorders secondary to pregabalin, the authors found 46 reports containing 305 cases. The abnormal movements found were ataxia, tremors, myoclonus, parkinsonism, restless legs syndrome, dystonia, dyskinesia, and akathisia.[71]

Withdrawal symptoms

Following abrupt or rapid discontinuation of pregabalin, some people reported symptoms suggestive of physical dependence. The FDA determined that the substance dependence profile of pregabalin, as measured by a personal physical withdrawal checklist, was quantitatively less than benzodiazepines.[65] Even people who have discontinued short term use of pregabalin have experienced withdrawal symptoms, including insomnia, headache, nausea, anxiety, diarrhea, flu like symptoms, nervousness, major depression, pain, convulsions, hyperhidrosis and dizziness.[72]

Pregnancy

It is unclear if it is safe for use in pregnancy with some studies showing potential harm.[73]

Breathing

In December 2019, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warned about serious breathing issues for those taking gabapentin or pregabalin when used with CNS depressants or for those with lung problems.[74][75]

The FDA required new warnings about the risk of respiratory depression to be added to the prescribing information of the gabapentinoids.[74] The FDA also required the drug manufacturers to conduct clinical trials to further evaluate their abuse potential, particularly in combination with opioids, because misuse and abuse of these products together is increasing, and co-use may increase the risk of respiratory depression.[74]

Among 49 case reports submitted to the FDA over the five-year period from 2012 to 2017, twelve people died from respiratory depression with gabapentinoids, all of whom had at least one risk factor.[74]

The FDA reviewed the results of two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials in healthy people, three observational studies, and several studies in animals.[74] One trial showed that using pregabalin alone and using it with an opioid pain reliever can depress breathing function.[74] The other trial showed gabapentin alone increased pauses in breathing during sleep.[74] The three observational studies at one academic medical center showed a relationship between gabapentinoids given before surgery and respiratory depression occurring after different kinds of surgeries.[74] The FDA also reviewed several animal studies that showed pregabalin alone and pregabalin plus opioids can depress respiratory function.[74]

Overdose

An overdose of pregabalin usually consists of severe drowsiness, severe ataxia, blurred vision and macular detachment,[76] slurred speech, severe uncontrollable jerking motions (myoclonus), tonic clonic seizures and anxiety.[77] Despite these symptoms an overdose is not usually fatal unless mixed with another depressant. Several people with kidney failure developed myoclonus while receiving pregabalin, apparently as a result of gradual accumulation of the drug. Acute overdosage may be manifested by somnolence, tachycardia and hypertonia. Plasma, serum or blood concentrations of pregabalin may be measured to monitor therapy or to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized people.[78][79][80]

Pharmacology

Interactions

No interactions have been demonstrated in vivo. The manufacturer notes some potential pharmacological interactions with opioids, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, ethanol (alcohol), and other drugs that depress the central nervous system. ACE inhibitors may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of pregabalin. Pregabalin may enhance the fluid-retaining effect of certain anti-diabetic agents (thiazolidinediones).[81]

Pharmacodynamics

Pregabalin is not a GABAA or GABAB receptor agonist.
The N-Type is responsible for most of the central nervous system effects.
N-Type Voltage gated calcium channel

Pregabalin is a gabapentinoid and acts by inhibiting certain calcium channels.[21][22] Specifically it is a ligand of the auxiliary α2δ subunit site of certain voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs), and thereby acts as an inhibitor of α2δ subunit-containing VDCCs.[21][82] There are two drug-binding α2δ subunits, α2δ-1 and α2δ-2, and pregabalin shows similar affinity for (and hence lack of selectivity between) these two sites.[21] Pregabalin is selective in its binding to the α2δ VDCC subunit.[82][83] Despite the fact that pregabalin is a GABA analogue,[84] it does not bind to the GABA receptors, does not convert into GABA or another GABA receptor agonist in vivo, and does not directly modulate GABA transport or metabolism.[22][82] However, pregabalin has been found to produce a dose-dependent increase in the brain expression of L-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the enzyme responsible for synthesizing GABA, and hence may have some indirect GABAergic effects by increasing GABA levels in the brain.[85][86][87] There is currently no evidence that the effects of pregabalin are mediated by any mechanism other than inhibition of α2δ-containing VDCCs.[82][88] In accordance, inhibition of α2δ-1-containing VDCCs by pregabalin appears to be responsible for its anticonvulsant, analgesic, and anxiolytic effects.[82][88]

The endogenous α-amino acids L-leucine and L-isoleucine, which closely resemble pregabalin and the other gabapentinoids in chemical structure, are apparent ligands of the α2δ VDCC subunit with similar affinity as the gabapentinoids (e.g., IC50 = 71 nM for L-isoleucine), and are present in human cerebrospinal fluid at micromolar concentrations (e.g., 12.9 μM for L-leucine, 4.8 μM for L-isoleucine).[89] It has been theorized that they may be the endogenous ligands of the subunit and that they may competitively antagonize the effects of gabapentinoids.[89][90] In accordance, while gabapentinoids like pregabalin and gabapentin have nanomolar affinities for the α2δ subunit, their potencies in vivo are in the low micromolar range, and competition for binding by endogenous L-amino acids has been said to likely be responsible for this discrepancy.[88]

