Astronomy:List of smallest stars

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This is a list of stars which are the least voluminous known (the smallest stars by volume).

List

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Notable small stars

This is a list of small stars that are notable for characteristics that are not separately listed.

Star name Star mean radius, kilometres Star class Notes References
CXOU J085201.4-461753 1.2 Neutron star [1]
PSR B0943+10 2.6 Pulsar (quark star?) Neutron stars are stellar remnants produced when a star of around 8–9 solar masses or more explodes in a supernova at the end of its life. They are usually produced by stars of less than 20 solar masses, although a more massive star may produce a neutron star in certain cases. PSR B0943+10 is one of the least massive stars, with 0.02 solar masses. [2]
CXO J232327.9+584842 2.7 Neutron star [1]
PSR B1257+12 10 Pulsar Orbited by three planets. [3]
PSR B0531+21 (Crab pulsar) 10 Relatively young at 999 years old as of June 2023. [4]
Geminga 10 [5]
Vela pulsar 10 [6]
XTE J1739-285 10.9 Pulsar (quark star?) [7]
PSR J0348+0432 A 13 ± 2 Pulsar Orbited by a white dwarf star (see below) [8]
PSR J1748-2446ad <16 Fastest-spinning pulsar known. [9]
RX J1856.5−3754 19 Neutron star Closest neutron star discovered to date. [10]
PSR B1620-26 24 Pulsar
XTE J1650-500 B 24 Black hole This binary X-ray transient system, XTE J1650-500, component black hole, at 3.8 solar masses, is smaller than the previous recordholder GRO J1655-40 B of 6.3 MSun in the microquasar system GRO J1655-40. [11]
HD 49798 1,600 White dwarf One of the smallest white dwarf stars known. [12]
ZTF J1901+1458 1,809 [13]
GRW +70 8247 3,300 [14]
BPM 37093 3,965.5
IK Pegasi B 4,174 [15]
Sirius B 5,466 Historically first detected white dwarf star [16]
LB 1497 5,494.5 [17]
40 Eridani B 5,547.5
Procyon B 6,700 [18][19]
Gliese 915 6,748.3 [20]
AR Scorpii 6,950 The only known white dwarf pulsar [21]
G 29-38 6,950 [22]
QS Virginis A 7,658
ZZ Ceti 8,209 [23]
GD 165 A 8,626.5 [23]
ESO 439-26 8,775.5 Faintest known white dwarf.[24]
Wolf 489 9,044 [25]
Van Maanen 2 9,048 [26]
WD 1856+534 9,113.67 [27]
WD 1145+017 13,926.84 Host star of one of the smallest exoplanets. [28]
PSR J0348+0432 B 45,268 A white dwarf that orbits its pulsar companion (see above) [8]
EPIC 201702477 54,120 Brown dwarf Smallest known brown dwarf star [29]
Epsilon Indi Ba 55,656 [30]
LHS 6343 C 55,978 [31]
Epsilon Indi Bb 57,050 [30]
54 Piscium B 57,050 [32]
UGPS J0521+3640 57,193.5
EBLM J0555-57Ab 60,000 Red dwarf This red dwarf has a size comparable to that of the planet Saturn. As of 2019, it is the second lightest hydrogen-fusing star known, marginally heavier (0.0777-0.0852M☉) than the 2MASS J0523-1403. Although its mass is comparable to that of TRAPPIST-1, its radius is 1/3 smaller. [33][34][35]
Luhman 16 A 60,768 Brown dwarf Luhman 16 A and Luhman 16 B are the closest brown dwarf stars to Earth. [lower-alpha 1]
SSSPM J0829-1309 61,300 Red dwarf An L2 dwarf that is fusing hydrogen. Similarly to 2MASS J0523-1403, SSSPM J0829-1309 is one of the least luminous and massive hydrogen-fusing stars, and is smaller than Jupiter. [36][37]
WISE 1405+5534 61,483 Brown dwarf [38]
2MASS 0939-2448 B 62,600 [39]
UGPS 0722-05 63,340 Possibly a rogue planet [40]
2MASS J0348−6022 64,700 [41]
SCR 1845−6357 A 66,790 Red dwarf
2MASS 0937+2931 67,200 Brown dwarf [42]
DENIS J081730.0−615520 67,200 [42]
DENIS 0255−4700 69,600 [43]
2MASS J0523-1403 70,600
GD 165 B 71,492 Brown dwarf [44]
DENIS-P J1058.7−1548 71,492 [45]
LHS 2924 71,657 Red dwarf [46]
2MASS 0036+1821 72,200 Brown dwarf [42]
Luhman 16 B 74,350 Luhman 16 B and Luhman 16 A are the closest brown dwarf stars to Earth. [lower-alpha 1]
Teegarden's Star 74,439.9 Red dwarf Has two potentially habitable planets [47]
DENIS J1048−3956 75,135.5 [48]
DX Cancri 76,527 [49]
Gliese 229 B 79,000 Brown dwarf
OGLE-TR-122B 81,100 Red dwarf This was once the smallest known actively fusing star, when found in 2005, through 2013. It is the smallest eclipsing red dwarf, and smallest observationally measured diameter. [50][51][52]
VB 10 82,300 [53]
TRAPPIST-1 84,180 Hosts a planetary system with at least seven rocky planets. [54]
VB 8 84,450 [53]
2MASS 0939-2448 A 87,220 Brown dwarf [55]
Gliese 412 B 90,400 Red dwarf [56]
Gliese 1002 95,310 Has two confirmed exoplanets [57]
