Astronomy:List of most luminous stars

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Short description: Stars sorted by absolute magnitude


A near-infrared image of the R136 cluster. This cluster contains many of the most luminous known stars, including R136a1. Credit: ESO/VLT

This is a list of stars arranged by their absolute magnitude – their intrinsic stellar luminosity. This cannot be observed directly, so instead must be calculated from the apparent magnitude (the brightness as seen from Earth), the distance to each star, and a correction for interstellar extinction. The entries in the list below are further corrected to provide the bolometric magnitude, i.e., integrated over all wavelengths; this relies upon measurements in multiple photometric filters and extrapolation of the stellar spectrum based on the stellar spectral type and/or effective temperature.

Entries give the bolometric luminosity in multiples of the luminosity of the Sun (L☉) and the bolometric absolute magnitude. As with all magnitude systems in astronomy, the latter scale is logarithmic and inverted i.e., more negative numbers are more luminous.

Most stars on this list are not bright enough to be visible to the naked eye from Earth, because of their high distances, high extinction, or because they emit most of their light outside the visible range. For a list of the brightest stars seen from Earth, see the list of brightest stars. There are three stars with over 1 million L☉ and visible to the naked eye: WR 22, WR 24 and Eta Carinae. All of these stars are located in the Carina nebula.

Measurement

Accurate measurement of stellar luminosities is difficult, even when the apparent magnitude is measured accurately, for four reasons:

  1. The observed magnitudes must be corrected for the absorption or extinction of intervening interstellar or circumstellar dust and gas. This correction can be enormous and difficult to determine precisely. For example, until accurate infrared observations became possible ~50 years ago, the Galactic Center of the Milky Way was totally obscured to visual observations.
  2. The magnitudes at the wavelengths measured must be corrected for those not observed. "Absolute bolometric magnitude" (which term is redundant, practically speaking, since bolometric magnitudes are nearly always "absolute", i.e., corrected for distance) is a measure of the star's luminosity, summing over its emission at all wavelengths, and thus the total amount of energy radiated by a star every second. Bolometric magnitudes can only be estimated by correcting for unobserved portions of the spectrum that have to be modelled, which is always an issue, and often a large correction. The list is dominated by hot blue stars which produce the majority of their energy output in the ultraviolet, but these may not necessarily be the brightest stars at visual wavelengths.

Because of all these problems, other references may give very different values for the most luminous stars (different ordering or different stars altogether). Data on different stars can be of somewhat different reliability, depending on the attention one particular star has received as well as largely differing physical difficulties in analysis (see the Pistol Star for an example). The last stars in the list are familiar nearby stars put there for comparison, and not among the most luminous known. It may also interest the reader to know that the Sun is more luminous than approximately 95% of all known stars in the local neighbourhood (out to, say, a few hundred light years), due to enormous numbers of somewhat less massive stars that are cooler and often much less luminous. For perspective, the overall range of stellar luminosities runs from dwarfs less than 1/10,000th as luminous as the Sun to supergiants over 1,000,000 times more luminous.

Data

Legend
Wolf–Rayet star
Luminous blue variable
O-type star
B-type star
A-type star
F-type star

This list is currently limited mostly to objects in our galaxy and the Magellanic Clouds, but a few stars in other local group galaxies can now be examined in enough detail to determine their luminosities. Some suspected binaries in this magnitude range are excluded because there is insufficient information about the luminosity of the individual components. Selected fainter stars are also shown for comparison. Despite their extreme luminosity, many of these stars are nevertheless too distant to be observed with the naked eye. Stars that are at least sometimes visible to the unaided eye have their apparent magnitude (6.5 or brighter) highlighted in blue.

Thanks to gravitational lensing, stars that are strongly magnified can be seen at much larger distances. Godzilla[1] — an LBV in the distant Sunburst galaxy — is probably the brightest star ever observed, although it is believed to be undergoing a temporary episode of increased luminosity that has lasted at least seven years, in a similar manner to the Great Eruption of Eta Carinae that was witnessed in the 19th century.

The first list shows a few of the known stars with an estimated luminosity of 1 million L☉ or greater, including the stars in open clusters, OB associations and H II regions. The majority of stars thought to be more than 1 million L☉ are shown, but the list is incomplete.

The second list gives some notable stars for the purpose of comparison.