Pregabalin was found to possess 6-fold higher affinity than gabapentin for α2δ subunit-containing VDCCs in one study.[91][92] However, another study found that pregabalin and gabapentin had similar affinities for the human recombinant α2δ-1 subunit (Ki = 32 nM and 40 nM, respectively).[93] In any case, pregabalin is 2 to 4 times more potent than gabapentin as an analgesic[84][94] and, in animals, appears to be 3 to 10 times more potent than gabapentin as an anticonvulsant.[84][94]

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Pregabalin is absorbed from the intestines by an active transport process mediated via the large neutral amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1, SLC7A5), a transporter for amino acids such as L-leucine and L-phenylalanine.[21][82][95] Very few (less than 10 drugs) are known to be transported by this transporter.[96] Unlike gabapentin, which is transported solely by the LAT1,[95][10] pregabalin seems to be transported not only by the LAT1 but also by other carriers.[21] The LAT1 is easily saturable, so the pharmacokinetics of gabapentin are dose-dependent, with diminished bioavailability and delayed peak levels at higher doses.[21] In contrast, this is not the case for pregabalin, which shows linear pharmacokinetics and no saturation of absorption.[21]

The oral bioavailability of pregabalin is greater than or equal to 90% across and beyond its entire clinical dose range (75 to 600 mg/day).[10] Food can decrease the absorption rate of Pregabalin.[10] Pregabalin is rapidly absorbed when administered on an empty stomach, with a Tmax (time to peak levels) of generally less than or equal to 1 hour at doses of 300 mg or less.[21][11] However, food has been found to substantially delay the absorption of pregabalin and to significantly reduce peak levels without affecting the bioavailability of the drug; Tmax values for pregabalin of 0.6 hours in a fasted state and 3.2 hours in a fed state (5-fold difference), and the Cmax is reduced by 25–31% in a fed versus fasted state.[10]

Distribution

Pregabalin crosses the blood–brain barrier and enters the central nervous system.[82] However, due to its low lipophilicity,[10] pregabalin requires active transport across the blood–brain barrier.[95][82][97][98] The LAT1 is highly expressed at the blood–brain barrier[99] and transports pregabalin across into the brain.[95][82][97][98] Pregabalin has been shown to cross the placenta in rats and is present in the milk of lactating rats.[11] In humans, the volume of distribution of an orally administered dose of pregabalin is approximately 0.56 L/kg.[11] Pregabalin is not significantly bound to plasma proteins (<1%).[10]

Metabolism

Pregabalin undergoes little or no metabolism.[10][21][100] In experiments using nuclear medicine techniques, it was revealed that approximately 98% of the radioactivity recovered in the urine was unchanged pregabalin.[11] The main metabolite is N-methylpregabalin.[11]

Elimination

Pregabalin is eliminated by the kidneys in the urine, mainly in its unchanged form.[10][11] It has a relatively short elimination half-life, with a reported value of 6.3 hours.[10] Because of its short elimination half-life, pregabalin is administered 2 to 3 times per day to maintain therapeutic levels.[10] The kidney clearance of pregabalin is 73 mL/minute.[7]

Chemistry

Chemical structures of GABA, pregabalin and two other gabapentinoids, gabapentin and phenibut.

Pregabalin is a GABA analogue that is a 3-substituted derivative as well as a γ-amino acid.[18][83] Specifically, pregabalin is (S)-(+)-3-isobutyl-GABA.[101][102][103] Pregabalin also closely resembles the α-amino acids L-leucine and L-isoleucine, and this may be of greater relevance in relation to its pharmacodynamics than its structural similarity to GABA.[89][90][101]

Synthesis

Chemical syntheses of pregabalin have been described.[104][105]

History

Pregabalin was synthesized in 1990 as an anticonvulsant. It was invented by medicinal chemist Richard Bruce Silverman at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois.[106] Silverman is best known for identifying the drug pregabalin as a possible treatment for epileptic seizures.[107] During 1988 to 1990, Ryszard Andruszkiewicz, a visiting research fellow, synthesized a series of molecules requested by Silverman.[108] One looked particularly promising.[109] The molecule was effectively shaped for transportation into the brain, where it activated L-glutamic acid decarboxylase, an enzyme. Silverman hoped that the enzyme would increase production of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA and block convulsions.[107] Eventually, the set of molecules were sent to Parke-Davis Pharmaceuticals for testing. The drug was approved in the European Union in 2004. The US received FDA approval for use in treating epilepsy, diabetic neuropathic pain, and postherpetic neuralgia in December 2004. Pregabalin then appeared on the US market under the brand name Lyrica in fall of 2005.[110] In 2017, the FDA approved pregabalin extended-release Lyrica CR for the management of neuropathic pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and postherpetic neuralgia.[111] However, unlike the immediate release formulation, Lyrica CR was not approved for the management of fibromyalgia or as add on therapy for adults with partial onset seizures.[112][7]