Luyten 726-8 (A and B) 97,000 [58]
Wolf 359 100,180.8 [53]
Gliese 1061 105,746.4 Has three confirmed exoplanets [53]
Proxima Centauri 107,277 This is the nearest neighbouring star to the Sun. [59]
YZ Ceti 116,877.5 [60]
UY Sextantis 118,250 Blue-white subdwarf [61]
Kepler-42 121,750 Red dwarf Has three confirmed exoplanets [62]
HW Virginis B 121,835 [63]
Groombridge 34 B 125,200 [64]
Wolf 1069 126,130 Has one confirmed exoplanet [65]
HW Virginis A 127,404.6 Subdwarf B star [63]
Gliese 3323 129,539.5 Red dwarf Has two confirmed exoplanets [47]
Ross 248 132,183 [56]
Barnard's Star 136,357 The star with the highest proper motion[66] [67]
Ross 128 136,844 Has one confirmed exoplanet [68]
Kepler-70 141,329 Subdwarf B star Possibly has two exoplanets. [69]
Gliese 1214 141,922 Red dwarf Has a confirmed exoplanet [53]
Gliese 754 142,618.5 [70]
LHS 1140 142,618.5 Has two confirmed exoplanets [53]
Gliese 1132 149,575 Has two confirmed exoplanets [53]
LSR J1835+3259 150,133 Brown dwarf [71]
LHS 292 153,564 Red dwarf [72]
CT Chamaeleontis B 157,282.4 Brown dwarf
Kepler-1649 161,400 Red dwarf Has two confirmed exoplanets [73]
CM Draconis B 166,689.72 [74]
Ross 695 167,000 [75]
Ross 154 167,000 [76]
Kruger 60 B 167,000 [77]
CM Draconis A 176,000 [78]
Z Andromedae B 184,530.63 White dwarf Largest white dwarf [79]
55 Cancri B 186,447.5 Red dwarf [80]
Gliese 105 B 193,405 [56]
LHS 475 194,030.5 Has one confirmed exoplanet [81]
HR 7703 194,800 [77]
Mu Cassiopeiae Ab 201,750 [82]
Kapteyn's Star 202,448.7 This is the closest halo star to the Sun. [83]
Gliese 581 215,700 Has three confirmed exoplanets [53]
Wolf 1061 221,900 Has three confirmed exoplanets [53]
Xi Ursae Majoris Ab 222,600 [84]
Gliese 1 229,580 [85]
Gliese 667 C 234,450.9 Has two confirmed exoplanets [53]
Luyten's Star 243,500 Has two confirmed exoplanets and other two unconfirmed [86]
Kruger 60 A 243,500 [77]
EV Lacertae 250,500 [87]
Gliese 251 253,235 Has one confirmed exoplanet [88]
AT Microscopii A 257,400 [89]
Gliese 876 258,800 Has four confirmed exoplanets [53]
LHS 6343 A 259,495 [31]
Gliese 412 A 264,400 [56]
Groombridge 34 A 267,800 [53]
Teide 1 270,240 Brown dwarf [90][91]
AD Leonis 271,323 Red dwarf [92]
Gliese 908 271,323 [75]
Lalande 21185 273,500 [93]
LHS 6343 B 274,100 [31]
Gliese 179 278,300 Has two confirmed exoplanets [94]
AT Microscopii A 285,250 [89]
Gliese 588 292,200 [95]
Gliese 686 292,200 Has a confirmed exoplanet [96]
TOI 700 292,200 Has four confirmed exoplanets [97]
QS Virginis B 292,404
Gliese 180 294,211.5 Has two confirmed exoplanets [47]
Gliese 408 299,150 [77]
Gliese 3634 299,150 Has a confirmed exoplanet [98]
Gliese 436 300,542 Has a confirmed exoplanet [53]
WR 93b 306,108 Wolf-Rayet [99]
Gliese 832 307,500 Red dwarf Has two exoplanets [53]
Gliese 877 307,500 [100]
Lacaille 9352 320,000 [93]

Smallest stars by type

List of the smallest stars by star type
Type Star name Radius
Solar radii
(Sun = 1) 		Radius
Jupiter radii
(Jupiter = 1) 		Radius
Earth radii
(Earth = 1) 		Radius
(km / mi) 		Date Notes References
Red dwarf EBLM J0555-57Ab 0.084 0.84 9.41 60,000 km (37,000 mi) 2017 The red dwarf stars are considered the smallest stars known, and representative of the smallest star possible. [33][34][35]
Brown dwarf EPIC 201702477 (fr)b 0.076 0.76 8.48 54,120 km (33,630 mi) 2017 Brown dwarfs are not massive enough to build up the pressure in the central regions to allow nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium. They are best described as extremely massive gas giants that were not able to ignite into a hydrogen-fusing star. [29]
White dwarf HD 49798 0.0023 0.023 0.25 1,600 km (990 mi) 2021 White dwarfs are stellar remnants produced when a star with around 8 solar masses or less sheds its outer layers into a planetary nebula. The leftover core becomes the white dwarf. It is thought that white dwarfs cool down over quadrillions of years to produce a black dwarf. [12]
Neutron star PSR B0943+10 0.0000037356 0.0000363677 0.000407643 2.6 km

(1.61 mi)

1968 Neutron stars are stellar remnants produced when stars with around 9 solar masses or more explode in supernovae at the ends of their lives. They are usually produced by stars with less than 20 solar masses, although a more massive star may produce a neutron star in certain cases. PSR B0943+10 is one of the least massive stars with 0.02 solar masses.
