Biology:CALCRL
 Generic protein structure example |
Calcitonin receptor-like (CALCRL), also known as the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR), is a human protein; it is a receptor for calcitonin gene-related peptide.[1]
Function
The protein encoded by the CALCRL gene is a G protein-coupled receptor related to the calcitonin receptor. CALCRL is linked to one of three single transmembrane domain receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) that are essential for functional activity.
The association of CALCRL with different RAMP proteins produces different receptors:[2][3]
- with RAMP1: produces a CGRP receptor
- with RAMP2: produces an adrenomedullin (AM) receptor, designated AM1[4]
- with RAMP3: produces a dual CGRP/AM receptor designated AM2
These receptors are linked to the G protein Gs,[5] which activates adenylate cyclase and activation results in the generation of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).
CGRP receptors are found throughout the body, suggesting that the protein may modulate a variety of physiological functions in all major systems (e.g., respiratory, endocrine, gastrointestinal, immune, and cardiovascular).[6]
Wounds
In wounds, CGRP receptors found in nerve cells deactivate the immune system, to prevent collateral damage in case of a clean wound (common case). In very preliminary research, nerve blockers like e.g. lidocaine or botox have been demonstrated to block CGRP cascade, thereby allowing immune system involvement and control of pathogens, resulting in complete control and recovery.[7]
Structure
CALCRL associated with RAMP1 produces the CGRP receptor which is a trans-membrane protein receptor that is made up of four chains. Two of the four chains contain unique sequences. It is a heterodimer protein composed of two polypeptide chains differing in composition of their amino acid residues. The sequence reveals multiple hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions throughout the four chains in the protein.[8]
The CGRP family of receptors including CALCRL can couple to G-protein Gαs, Gαi and Gαq subunits to transduce their signals. Furthermore binding of ligands to CALCRL can bias coupling to these G-protein.[9] Peptide agonist bind to the extracellular loops of CALCRL. This binding in turn causes TM5 (transmembrane helix 5) and TM6 to pivot around TM3 which in turn facilitates Gαs binding.[10]
Adrenomedullin receptor
Expression
The RNA expression charts show a high level in fetal lung.
Clinical significance
Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonists are approved for the treatment of migraine.
References
- ↑ "A cDNA encoding the calcitonin gene-related peptide type 1 receptor". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (19): 11325–9. May 1996. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.19.11325. PMID 8626685.
- ↑ "RAMPs regulate the transport and ligand specificity of the calcitonin-receptor-like receptor". Nature 393 (6683): 333–9. May 1998. doi:10.1038/30666. PMID 9620797. Bibcode: 1998Natur.393..333M.
- ↑ "RAMPs: accessory proteins for seven transmembrane domain receptors". Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 20 (5): 184–7. May 1999. doi:10.1016/S0165-6147(99)01347-4. PMID 10354609.
- ↑ "The RAMP2/CRLR complex is a functional adrenomedullin receptor in human endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells". FEBS Lett. 448 (1): 111–4. April 1999. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(99)00358-0. PMID 10217420.
- ↑ "Receptor properties". SenseLab Project: Membrane properties resource. Yale University. http://senselab.med.yale.edu/NeuronDB/receptors2.asp#Calcitonin,%20amylin,%20CGRP%20and%20adrenomedullin%20receptors,.
- ↑ Arulmani, U. (2004). "Calcitonin gene-related peptide and its role in migraine pathophysiology". Eur J Pharmacol 500 (1–3): 315–30. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.07.035. PMID 15464043.
- ↑ "How the germ behind flesh-eating disease hijacks neurons to avoid immune destruction". https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-05-germ-flesh-eating-disease-hijacks-neurons.html.
- ↑ PDB: 3N7S; "Crystal structure of the ectodomain complex of the CGRP receptor, a class-B GPCR, reveals the site of drug antagonism". Structure 18 (9): 1083–93. September 2010. doi:10.1016/j.str.2010.05.014. PMID 20826335.
- ↑ "Receptor Activity-modifying Protein-directed G Protein Signaling Specificity for the Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide Family of Receptors". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 291 (42): 21925–21944. October 2016. doi:10.1074/jbc.M116.751362. PMID 27566546.
- ↑ "Receptor activity-modifying protein dependent and independent activation mechanisms in the coupling of calcitonin gene-related peptide and adrenomedullin receptors to Gs". Biochemical Pharmacology 17: 30482–3. July 2017. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2017.07.005. PMID 28705698.
Further reading
- "Functional interaction of G protein-coupled receptors of the adrenomedullin peptide family with accessory receptor-activity-modifying proteins (RAMP).". Microsc. Res. Tech. 57 (1): 14–22. 2002. doi:10.1002/jemt.10051. PMID 11921352.