Society and culture

Legal status

  • United States: During clinical trials a small number of users (~4%) reported euphoria after use, which led to its control in the US.[113] The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) classified pregabalin as a depressant and placed pregabalin, including its salts, and all products containing pregabalin into Schedule V of the Controlled Substances Act.[114][65][115]
  • Norway: Pregabalin is in prescription Schedule B, alongside benzodiazepines.[116][117]
  • United Kingdom: On January 14, 2016, the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD) wrote a letter to Home Office ministers recommending that pregabalin alongside gabapentin should be controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.[118][119] It was announced in October 2018, that Pregabalin would become reclassified as a class C controlled substance from April 2019.[120][33]

In the United States, the FDA has approved pregabalin for adjunctive therapy for adults with partial onset seizures, management of postherpetic neuralgia and neuropathic pain associated with spinal cord injury and diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and the treatment of fibromyalgia.[121] Pregabalin has also been approved in the European Union, the United Kingdom, and Russia for treatment of generalized anxiety disorder.[122][56][123]

Economics

Pregabalin is available as a generic medication in a number of countries, including the United States as of July 2019.[24][27][122] In the United States as of July 2019 the wholesale/pharmacy cost for generic pregabalin is US$0.17–0.22 per 150 mg capsule.[124]

Since 2008, Pfizer has engaged in extensive direct-to-consumer advertising campaigns to promote its branded product Lyrica for fibromyalgia and diabetic nerve pain indications. In January 2016, the company spent a record amount, $24.6 million for a single drug on TV ads, reaching global revenues of $14 billion, more than half in the United States.[125]

Up until 2009, Pfizer promoted Lyrica for other uses which had not been approved by medical regulators. For Lyrica and three other drugs, Pfizer was fined a record amount of US$2.3 billion by the Department of Justice,[126][127][128] after pleading guilty to advertising and branding "with the intent to defraud or mislead". Pfizer illegally promoted the drugs, with doctors "invited to consultant meetings, many in resort locations; attendees expenses were paid; they received a fee just for being there", according to prosecutor Michael Loucks.[126][127]

Intellectual property

Professor Richard "Rick" Silverman of Northwestern University developed pregabalin there. The university holds a patent on it, exclusively licensed to Pfizer.[129][130] That patent, along with others, was challenged by generic manufacturers and was upheld in 2014, giving Pfizer exclusivity for Lyrica in the US until 2018.[131][132]

Pfizer's main patent for Lyrica, for seizure disorders, in the UK expired in 2013. In November 2018, the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom ruled that Pfizer's second patent on the drug, for treatment of pain, was invalid because there was a lack of evidence for the conditions it covered – central and peripheral neuropathic pain. From October 2015, GPs were forced to change people from generic pregabalin to branded until the second patent ran out in July 2017. This cost the NHS £502 million.[133]

Brand names

As of October 2017, pregabalin was marketed under many brand names in other countries: Algerika, Alivax, Alyse, Alzain, Andogablin, Aprion, Averopreg, Axual, Balifibro, Brieka, Clasica, Convugabalin, Dapapalin, Dismedox, Dolgenal, Dolica, Dragonor, Ecubalin, Epica, Epiron, Gaba-P, Gabanext, Gabarol, Gabica, Gablin, Gablovac, Gabrika, Gavin, Gialtyn, Glonervya, Helimon, Hexgabalin, Irenypathic, Kabian, Kemirica, Kineptia, Lecaent, Lingabat, Linprel, Lyribastad, Lyric, Lyrica, Lyrineur, Lyrolin, Lyzalon, Martesia, Maxgalin, Mystika, Neuragabalin, Neugaba, Neurega, Neurica, Neuristan, Neurolin, Neurovan, Neurum, Newrica, Nuramed, Paden, Pagadin, Pagamax, Painica, Pevesca, PG, Plenica, Pragiola, Prebalin, Prebanal, Prebel, Prebictal, Prebien, Prefaxil, Pregaba, Pregabalin, Pregabalina, Pregabaline, Prégabaline, Pregabalinum, Pregabateg, Pregaben, Pregabid, Pregabin, Pregacent, Pregadel, Pregagamma, Pregalex, Pregalin, Pregalodos, Pregamid, Pregan, Preganerve, Pregastar, Pregatrend, Pregavalex, Pregdin Apex, Pregeb, Pregobin, Prejunate, Prelin, Preludyo, Prelyx, Premilin, Preneurolin, Prestat, Pretor, Priga, Provelyn, Regapen, Resenz, Rewisca, Serigabtin, Symra, Vronogabic, Xablin, and Xil.[134]