Stellar-mass black hole XTE J1650-500 B 0.0000344828 0.000335702 0.00376285 24 km (15 mi) 2008 Black holes are stellar remnants usually produced when extremely massive stars explode in a supernova or hypernova at the end of their lives. [11]

Timeline of smallest red dwarf star recordholders

Red dwarfs are considered the smallest star known that are active fusion stars, and are the smallest stars possible that is not a brown dwarf.

List of smallest red dwarf titleholders
Star name Date Radius
Solar radii
(Sun = 1) 		Radius
Jupiter radii
(Jupiter = 1) 		Radius
km
(mi) 		Notes
EBLM J0555-57Ab 2017-Today 0.084 0.84 60,000 km (37,000 mi) This star has a size comparable to that of Saturn. [33][34][35]
2MASS J0523-1403 2013-2017 0.102 1.01 70,600 km (43,900 mi) Lowest mass main sequence star as in 2020. [101][36][102][42]
OGLE-TR-122B 2005-2013 0.117 1.16 81,100 km (50,400 mi) [50][51][52]

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 From : [math]\displaystyle{ R = \sqrt \frac{L}{ 4 \pi \sigma {T_e}^4} }[/math], where [math]\displaystyle{ L }[/math] is the luminosity, [math]\displaystyle{ R }[/math] is the radius, [math]\displaystyle{ T_e }[/math] is the effective surface temperature and [math]\displaystyle{ \sigma }[/math] is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Potekhin, A. Y.; De Luca, A.; Pons, J. A. (October 2015). "Neutron stars - thermal emitters". Space Science Reviews 191 (1–4): 171–206. doi:10.1007/s11214-014-0102-2. ISSN 0038-6308. Bibcode: 2015SSRv..191..171P. 
  2. ↑ Yue, Y. L.; Cui, X. H.; Xu, R. X. (2006-10-01). "Is PSR B0943+10 a low-mass quark star?". The Astrophysical Journal 649 (2): L95–L98. doi:10.1086/508421. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2006ApJ...649L..95Y. 
  3. ↑ "Archived copy". http://www.phy.cuhk.edu.hk/opus/comments_2011/hckrep.pdf. 
  4. ↑ "psr b0531 21 radius - Google Search". https://www.google.com/search?q=psr+b0531+21+radius. 
  5. ↑ "Geminga | pulsar". Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Geminga. Retrieved 2018-09-05. 
  6. ↑ "1996rftu.proc..173P Page 173". http://adsbit.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?bibcode=1996rftu.proc..173P&db_key=AST&page_ind=0&data_type=GIF&type=SCREEN_VIEW&classic=YES. 
  7. ↑ Zhang, C. M.; Yin, H. X.; Zhao, Y. H.; Wei, Y. C.; Li, X. D. (October 2007). "Does Sub-millisecond Pulsar XTE J1739-285 Contain a Low Magnetic Neutron Star or Quark Star ?". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 119 (860): 1108–1113. doi:10.1086/522796. ISSN 0004-6280. Bibcode: 2007PASP..119.1108Z. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Antoniadis, J.; Freire, P. C. C.; Wex, N.; Tauris, T. M.; Lynch, R. S.; Van Kerkwijk, M. H.; Kramer, M.; Bassa, C. et al. (2013). "A Massive Pulsar in a Compact Relativistic Binary". Science 340 (6131): 1233232. doi:10.1126/science.1233232. PMID 23620056. Bibcode: 2013Sci...340..448A. 
  9. ↑ "PSR J1748-2446ad is the fastest-spinning pulsar known, at 716 Hz, or 716 times a second. This pulsar was discovered by Jason W. T. Hessels… | Astro Sci | Pinterest". https://www.pinterest.com/pin/116952921557434940/?lp=true. 
  10. ↑ Ho, Wynn C. G.; Kaplan, David L.; Chang, Philip; van Adelsberg, Matthew; Potekhin, Alexander Y. (2007-03-01). "Magnetic Hydrogen Atmosphere Models and the Neutron Star RX J1856.5-3754". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 375 (3): 821–830. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11376.x. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2007MNRAS.375..821H. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Andrea Thompson (1 April 2008). "Smallest Black Hole Found". Space.com. http://www.space.com/5191-smallest-black-hole.html. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Mereghetti, S.; Pintore, F.; Rauch, T.; La Palombara, N.; Esposito, P.; Geier, S.; Pelisoli, I.; Rigoselli, M. et al. (April 10, 2021). "New X-ray observations of the hot subdwarf binary HD 49798/RX J0648.0–4418". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 504: 920–925. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1004. https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-abstract/504/1/920/6219849. 
  13. ↑ Caiazzo, Ilaria; Burdge, Kevin; Fuller, James; Heyl, Jeremy; Kulkarni, Shri; Prince, Thomas; Richer, Harvey; Schwab, Josiah et al. (2020-11-09). A moon-sized, highly magnetised and rapidly rotating white dwarf may be headed toward collapse. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-99143/v1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-99143/v1. Retrieved 2020-11-29. 
  14. ↑ Kuiper, G. P. (February 1936). "The White Dwarf A.C.+70°8247, the Smallest Star Known". Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 30: 48. Bibcode: 1936JRASC..30...48K. 