- "Calcitonin gene-related peptide in pregnancy and its emerging receptor heterogeneity.". Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 13 (6): 263–9. 2003. doi:10.1016/s1043-2760(02)00563-5. PMID 12128288.
- "Isolation and characterisation of a human calcitonin-gene-related-peptide receptor.". Eur. J. Biochem. 170 (1–2): 373–9. 1988. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb13710.x. PMID 2826160.
- "Autoradiographic distribution of 125I calcitonin gene-related peptide binding sites in the rat central nervous system.". Peptides 6 (5): 975–86. 1986. doi:10.1016/0196-9781(85)90331-6. PMID 3001670. https://zenodo.org/record/1258421.
- "A human orphan calcitonin receptor-like structure.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 206 (1): 341–7. 1995. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1995.1047. PMID 7818539.
- "A cDNA encoding the calcitonin gene-related peptide type 1 receptor.". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (19): 11325–9. 1996. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.19.11325. PMID 8626685.
- "RAMPs regulate the transport and ligand specificity of the calcitonin-receptor-like receptor.". Nature 393 (6683): 333–9. 1998. doi:10.1038/30666. PMID 9620797. Bibcode: 1998Natur.393..333M.
- "Expression of calcitonin receptor-like receptor and receptor-activity-modifying proteins in human cranial arteries.". Neurosci. Lett. 258 (1): 41–4. 1999. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(98)00844-1. PMID 9876047.
- "The RAMP2/CRLR complex is a functional adrenomedullin receptor in human endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells.". FEBS Lett. 448 (1): 111–4. 1999. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(99)00358-0. PMID 10217420.
- "Mammalian calcitonin receptor-like receptor/receptor activity modifying protein complexes define calcitonin gene-related peptide and adrenomedullin receptors in Drosophila Schneider 2 cells.". FEBS Lett. 471 (2–3): 156–60. 2000. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01387-9. PMID 10767413.
- "Dexamethasone increases RAMP1 and CRLR mRNA expressions in human vascular smooth muscle cells.". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 270 (3): 1063–7. 2000. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2000.2552. PMID 10772950.
- "Visualization of the calcitonin receptor-like receptor and its receptor activity-modifying proteins during internalization and recycling.". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (38): 29602–9. 2000. doi:10.1074/jbc.M004534200. PMID 10882736.
- "CGRP-RCP, a novel protein required for signal transduction at calcitonin gene-related peptide and adrenomedullin receptors.". J. Biol. Chem. 275 (40): 31438–43. 2000. doi:10.1074/jbc.M005604200. PMID 10903324.
- "Protein-protein interaction and not glycosylation determines the binding selectivity of heterodimers between the calcitonin receptor-like receptor and the receptor activity-modifying proteins.". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (31): 29575–81. 2001. doi:10.1074/jbc.M102722200. PMID 11387328.
- "Glycosylation of human CRLR at Asn123 is required for ligand binding and signaling.". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1539 (1–2): 131–9. 2001. doi:10.1016/S0167-4889(01)00100-8. PMID 11389975.
- "Differential and cell-specific expression of calcitonin receptor-like receptor and receptor activity modifying proteins in the human uterus.". Mol. Hum. Reprod. 7 (7): 655–64. 2001. doi:10.1093/molehr/7.7.655. PMID 11420389.
- "Agonist-promoted internalization of a ternary complex between calcitonin receptor-like receptor, receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1), and beta-arrestin.". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (45): 42182–90. 2001. doi:10.1074/jbc.M107323200. PMID 11535606.
- "Receptor activity modifying proteins interaction with human and porcine calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR) in HEK-293 cells.". Mol. Cell. Biochem. 224 (1–2): 123–33. 2002. doi:10.1023/A:1011907328682. PMID 11693189.
- "Expression and distribution of calcitonin receptor-like receptor in human hairy skin.". Peptides 23 (1): 109–16. 2002. doi:10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00586-1. PMID 11814625.
- "Bacterial expression and purification of a heterodimeric adrenomedullin receptor extracellular domain complex using DsbC-assisted disulfide shuffling.". Protein Expr. Purif. 88 (1): 107–13. 2013. doi:10.1016/j.pep.2012.11.019. PMID 23247088.
External links
- "Calcitonin receptors: CALCRL". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. http://www.iuphar-db.org/GPCR/ReceptorDisplayForward?receptorID=3043.
- calcitonin+receptor-like+receptor at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- CALCRL human gene location in the UCSC Genome Browser.
- CALCRL human gene details in the UCSC Genome Browser.
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