It was also marketed in several countries as a combination drug with mecobalamin under the brand names Agemax-P, Alphamix-PG, Freenerve-P, Gaben, Macraberin-P, Mecoblend-P, Mecozen-PG, Meex-PG, Methylnuron-P, Nervolin, Nervopreg, Neurica-M, Neuroprime-PG, Neutron-OD, Nuroday-P, Nurodon-PG, Nuwin-P, Pecomin-PG, Prebel-M, Predic-GM, Pregacent-M, Pregamet, Preganerv-M, Pregeb-M OD, Pregmic, Prejunate Plus, Preneurolin Plus, Pretek-GM, Rejusite, Renerve-P, Safyvit-PR, and Vitcobin-P, Voltanerv with Methylcobalamin and ALA by Cogentrix Pharma.[134]

References

  1. ↑ "Pregabalin - Drugs.com". https://www.drugs.com/international/pregabalin.html. 
  2. ↑ "Avoid prescribing pregabalin in pregnancy if possible". Department of Health and Aged Care. https://www.tga.gov.au/news/safety-updates/avoid-prescribing-pregabalin-pregnancy-if-possible. 
  3. ↑ "Product Information safety updates - January 2023". Department of Health and Aged Care. https://www.tga.gov.au/news/safety-updates/product-information-safety-updates-january-2023. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Misuse and abuse of pregabalin and gabapentin: cause for concern?". CNS Drugs 28 (6): 491–496. June 2014. doi:10.1007/s40263-014-0164-4. PMID 24760436. 
  5. ↑ https://www.medsafe.govt.nz/consumers/cmi/l/lyrica.pdf
  6. ↑ "Lyrica Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". 27 February 2023. https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/5539/smpc. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "Lyrica- pregabalin capsule Lyrica- pregabalin solution". June 15, 2020. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=60185c88-ecfd-46f9-adb9-b97c6b00a553. 
  8. ↑ "Lyrica EPAR". 6 July 2004. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/lyrica. 
  9. ↑ Bockbrader, Howard N.; Radulovic, Louis L.; Posvar, Edward L.; Strand, James C.; Alvey, Christine W.; Busch, Janice A.; Randinitis, Edward J.; Corrigan, Brian W. et al. (2010). "Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Pregabalin in Healthy Volunteers". The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology (Wiley) 50 (8): 941–950. doi:10.1177/0091270009352087. ISSN 0091-2700. PMID 20147618. 
  10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 "Clinical pharmacokinetics of pregabalin in healthy volunteers". Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 50 (8): 941–950. August 2010. doi:10.1177/0091270009352087. PMID 20147618. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 "Summary of product characteristics". European Medicines Agency (EMA). March 6, 2013. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/000546/WC500046602.pdf. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 "Pregabalin". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. https://www.drugs.com/monograph/pregabalin.html. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Expert Committee on Drug Dependence Forty-first Meeting (November 2018). Critical Review Report: Pregabalin (Report). Geneva: World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/medicines/access/controlled-substances/Pregabalin_FINAL.pdf?ua=1. 
  14. ↑ "Pregabalin". StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. July 19, 2022. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470341/. Retrieved August 27, 2022. 
  15. ↑ Pharmacology and the Nursing Process. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2015. p. 227. ISBN 9780323358286. https://books.google.com/books?id=06A_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA227. 
  16. ↑ "Pregabalin: a review of its use in adults with generalized anxiety disorder". CNS Drugs 28 (9): 835–854. September 2014. doi:10.1007/s40263-014-0192-0. PMID 25149863. 
  17. ↑ "Gabapentin enacarbil, pregabalin and rotigotine are equally effective in restless legs syndrome: a comparative meta-analysis". European Journal of Neurology 24 (12): 1446–1456. December 2017. doi:10.1111/ene.13449. PMID 28888061. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Wyllie's Treatment of Epilepsy: Principles and Practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. February 17, 2012. p. 423. ISBN 978-1-4511-5348-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=j9t6Qg0kkuUC&pg=RA1-PA423. 
  19. ↑ Sleep Medicine in Neurology. John Wiley & Sons. October 10, 2013. p. 241. ISBN 978-1-118-76417-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=Gf9QAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT241. 
  20. ↑ "Gabapentin and Pregabalin". The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychopharmacology. 2009. pp. 767–77. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781585623860.as38. ISBN 978-1-58562-309-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=Xx7iNGdV25IC&pg=PA767. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.7 21.8 21.9 "Alpha2delta ligands, gabapentin, pregabalin and mirogabalin: a review of their clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use". Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 16 (11): 1263–1277. November 2016. doi:10.1080/14737175.2016.1202764. PMID 27345098. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 "Acute modulation of calcium currents and synaptic transmission by gabapentinoids". Channels 4 (6): 490–496. 2010. doi:10.4161/chan.4.6.12864. PMID 21150315. 