  15. ↑ Barstow, M. A.; Holberg, J. B.; Koester, D. (1994-10-01). "Extreme-ultraviolet spectrophotometry of HD 15638 and HR 8210 (IK Peg).". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 270 (3): 516–522. doi:10.1093/mnras/270.3.516. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 1994MNRAS.270..516B. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994MNRAS.270..516B. 
  16. ↑ Peter Thejll; Harry L. Shipman (1986). "Temperature, radius, and rotational velocity of Sirius B". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 98 (608): 922–926. October 1986. doi:10.1086/131845. ISSN 0004-6280. Bibcode: 1986PASP...98..922T. 
  17. ↑ Wegner, Gary; Reid, I. N.; McMahan, Robert K. Jr. (July 1991). "Gravitational redshift for the Pleiad white dwarf LB 1497". The Astrophysical Journal 376: 186. doi:10.1086/170266. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 1991ApJ...376..186W. 
  18. ↑ Emily M. Levesque; Philip Massey; Bertrand Plez; Knut A. G. Olsen (June 2009). "The Physical Properties of the Red Supergiant WOH G64: The Largest Star Known?". Astronomical Journal 137 (6): 4744. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/6/4744. Bibcode: 2009AJ....137.4744L. 
  19. ↑ J. L. Provencal; H. L. Shipman; F. Wesemael; P. Bergeron; H. E. Bond; James Liebert; E. M. Sion (30 September 1996). "Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 Photometry of the Bright, Mysterious White Dwarf Procyon B". The Astrophysical Journal 480 (2): 777–783. 10 May 1997. doi:10.1086/304003. Bibcode: 1997ApJ...480..777P. 
  20. ↑ Subasavage, John P.; Jao, Wei-Chun; Henry, Todd J.; Bergeron, P.; Dufour, P.; Ianna, Philip A.; Costa, Edgardo; Mendez, Rene A. (2009-06-01). "The Solar Neighborhood. XXI. Parallax Results from the CTIOPI 0.9m Program: 20 New Members of the 25 Parsec White Dwarf Sample". The Astronomical Journal 137 (6): 4547–4560. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/6/4547. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2009AJ....137.4547S. 
  21. ↑ Singh, K. K.; Meintjes, P. J.; Yadav, K. K. (2021-03-22). "Properties of white dwarf in the binary system AR Scorpii and its observed features" (in en). Modern Physics Letters A 36 (13). doi:10.1142/S0217732321500966. Bibcode: 2021MPLA...3650096S. 
  22. ↑ Reach, William T.; Lisse, Carey; von Hippel, Ted; Mullally, Fergal (2009-03-01). "The Dust Cloud around the White Dwarf G 29-38. II. Spectrum from 5 to 40 μm and Mid-Infrared Photometric Variability". The Astrophysical Journal 693 (1): 697–712. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/693/1/697. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2009ApJ...693..697R. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ApJ...693..697R. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Giammichele, N.; Fontaine, G.; Brassard, P.; Charpinet, S. (2016-03-01). "A New Analysis of the Two Classical ZZ Ceti White Dwarfs GD 165 and Ross 548. II. Seismic Modeling". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 223 (1): 10. doi:10.3847/0067-0049/223/1/10. ISSN 0067-0049. Bibcode: 2016ApJS..223...10G. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ApJS..223...10G. 
  24. ↑ Ruiz, María Teresa; Bergeron, P.; Leggett, S. K.; Anguita, Claudio (1995-12-20). "The Extremely Low Luminosity White Dwarf ESO 439−26". The Astrophysical Journal 455 (2): L159. doi:10.1086/309845. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 1995ApJ...455L.159R. 
  25. ↑ Holberg, J. B.; Sion, E. M.; Oswalt, T.; McCook, G. P.; Foran, S.; Subasavage, John P. (2008-04-01). "A New Look at the Local White Dwarf Population". The Astronomical Journal 135 (4): 1225–1238. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/4/1225. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2008AJ....135.1225H. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AJ....135.1225H. 
  26. ↑ Giammichele, N.; Bergeron, P.; Dufour, P. (April 2012). "Know Your Neighborhood: A Detailed Model Atmosphere Analysis of Nearby White Dwarfs". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement 199 (2): 29. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/199/2/29. Bibcode: 2012ApJS..199...29G.  Based on log L/L☉ = −3.77.
  27. ↑ Vanderburg, Andrew; Rappaport, Saul A.; Xu, Siyi; Crossfield, Ian; Becker, Juliette C.; Gary, Bruce; Murgas, Felipe; Blouin, Simon et al. (2020-09-17). "A Giant Planet Candidate Transiting a White Dwarf". Nature 585 (7825): 363–367. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2713-y. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 32939071. Bibcode: 2020Natur.585..363V. 
  28. ↑ Andrew Vanderburg; John Asher Johnson; Saul Rappaport; Allyson Bieryla; Jonathan Irwin; John Arban Lewis; David Kipping; Warren R. Brown et al. (11 June 2015). "A disintegrating minor planet transiting a white dwarf". Nature 526 (7574): 546–549. 22 October 2015. doi:10.1038/nature15527. PMID 26490620. Bibcode: 2015Natur.526..546V. https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~avanderb/wd1145_017.pdf. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Bayliss, D.; Hojjatpanah, S.; Santerne, A.; Dragomir, D.; Zhou, G.; Shporer, A.; Colón, K. D.; Almenara, J. et al. (2017-01-01). "EPIC 201702477b: A Transiting Brown Dwarf from K2 in a 41 day Orbit". The Astronomical Journal 153 (1): 15. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/153/1/15. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2017AJ....153...15B. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AJ....153...15B. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 King, Robert R.; McCaughrean, Mark J.; Homeier, Derek; Allard, France; Scholz, Ralf-Dieter; Lodieu, Nicolas (February 2010). "Epsilon Indi Ba, Bb: a detailed study of the nearest known brown dwarfs". Astronomy and Astrophysics 510: A99. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912981. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Montet, Benjamin T.; Johnson, John Asher; Muirhead, Philip S.; Villar, Ashley; Vassallo, Corinne; Baranec, Christoph; Law, Nicholas M.; Riddle, Reed et al. (2015-02-20). "Characterizing the Cool KOIs. VII. Refined Physical Properties of the Transiting Brown Dwarf LHS 6343 C". The Astrophysical Journal 800 (2): 134. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/800/2/134. ISSN 1538-4357. Bibcode: 2015ApJ...800..134M. 
  32. ↑ Luhman, K. L.; Patten, B. M.; Marengo, M.; Schuster, M. T.; Hora, J. L.; Ellis, R. G.; Stauffer, J. R.; Sonnett, S. M. et al. (January 2007). "Discovery of Two T Dwarf Companions with the Spitzer Space Telescope". The Astrophysical Journal 654 (1): 570–579. doi:10.1086/509073. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2007ApJ...654..570L. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Eric Mack (11 July 2017). "Saturn-sized star is the smallest ever discovered". cnet. https://www.cnet.com/news/smallest-star-eblm-j0555-57ab-space-alien-life-cambridge-trappist-1/. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 "Smallest-ever star discovered by astronomers". University of Cambridge. 2017. https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/smallest-ever-star-discovered-by-astronomers. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Alexander von Boetticher et al. (12 June 2017). "The EBLM project; III. A Saturn-size low-mass star at the hydrogen-burning limit". Astronomy & Astrophysics 604: L6. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731107. EBLM_III. Bibcode: 2017A&A...604L...6V. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Sergio B. Dieterich; Todd J. Henry; Wei-Chun Jao; Jennifer G. Winters; Altonio D. Hosey; Adric R. Riedel; John P. Subasavage (May 2014). "The Solar Neighborhood XXXII. The Hydrogen Burning Limit". The Astronomical Journal 147 (5): 25. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/147/5/94. 94. Bibcode: 2014AJ....147...94D. 
  37. ↑ "SSSPM J0829-1309: A New nearby L dwarf detected in superCOSMOS Sky Surveys". https://inspirehep.net/literature/593466. 
  38. ↑ Cushing, Michael C.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gelino, Christopher R.; Griffith, Roger L.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; Mainzer, Amanda K.; Marsh, Kenneth A.; Beichman, Charles A. et al. (2011-08-23). "The Discovery of Y Dwarfs Using Data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE)" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal 743 (1): 50. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/743/1/50. Bibcode: 2011ApJ...743...50C. 
  39. ↑ Leggett, S. K.; Cushing, M. C.; Saumon, D.; Marley, M. S.; Roellig, T. L.; Warren, S. J.; Burningham, B.; Jones, H. R. A. et al. (2009-04-20). "The Physical Properties of Four ~600K T Dwarfs". The Astrophysical Journal 695 (2): 1517–1526. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/695/2/1517. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2009ApJ...695.1517L. 
  40. ↑ Dupuy, Trent J.; Kraus, Adam L. (2013-09-27). "Distances, Luminosities, and Temperatures of the Coldest Known Substellar Objects". Science 341 (6153): 1492–1495. doi:10.1126/science.1241917. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 24009359. Bibcode: 2013Sci...341.1492D. 
  41. ↑ Tannock, Megan E.; Metchev, Stanimir; Heinze, Aren; Miles-Páez, Paulo A.; Gagné, Jonathan; Burgasser, Adam; Marley, Mark S.; Apai, Dániel et al. (2021-05-01). "Weather on Other Worlds. V. The Three Most Rapidly Rotating Ultra-Cool Dwarfs". The Astronomical Journal 161 (5): 224. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abeb67. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2021AJ....161..224T. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Fundamental Parameters and Spectral
  43. ↑ Stephens, D. C.; Leggett, S. K.; Cushing, Michael C.; Marley, Mark S.; Saumon, D.; Geballe, T. R.; Golimowski, David A.; Fan, Xiaohui et al. (2009-09-01). "The 0.8-14.5 micron Spectra of Mid-L to Mid-T Dwarfs: Diagnostics of Effective Temperature, Grain Sedimentation, Gas Transport, and Surface Gravity". The Astrophysical Journal 702 (1): 154–170. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/702/1/154. ISSN 0004-637X. 
  44. ↑ Filippazzo, Joseph C.; Rice, Emily L.; Faherty, Jacqueline; Cruz, Kelle L.; Van Gordon, Mollie M.; Looper, Dagny L. (2015-09-10). "Fundamental Parameters and Spectral Energy Distributions of Young and Field Age Objects with Masses Spanning the Stellar to Planetary Regime". The Astrophysical Journal 810 (2): 158. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/810/2/158. ISSN 1538-4357. Bibcode: 2015ApJ...810..158F. 
  45. ↑ Vos, Johanna M.; Biller, Beth A.; Allers, Katelyn N.; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Liu, Michael C.; Metchev, Stanimir; Eriksson, Simon; Manjavacas, Elena et al. (2020-06-24). "Spitzer Variability Properties of Low-Gravity L Dwarfs". The Astronomical Journal 160 (1): 38. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab9642. ISSN 1538-3881. Bibcode: 2020AJ....160...38V. 