  23. ↑ "Impact of pregabalin on acute and persistent postoperative pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis". British Journal of Anaesthesia 114 (1): 10–31. January 2015. doi:10.1093/bja/aeu293. PMID 25209095. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 British National Formulary : BNF 76 (76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. pp. 323. ISBN 9780857113382. 
  25. ↑ "Pregabalin Use During Pregnancy". https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/pregabalin.html. 
  26. ↑ Substance Abuse: Inpatient and Outpatient Management for Every Clinician. Springer. 2014. p. 324. ISBN 9781493919512. https://books.google.com/books?id=ms2lBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA324. Retrieved August 24, 2020. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "Generic Lyrica Availability". https://www.drugs.com/availability/generic-lyrica.html. 
  28. ↑ "FDA approves first generics of Lyrica". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). September 11, 2019. Archived from the original on June 9, 2020. Retrieved October 27, 2019.
  29. ↑ "Pregabalin ER: FDA-Approved Drugs". https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=213226. 
  30. ↑ "Competitive Generic Therapy Approvals". June 29, 2023. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/generic-drugs/competitive-generic-therapy-approvals. 
  31. ↑ "The Top 300 of 2020". https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx. 
  32. ↑ "Pregabalin - Drug Usage Statistics". https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Pregabalin. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Pregabalin and gabapentin to be controlled as Class C drugs". October 15, 2018. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pregabalin-and-gabapentin-to-be-controlled-as-class-c-drugs. 
  34. ↑ "Pregabalin add-on for drug-resistant focal epilepsy". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3 (3): CD005612. March 2022. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005612.pub5. PMID 35349176. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "Pregabalin monotherapy for epilepsy". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 10: CD009429. October 2012. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009429.pub2. PMID 23076957. 
  36. ↑ "EFNS guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain: 2010 revision". European Journal of Neurology 17 (9): 1113–1e88. September 2010. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.02999.x. PMID 20402746. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "Pregabalin for neuropathic pain in adults". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1 (1): CD007076. January 2019. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007076.pub3. PMID 30673120. 
  38. ↑ "The evidence for pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain". Pain 150 (3): 573–581. September 2010. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.06.019. PMID 20705215. 
  39. ↑ "Combination therapy for painful diabetic neuropathy is safe and effective" (in en). NIHR Evidence. April 6, 2023. doi:10.3310/nihrevidence_57470. https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/combination-therapy-for-painful-diabetic-neuropathy-is-safe-and-effective/. 
  40. ↑ "Comparison of amitriptyline supplemented with pregabalin, pregabalin supplemented with amitriptyline, and duloxetine supplemented with pregabalin for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (OPTION-DM): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised crossover trial". Lancet 400 (10353): 680–690. August 2022. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01472-6. PMID 36007534. 
  41. ↑ "Pregabalin for neuropathic pain in primary care settings: recommendations for dosing and titration". Postgraduate Medicine (Informa UK Limited) 133 (1): 1–9. January 2021. doi:10.1080/00325481.2020.1857992. PMID 33423590. 
  42. ↑ "Pregabalin for the management of neuropathic pain in adults with cancer: a systematic review of the literature". Pain Medicine 14 (11): 1681–1688. November 2013. doi:10.1111/pme.12212. PMID 23915361. 
  43. ↑ Palliative care formulary. (6 ed.). Pharmaceutical press. 2017. p. Chapter 4 Central Nervous System. ISBN 978-0-85711-348-1. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 "The prevention of chronic postsurgical pain using gabapentin and pregabalin: a combined systematic review and meta-analysis". Anesthesia and Analgesia 115 (2): 428–442. August 2012. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e318249d36e. PMID 22415535. 
  45. ↑ "Pharmacotherapy for the prevention of chronic pain after surgery in adults". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2021 (7): CD008307. July 2013. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008307.pub2. PMID 23881791. 
  46. ↑ "A Meta-Analysis on the Use of Gabapentinoids for the Treatment of Acute Postoperative Pain Following Total Knee Arthroplasty". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume 98 (16): 1340–1350. August 2016. doi:10.2106/jbjs.15.01202. PMID 27535436. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cbe29197-14a9-47dc-b961-2ad3e24fd1c0. Retrieved August 24, 2020. 