  46. ↑ Tsuji, Takashi; Nakajima, Tadashi (2016-02-01). "Near-infrared spectroscopy of M dwarfs. III. Carbon and oxygen abundances in late M dwarfs, including the dusty rapid rotator 2MASSI J1835379+325954†". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan 68 (1): 13. doi:10.1093/pasj/psv119. ISSN 0004-6264. Bibcode: 2016PASJ...68...13T. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PASJ...68...13T. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 Schweitzer, Andreas; Passegger, V. M.; Cifuentes, C.; Bejar, V. J. S.; Cortes-Contreras, M.; Caballero, J. A.; del Burgo, C.; Czesla, S. et al. (May 2019). "The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: Different roads to radii and masses of the target stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics 625: A68. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834965. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2019A&A...625A..68S. 
  48. ↑ Lienhard, F.; Queloz, D.; Gillon, M.; Burdanov, A.; Delrez, L.; Ducrot, E.; Handley, W.; Jehin, E. et al. (2020-09-21). "Global Analysis of the TRAPPIST Ultra-Cool Dwarf Transit Survey". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 497 (3): 3790–3808. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2054. ISSN 0035-8711. 
  49. ↑ Morin, J.; Donati, J. F.; Petit, P.; Delfosse, X.; Forveille, T.; Jardine, M. M. (2010-07-20). "Large-scale magnetic topologies of late M dwarfs". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 407 (4): 2269–2286. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17101.x. Bibcode: 2010MNRAS.407.2269M. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Robert Roy Britt (3 March 2005). "Newfound Star Smaller than Some Planets". Space.com. http://www.space.com/840-newfound-star-smaller-planets.html. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 "What is the smallest star?". SpaceAnswers.com. 22 March 2013. http://www.spaceanswers.com/deep-space/what-is-the-smallest-star/. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Pont, F.; Melo, C. H. F.; Bouchy, F.; Udry, S.; Queloz, D.; Mayor, M.; Santos, N. C. (27 January 2005). "A planet-sized transiting star around OGLE-TR-122. Accurate mass and radius near the hydrogen-burning limit". Astronomy and Astrophysics 433 (2): L21–L24. April 2005. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200500025. Bibcode: 2005A&A...433L..21P. 
  53. ↑ 53.00 53.01 53.02 53.03 53.04 53.05 53.06 53.07 53.08 53.09 53.10 53.11 53.12 53.13 Pineda, J. Sebastian; Youngblood, Allison; France, Kevin (2021-09-01). "The M-dwarf Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Sample I. Determining Stellar Parameters for Field Stars". The Astrophysical Journal 918 (1): 40. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac0aea. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2021ApJ...918...40P. 
  54. ↑ "trappist 1 radius - Google Search". https://www.google.com/search?q=trappist+1+radius. 
  55. ↑ Line, Michael R.; Marley, Mark S.; Liu, Michael C.; Burningham, Ben; Morley, Caroline V.; Hinkel, Natalie R.; Teske, Johanna; Fortney, Jonathan J. et al. (2017-10-13). "Uniform Atmospheric Retrieval Analysis of Ultracool Dwarfs II: Properties of 11 T-dwarfs". The Astrophysical Journal 848 (2): 83. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa7ff0. ISSN 1538-4357. Bibcode: 2017ApJ...848...83L. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 Mann, Andrew W.; Feiden, Gregory A.; Gaidos, Eric; Boyajian, Tabetha; von Braun, Kaspar (2015-05-01). "How to Constrain Your M Dwarf: measuring effective temperature, bolometric luminosity, mass, and radius". The Astrophysical Journal 804 (1): 64. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/804/1/64. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2015ApJ...804...64M. 
  57. ↑ Mascareño, A. Suárez; González-Álvarez, E.; Osorio, M. R. Zapatero; Lillo-Box, J.; Faria, J. P.; Passegger, V. M.; Hernández, J. I. González; Figueira, P. et al. (2022-11-28). "Two temperate Earth-mass planets orbiting the nearby star GJ1002". Astronomy & Astrophysics 670: A5. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244991. ISSN 0004-6361. 
  58. ↑ Delfosse, Xavier et al. (December 2000), "Accurate masses of very low mass stars. IV. Improved mass-luminosity relations", Astronomy and Astrophysics 364: 217–224, Bibcode: 2000A&A...364..217D 
  59. ↑ Kervella, P.; Thévenin, F.; Lovis, C. (February 2017). "Proxima's orbit around Alpha Centauri". Astronomy & Astrophysics 598: L7. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629930. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2017A&A...598L...7K. 
  60. ↑ Astudillo-Defru, N.; Díaz, R. F.; Bonfils, X.; Almenara, J. M.; Delisle, J.-B.; Bouchy, F.; Delfosse, X.; Forveille, T. et al. (2017-08-10). "The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XLII. A system of Earth-mass planets around the nearby M dwarf YZ Ceti" (in en). Astronomy and Astrophysics 605. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731581. Bibcode: 2017A&A...605L..11A. 
  61. ↑ Reed, M. D.; Yeager, M.; Vos, J.; Telting, J. H.; Østensen, R. H.; Slayton, A.; Baran, A. S.; Jeffery, C. S. (2020-03-01). "K2 observations of the pulsating subdwarf B stars UY Sex and V1405 Ori". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 492 (4): 5202–5217. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa144. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2020MNRAS.492.5202R. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020MNRAS.492.5202R. 
  62. ↑ Mann, Andrew W.; Dupuy, Trent; Muirhead, Philip S.; Johnson, Marshall C.; Liu, Michael C.; Ansdell, Megan; Dalba, Paul A.; Swift, Jonathan J. et al. (2017-05-25). "The Gold Standard: Accurate Stellar and Planetary Parameters for Eight Kepler M dwarf Systems Enabled by Parallaxes". The Astronomical Journal 153 (6): 267. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aa7140. ISSN 1538-3881. Bibcode: 2017AJ....153..267M. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Brown-Sevilla, S. B.; Nascimbeni, V.; Borsato, L.; Tartaglia, L.; Nardiello, D.; Granata, V.; Libralato, M.; Damasso, M. et al. (2021-07-19). "A new photometric and dynamical study of the eclipsing binary star HW Virginis". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 506 (2): 2122–2135. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1843. ISSN 0035-8711. 
  64. ↑ Pinamonti, M.; Damasso, M.; Marzari, F.; Sozzetti, A.; Desidera, S.; Maldonado, J.; Scandariato, G.; Affer, L. et al. (September 2018). "The HADES RV Programme with HARPS-N@TNG VIII. Gl15A: A multiple wide planetary system sculpted by binary interaction". Astronomy & Astrophysics 617: A104. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732535. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2018A&A...617A.104P. 
  65. ↑ Kossakowski, D.; Kürster, M.; Trifonov, T.; Henning, Th; Kemmer, J.; Caballero, J. A.; Burn, R.; Sabotta, S. et al. (February 2023). "The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs, Wolf 1069 b: Earth-mass planet in the habitable zone of a nearby, very low-mass star". Astronomy & Astrophysics 670: A84. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245322. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2023A&A...670A..84K. 
  66. ↑ Vallenari, A.; Brown, A. G. A.; Prusti, T. (2022-06-13). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties" (in en). Astronomy & Astrophysics. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940. ISSN 0004-6361. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/forth/aa43940-22/aa43940-22.html. 
  67. ↑ Demory, B.-O.; Segransan, D.; Forveille, T.; Queloz, D.; Beuzit, J.-L.; Delfosse, X.; Di Folco, E.; Kervella, P. et al. (October 2009). "Mass-radius relation of low and very low-mass stars revisited with the VLTI". Astronomy & Astrophysics 505 (1): 205–215. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200911976. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2009A&A...505..205D. 
  68. ↑ Mann, Andrew W.; Feiden, Gregory A.; Gaidos, Eric; Boyajian, Tabetha; von Braun, Kaspar (2015-05-01). "How to Constrain Your M Dwarf: measuring effective temperature, bolometric luminosity, mass, and radius". The Astrophysical Journal 804 (1): 64. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/804/1/64. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2015ApJ...804...64M. 
  69. ↑ DEDIEU, cyril. "Notes for Planet KOI-55 b". http://exoplanet.eu/planet.php?p1=KOI-55&p2=b. 
  70. ↑ Newton, Elisabeth R.; Mondrik, Nicholas; Irwin, Jonathan; Winters, Jennifer G.; Charbonneau, David (2018-10-18). "New rotation period measurements for M dwarfs in the southern hemisphere: an abundance of slowly rotating, fully convective stars". The Astronomical Journal 156 (5): 217. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aad73b. ISSN 1538-3881. Bibcode: 2018AJ....156..217N. 
  71. ↑ Berdyugina, S. V.; Harrington, D. M.; Kuzmychov, O.; Kuhn, J. R.; Hallinan, G.; Kowalski, A. F.; Hawley, S. L. (2017-09-20). "First Detection of a Strong Magnetic Field on a Bursty Brown Dwarf: Puzzle Solved". The Astrophysical Journal 847 (1): 61. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa866b. ISSN 1538-4357. Bibcode: 2017ApJ...847...61B. 
  72. ↑ Morin, J.; Donati, J.-F.; Petit, P.; Delfosse, X.; Forveille, T.; Jardine, M. M. (2010). "Large-scale magnetic topologies of late M dwarfs★". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 407 (4): 2269–2286. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17101.x. Bibcode: 2010MNRAS.407.2269M. https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17101.x. Retrieved 2022-11-06. 
  73. ↑ "Kepler-1649 | NASA Exoplanet Archive". https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/overview/Kepler-1649. 
  74. ↑ Morales, J. C.; Ribas, I.; Jordi, C.; Torres, G.; Gallardo, J.; Guinan, E. F.; Charbonneau, D.; Wolf, M. et al. (2009-02-01). "Absolute properties of the low-mass eclipsing binary CM Draconis". The Astrophysical Journal 691 (2): 1400–1411. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/691/2/1400. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2009ApJ...691.1400M. 
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  76. ↑ Johnson, H. M.; Wright, C. D. (1983). "Predicted infrared brightness of stars within 25 parsecs of the sun". Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 53: 643–711. doi:10.1086/190905. Bibcode: 1983ApJS...53..643J. —see p. 693.
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 77.2 77.3 Fracassini, L. E. Pasinetti; Pastori, L.; Covino, S.; Pozzi, A. (February 2001). "Catalogue of Apparent Diameters and Absolute Radii of Stars (CADARS) - Third Edition - Comments and Statistics". Astronomy and Astrophysics 367 (2): 521–524. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20000451. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2001A&A...367..521P. 