  47. ↑ "Mechanisms of the gabapentinoids and α 2 δ-1 calcium channel subunit in neuropathic pain". Pharmacology Research & Perspectives 4 (2): e00205. April 2016. doi:10.1002/prp2.205. PMID 27069626. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 "Pharmacological treatments for generalised anxiety disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis". Lancet 393 (10173): 768–777. February 2019. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31793-8. PMID 30712879. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10070219/1/Freemantle_Slee_GAD_Meta_Text%20R1_20180627%20clean.pdf. Retrieved September 8, 2020. ; "Supplemental Appendices". June 5, 2018. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10070219/7/Freemantle_Slee_GAD_Web_Appendix%20R1_20180627.pdf. ; "Authors' Reply". June 5, 2018. https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10084194/3/Nazareth_Lancet%20Correspondence051019.pdf. 
  49. ↑ "Review finds little evidence to support gabapentinoid use in bipolar disorder or insomnia" (in en). NIHR Evidence (National Institute for Health and Care Research). October 17, 2022. doi:10.3310/nihrevidence_54173. https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/review-finds-little-evidence-support-gabapentinoid-use-bipolar-disorder-or-insomnia/. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 "Gabapentin and pregabalin in bipolar disorder, anxiety states, and insomnia: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and rationale". Molecular Psychiatry 27 (3): 1339–1349. March 2022. doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01386-6. PMID 34819636. 
  51. ↑ "Gabapentin and pregabalin in bipolar disorder, anxiety states, and insomnia: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and rationale". Molecular Psychiatry 27 (3): 1339–1349. March 2022. doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01386-6. PMID 34819636. 
  52. ↑ "Guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in primary care". International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice 16 (2): 77–84. June 2012. doi:10.3109/13651501.2012.667114. PMID 22540422. https://www.wfsbp.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Treatment_Guidelines/Bandelow_et_al_01.pdf. Retrieved October 16, 2020. 
  53. ↑ "Pregabalin for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder". The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 46 (3): 424–429. March 2012. doi:10.1345/aph.1Q405. PMID 22395254. 
  54. ↑ "Pregabalin: its efficacy, safety and tolerability profile in generalized anxiety". Drugs of Today 43 (9): 601–610. September 2007. doi:10.1358/dot.2007.43.9.1133188. PMID 17940637. 
  55. ↑ "How long does it take for Lyrica to work?". Drugs.com. May 25, 2021. https://www.drugs.com/medical-answers/long-lyrica-work-3558304/. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 "Pregabalin for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a novel pharmacologic intervention". Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics 7 (7): 769–781. July 2007. doi:10.1586/14737175.7.7.769. PMID 17610384. 
  57. ↑ "Pregabalin: its efficacy, safety and tolerability profile in generalized anxiety". Drugs of Today 43 (9): 601–610. September 2007. doi:10.1358/dot.2007.43.9.1133188. PMID 17940637. 
  58. ↑ "A Systematic Review of the Clinical Use of Gabapentin and Pregabalin in Bipolar Disorder". Pharmaceuticals 14 (9): 834. August 2021. doi:10.3390/ph14090834. PMID 34577534. 
  59. ↑ "A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness and adverse events of gabapentin and pregabalin for sciatica pain". Atencion Primaria (Elsevier BV) 54 (1): 102144. January 2022. doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2021.102144. PMID 34637958. 
  60. ↑ "Benefits and safety of gabapentinoids in chronic low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". PLOS Medicine 14 (8): e1002369. August 2017. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002369. PMID 28809936. 
  61. ↑ "This popular drug is linked to addiction and suicide. Why do doctors keep prescribing it?". The Canberra Times. December 18, 2018. https://www.canberratimes.com.au/national/victoria/this-popular-drug-is-linked-to-addiction-and-suicide-why-do-doctors-keep-prescribing-it-20181129-p50j1x.html. 
  62. ↑ "Pregabalin for the Treatment of Drug and Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms: A Comprehensive Review". CNS Drugs 30 (12): 1191–1200. December 2016. doi:10.1007/s40263-016-0390-z. PMID 27848217. 
  63. ↑ Calandre, Elena P.; Garcia-Leiva, Juan M.; Rico-Villademoros, Fernando; Vilchez, Juan S.; Rodriguez-Lopez, Carmen M. (2010). "Pregabalin in the Treatment of Chronic Migraine". Clinical Neuropharmacology (Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)) 33 (1): 35–39. doi:10.1097/wnf.0b013e3181bf1dbe. ISSN 0362-5664. PMID 19935409. 
  64. ↑ "Benefits and harms of pregabalin in the management of neuropathic pain: a rapid review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials". BMJ Open 9 (1): e023600. January 2019. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023600. PMID 30670513. 
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 "Schedules of Controlled Substances: Placement of Pregabalin Into Schedule V". July 28, 2005. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2005/07/28/05-15036/schedules-of-controlled-substances-placement-of-pregabalin-into-schedule-v. 
  66. ↑ "Pregabalin and paradoxical reaction of seizures in a large overdose". Toxicology Communications 2 (1): 19–20. January 1, 2018. doi:10.1080/24734306.2018.1458465. 
  67. ↑ Lyrica (Australian Approved Product Information), Pfizer Australia Pty Ltd., 2006, https://www.pfizer.com.au/products/lyrica 
  68. ↑ Australian Medicines Handbook, 2006. Australian Medicines Handbook. 2006. ISBN 978-0-9757919-2-9. [page needed]
  69. ↑ "Medication Guide (Pfizer Inc.)". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). June 2011. https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/DrugSafety/UCM152825.pdf. 
  70. ↑ "Lyrica Nights–Recreational Pregabalin Abuse in an Urban Emergency Department". Emergency Medicine Journal 30 (10): 874.2–874. September 7, 2013. doi:10.1136/emermed-2013-203113.20. 
  71. ↑ "Pregabalin-associated movement disorders: A literature review". Brain Circulation 6 (2): 96–106. 2020. doi:10.4103/bc.bc_57_19. PMID 33033779. 
  72. ↑ "Lyrica Capsules". https://www.medicines.org.uk/EMC/medicine/14651/SPC/Lyrica+Capsules/. 
  73. ↑ "Pregabalin Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings". https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/pregabalin.html. 
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 74.2 74.3 74.4 74.5 74.6 74.7 74.8 "FDA warns about serious breathing problems with seizure and nerve pain medicines gabapentin (Neurontin, Gralise, Horizant) and pregabalin (Lyrica, Lyrica CR)". December 19, 2019. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-warns-about-serious-breathing-problems-seizure-and-nerve-pain-medicines-gabapentin-neurontin.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  75. ↑ "FDA warns about serious breathing problems with seizure and nerve pain medicines gabapentin (Neurontin, Gralise, Horizant) and pregabalin (Lyrica, Lyrica CR) When used with CNS depressants or in patients with lung problems" (PDF). December 19, 2019. https://www.fda.gov/media/133681/download.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  76. ↑ "Bilateral Serous Macular Detachment After Attempted Suicide with Pregabalin". Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology 48 (5): 254–257. October 2018. doi:10.4274/tjo.70923. PMID 30405948. 
  77. ↑ "Gabapentin or pregabalin induced myoclonus: A case series and literature review". Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 61: 225–234. March 2019. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2018.09.019. PMID 30381161. 
  78. ↑ "79. Severe myoclonus from pregabalin (Lyrica) due to chronic renal insufficiency". Clinical Toxicology 46 (7): 604. 2008. doi:10.1080/15563650802255033. 
  79. ↑ "Treatment of pregabalin toxicity by hemodialysis in a patient with kidney failure" (PDF). American Journal of Kidney Diseases 54 (6): 1127–1130. December 2009. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.04.014. PMID 19493601. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.955.4223&rep=rep1&type=pdf. Retrieved October 19, 2020. 
  80. ↑ Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man (8th ed.). Biomedical Publications. 2008. pp. 1296–1297. ISBN 978-0-9626523-7-0. 
  81. ↑ "Pregabalin". Lexi-Drugs [database on the Internet. Hudson (OH): Lexi-Comp, Inc.. 2007. https://www.localhealthrx.com/drugs/pregabalin/. .
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 82.2 82.3 82.4 82.5 82.6 82.7 82.8 "The mechanisms of action of gabapentin and pregabalin". Current Opinion in Pharmacology 6 (1): 108–113. February 2006. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2005.11.003. PMID 16376147. 
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 Practical Management of Pain. Elsevier Health Sciences. September 11, 2013. p. 1006. ISBN 978-0-323-17080-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=kfcDAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1006. 
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 84.2 "3-substituted GABA analogs with central nervous system activity: a review". Medicinal Research Reviews 19 (2): 149–177. March 1999. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-1128(199903)19:2<149::AID-MED3>3.0.CO;2-B. PMID 10189176. 
  85. ↑ Chiral Drugs: Chemistry and Biological Action. John Wiley & Sons. August 8, 2011. p. 88. ISBN 9781118075630. https://books.google.com/books?id=Zgx13oMZaYUC&pg=PA88. Retrieved August 17, 2016. 
  86. ↑ "Pregabalin is a potent and selective ligand for α(2)δ-1 and α(2)δ-2 calcium channel subunits". European Journal of Pharmacology 667 (1–3): 80–90. September 2011. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.05.054. PMID 21651903. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Pregabalin+is+a+potent+and+selective+ligand+for+alpha%282%29delta-1+and+alpha%282%29delta-2+calcium+channel+subunits&btnG=. Retrieved October 20, 2020. 
  87. ↑ "L-Glutamate Decarboxylase". GABA—Biochemistry and CNS Functions. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 123. 1979. pp. 59–78. doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-5199-1_4. ISBN 978-1-4899-5201-1. 
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 88.2 "The diverse therapeutic actions of pregabalin: is a single mechanism responsible for several pharmacological activities?". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 34 (6): 332–339. June 2013. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2013.04.001. PMID 23642658. 
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 89.2 "Ca2+ channel alpha2delta ligands: novel modulators of neurotransmission". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 28 (2): 75–82. February 2007. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2006.12.006. PMID 17222465. 