  78. ↑ J.C. Morales; I. Ribas; C. Jordi; G. Torres; J. Gallardo; E.F. Guinan; D. Charbonneau; M. Wolf et al. (2009). "Absolute properties of the low-mass eclipsing binary CM Draconis". The Astrophysical Journal 691 (2): 1400–1411. February 2009. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/691/2/1400. Bibcode: 2009ApJ...691.1400M. 
  79. ↑ Fekel, Francis C; Hinkle, Kenneth H; Joyce, Richard R; Skrutskie, Michael F (2000). "Infrared Spectroscopy of Symbiotic Stars. II. Orbits for Five S-Type Systems with Two-Year Periods". The Astronomical Journal 120 (6): 3255. doi:10.1086/316872. Bibcode: 2000AJ....120.3255F. 
  80. ↑ von Braun, Kaspar; Boyajian, Tabetha S.; Brummelaar, Theo A. ten; Kane, Stephen R.; van Belle, Gerard T.; Ciardi, David R.; Raymond, Sean N.; Lopez-Morales, Mercedes et al. (2011-10-10). "55 Cancri: Stellar Astrophysical Parameters, a Planet in the Habitable Zone, and Implications for the Radius of a Transiting Super-Earth". The Astrophysical Journal 740 (1): 49. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/740/1/49. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2011ApJ...740...49V. 
  81. ↑ Lustig-Yaeger, J.; Fu, G.; May, E. M.; Ceballos, K. N. Ortiz; Moran, S. E.; Peacock, S.; Stevenson, K. B.; López-Morales, M.; MacDonald, R. J.; Mayorga, L. C.; Sing, D. K.; Sotzen, K. S.; Valenti, J. A.; Adams, J.; Alam, M. K. (2023-01-10). "A JWST transmission spectrum of a nearby Earth-sized exoplanet". arXiv:2301.04191 [astro-ph.EP].
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  83. ↑ Guinan, Edward F.; Engle, Scott G.; Durbin, Allyn (2016-04-13). "Living with a Red Dwarf: Rotation and X-ray and Ultraviolet Properties of the Halo Population Kapteyn's Star". The Astrophysical Journal 821 (2): 81. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/821/2/81. ISSN 1538-4357. Bibcode: 2016ApJ...821...81G. 
  84. ↑ Fuhrmann, Klaus (2008). "Nearby stars of the Galactic disc and halo – IV". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 384 (1): 173–224. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12671.x. Bibcode: 2008MNRAS.384..173F. https://academic.oup.com/crawlprevention/governor?content=%2fmnras%2farticle-lookup%2fdoi%2f10.1111%2fj.1365-2966.2007.12671.x. Retrieved 2023-01-10. 
  85. ↑ Maldonado, J.; Micela, G.; Baratella, M.; D'Orazi, V.; Affer, L.; Biazzo, K.; Lanza, A. F.; Maggio, A. et al. (December 2020). "HADES RV Programme with HARPS-N at TNG XII. The abundance signature of M dwarf stars with planets". Astronomy & Astrophysics 644: A68. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039478. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2020A&A...644A..68M. 
  86. ↑ Nidever, David L. et al. (August 2002). "Radial Velocities for 889 Late-Type Stars". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 141 (2): 503–522. doi:10.1086/340570. Bibcode: 2002ApJS..141..503N. 
  87. ↑ Phan-Bao, N.; Martin, E. L.; Donati, J.-F.; Lim, J. (2006-07-20). "Magnetic fields in M dwarfs: rapid magnetic field variability in EV Lac". The Astrophysical Journal 646 (1): L73–L76. doi:10.1086/506591. ISSN 0004-637X. 
  88. ↑ Stock, S.; Nagel, E.; Kemmer, J.; Passegger, V. M.; Reffert, S.; Quirrenbach, A.; Caballero, J. A.; Czesla, S. et al. (November 2020). "The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Three temperate to warm super-Earths". Astronomy & Astrophysics 643: A112. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038820. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2020A&A...643A.112S. 
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  90. ↑ "Teide 1 Radius - Google Search". https://www.google.com/search?q=Teide+1+Radius. 
  91. ↑ Latif, R.; Rizvi, S.; Lamb, J.; Pugh, G. (2019). "P4 6 A Brown Sun?" (PDF). Journal of Physics Special Topics. https://journals.le.ac.uk/ojs1/index.php/pst/article/download/3407/3048. 
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  94. ↑ Schweitzer, Andreas; Passegger, V. M.; Cifuentes, C.; Bejar, V. J. S.; Cortes-Contreras, M.; Caballero, J. A.; del Burgo, C.; Czesla, S. et al. (May 2019). "The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: Different roads to radii and masses of the target stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics 625: A68. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834965. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2019A&A...625A..68S. 
  95. ↑ Berdiñas, Z. M.; Rodríguez-López, C.; Amado, P. J.; Anglada-Escudé, G.; Barnes, J. R.; MacDonald, J.; Zechmeister, M.; Sarmiento, L. F. (2017). "High-cadence spectroscopy of M-dwarfs – II. Searching for stellar pulsations with HARPS". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 469 (4): 4268–4282. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1140. https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/mnras/stx1140. Retrieved 2023-02-18. 
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  101. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named SnT-2013-12-23
  102. ↑ Garmany, Katy. "NOAO/SOAR: Where do stars end and brown dwarfs begin?". National Optical Astronomy Observatory. http://www.noao.edu/news/2013/pr1311.php. 




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