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 "Functional biology of the alpha(2)delta subunits of voltage-gated calcium channels". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 28 (5): 220–228. May 2007. doi:10.1016/j.tips.2007.03.005. PMID 17403543. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Functional+biology+of+the+%CE%B12%CE%B4+subunits+of+voltage-gated+calcium+channels&btnG=. Retrieved October 19, 2020. 
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  92. ↑ Wall and Melzack's textbook of pain (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. 2013. p. 515. ISBN 9780702040597. https://books.google.com/books?id=bNlvQJSqrB8C&pg=PA515. 
  93. ↑ "Pharmacology and mechanism of action of pregabalin: the calcium channel alpha2-delta (alpha2-delta) subunit as a target for antiepileptic drug discovery". Epilepsy Research 73 (2): 137–150. February 2007. doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2006.09.008. PMID 17126531. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Pharmacology+and+mechanism+of+action+of+pregabalin%3A+The+calcium+channel+%CE%B12%E2%80%93%CE%B4+%28alpha2%E2%80%93delta%29+subunit+as+a+target+for+antiepileptic+drug+discovery&btnG=. Retrieved October 19, 2020. 
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  98. ↑ 98.0 98.1 "Prodrug approaches for enhancing the bioavailability of drugs with low solubility". Chemistry & Biodiversity 6 (11): 2071–2083. November 2009. doi:10.1002/cbdv.200900114. PMID 19937841. 
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  100. ↑ Antiepileptic Drugs to Treat Psychiatric Disorders. INFRMA-HC. 2008. p. 370. ISBN 978-0-8493-8259-8. 
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  102. ↑ "Gabapentin: pharmacology and its use in pain management". Anaesthesia 57 (5): 451–462. May 2002. doi:10.1046/j.0003-2409.2001.02399.x. PMID 11966555. 
  103. ↑ Advanced Therapy in Epilepsy. PMPH-USA. 2009. pp. 302. ISBN 978-1-60795-004-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=4W7UI-FPZmoC&pg=PA302. 
  104. ↑ Synthesis of Best-Seller Drugs. Elsevier Science. January 7, 2016. pp. 158. ISBN 978-0-12-411524-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=A8oHBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA158. Retrieved June 22, 2018. 
  105. ↑ Stereoselective Synthesis of Drugs and Natural Products. John Wiley & Sons. August 16, 2013. pp. 869. ISBN 978-1-118-62833-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=jXFwAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA869. Retrieved June 22, 2018. 
  106. ↑ "Getting to Lyrica". Science. March 25, 2008. https://www.science.org/content/blog-post/getting-lyrica. 
  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 "Silverman's golden drug makes him NU's golden ticket". North by Northwestern. February 25, 2010. http://www.northbynorthwestern.com/story/silvermans-golden-drug-makes-him-nus-golden-ticket/. 
  108. ↑ "4-Amino-3-alkylbutanoic acids as substrates for gamma-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 265 (36): 22288–22291. December 1990. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)45702-X. PMID 2266125. http://www.jbc.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2266125. Retrieved August 25, 2016. 
  109. ↑ "Polish scientist is the co-author of a new anti-epileptic drug". Science and Scholarship in Poland. 2005. http://scienceinpoland.pap.pl/en/news/news,16089,polish-scientist-is-the-co-author-of-a-new-anti-epileptic-drug.html. 
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  111. ↑ "FDA approves LYRICA CR extended-release tablets CV". Seeking Alpha. October 12, 2017. https://seekingalpha.com/news/3300636-fda-approves-lyrica-cr-extended-release-tablets-cv. 
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  113. ↑ "Lyrica - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses". https://www.drugs.com/pro/lyrica.html. 
  114. ↑ "2005 - Placement of Pregabalin Into Schedule V". July 28, 2005. https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/fed_regs/rules/2005/fr0728.htm. 
  115. ↑ "Title 21 CFR – PART 1308 – Section 1308.15 Schedule V". http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/21cfr/cfr/1308/1308_15.htm. 
  116. ↑ "Lyrica" (in no). Felleskatalogen. May 7, 2015. https://www.felleskatalogen.no/medisin/lyrica-pfizer-561166. 
  117. ↑ "[Pregabalin and its potential for abuse"] (in no). Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening 129 (3): 186–187. January 2009. doi:10.4045/tidsskr.08.0047. PMID 19180163. https://tidsskriftet.no/2009/01/legemidler-i-praksis/pregabalin-og-misbrukspotensial. Retrieved October 26, 2020. 
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  119. ↑ "Pregabalin and gabapentin: proposal to schedule under the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001". November 10, 2017. https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/pregabalin-and-gabapentin-proposal-to-schedule-under-the-misuse-of-drugs-regulations-2001. 
  120. ↑ "Pregabalin and gabapentin become controlled drugs to cut deaths from misuse". BMJ 363: k4364. October 2018. doi:10.1136/bmj.k4364. PMID 30327316. https://www.bmj.com/content/363/bmj.k4364. Retrieved February 6, 2019. 
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  127. ↑ 127.0 127.1 "Pfizer agrees record fraud fine". September 2, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8234533.stm. 
  128. ↑ "Portions of the Pfizer Inc. 2010 Financial Report". 2010. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/78003/000119312511048877/dex13.htm. 
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