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Stars with 1 million L☉ or greater
Star name Location L (L☉) Mbol Dist. (ly) mV Teff (K) Spectral type Link Refs.
R136a1 R136 7,244,000+699,000
−1,078,000 		-12.41 163,000 12.28 46,000+1,250
−2,375 		WN5h SIMBAD [2][3]
R136a2 R136 5,129,000+367,000
−342,000 		-12.035 163,000 12.34 47,000+1,000
−625 		WN5h SIMBAD [2][3]
BAT99-98 NGC 2070 5,012,000 -12.01 165,000 13.38 45,000 WN6 SIMBAD [4][5]
G0.238-0.071 (in Galactic Center) 5,012,000 -12.01 26,000 14.37 (J band) 39,500-44,000 WN11h SIMBAD [6][7]
R136a3 R136 5,012,000+236,000
−226,000 		-12.01 163,000 12.97 50,000+2,500
−8,000 		WN5h SIMBAD [2][3]
[BMS2003] 867 A (in NGC 604 of Triangulum Galaxy) 4,932,000 -12 2,700,000 16.29 (combined) 42,400 O4Iab SIMBAD [8]
M33-013406.63 A (in Triangulum Galaxy) 4,677,000 -11.935 3,000,000 16.084 (combined) 30,000 O9.5Ia SIMBAD [9][10][lower-alpha 1]
[BMS2003] 867 B (in NGC 604 of Triangulum Galaxy) 4,395,000 -11.87 2,700,000 16.29 (combined) 42,400 O4Ia SIMBAD [8]
Westerhout 49-2 W49 South 4,365,000+3,397,000
−1,910,000 		-11.86 36,200 18.246 (J band) 35,500+1,700
−1,600 		O2-3.5If* SIMBAD [11][12]
HD 37836 (in LMC) 4,169,000 -11.81 163,000 10.55 28,200 B0Iae SIMBAD [13]
Sk -69° 249 A NGC 2074 4,130,000 -11.8 160,000 10.68 38,900 O7If SIMBAD
η Carinae A Trumpler 16 4,000,000 -11.77 7,500 ~4 (combined) 9,400–35,200 LBV SIMBAD [14][15][16][17][lower-alpha 2]
V4998 Sagittarii near Quintuplet Cluster 4,000,000 -11.77 25,000 12.534 (J band) 12,000 LBV SIMBAD [18]
R136c R136 3,802,000+1,568,000
−1,110,000 		-11.71 163,000 13.43 42,170±1,890 WN5h SIMBAD [19][5]
V1429 Aquilae 3,802,000 -11.71 12,800 9.89 ~30,000 B3Ibe SIMBAD [20]
Melnick 42 R136 3,631,000 -11.66 163,000 12.78 47,300 O2If* SIMBAD [21][5]
Mercer 23-2 (WR 125–3 in Mercer 23 near Galactic plane) 3,631,000 -11.66 21,200 8.646 (J band) 38,000 WNL7-8 SIMBAD [22][12][lower-alpha 3]
NGC 2403 V14 (in NGC 2403) 3,436,000 -11.6 10,314,000 18.83 7,000 F5Ie SIMBAD [23]
G0.070+0.025 (in Galactic Center) 3,311,000 -11.56 26,000 14.799 (J band) 45,000 O4-6If+ SIMBAD [6]
Mercer 30-1 A Mercer 30 3,236,000 -11.535 40,000 10.33 (J band) 32,200 O6-7.5If+ SIMBAD [24][lower-alpha 4]
VFTS 682 Runaway from R136 3,236,000+838,000
−666,000 		-11.535 164,000 16.08 54,450±1,960 WN5h SIMBAD [19][5]
WR 42e Runaway from HD 97950 3,200,000 -11.523 25,000 14.53 43,700 O3If*/WN6 SIMBAD [25][26][27][lower-alpha 5]
R99 LH 49 3,162,000 -11.51 163,000 11.52 28,000 Ofpe/WN9 SIMBAD [4][28]
NGC 4736-1 Cat's Eye Galaxy 3,162,000 -11.5 16,000,000 19.31 18,000 LBV SIMBAD [29]
VFTS 1022 R136 3,020,000+782,000
−621,000 		-11.46 164,000 13.47 42,170±1,520 O3.5If*/WN7 SIMBAD [19][5]
WR 24 Collinder 228 2,951,000 -11.435 8,200 6.48 50,100 WN6ha-w SIMBAD [30][31]
Peony Star near Galactic Center 2,951,000+1,217,000
−862,000 		-11.435 26,000 12.978 (J band) 25,100 WN10 SIMBAD [32]
CXOGC J174528.6-285605 (WR 101–6 in Galactic Center) 2,884,000 -11.41 26,000 14.46 (J band) 30,000 WN8-9h SIMBAD [33]
G0.059-0.068 (in Galactic Center) 2,884,000 -11.41 26,000 13.337 (J band) 39,500-44,000 B0-1Ia+/WNLh SIMBAD [6][7]
HD 97950 B HD 97950 2,884,000+504,000
−429,000 		-11.41 24,000 11.33 42,000±2,000 WN6h SIMBAD [34][35]
MWC 801 Milky Way 2,881,000 -11.4 11,200 10.52 41,000 Be SIMBAD [36]
HD 38282 A Runaway from R136 2,754,000+336,000
−300,000 		-11.35 163,000 11.11 (combined) 50,000±2,000 WN5/6h SIMBAD [37]
Melnick 34 A R136 2,692,000+544,000
−453,000 		-11.335 163,000 13.09 (combined) 53,000±1,200 WN5h SIMBAD [38][5]
VFTS 506 NGC 2070 2,692,000 -11.335 164,000 13.31 55,000 ON2V((n))((f*)) SIMBAD [39]
WR 102hb Quintuplet cluster 2,630,000 -11.31 26,000 13.9 (J band) 25,100 WN10h SIMBAD [40][41]
[S83] B162 Pinwheel Galaxy 2,606,000 -11.3 21,600,000 18.53 12,103 B8-A0la+ SIMBAD [42][43]
[BMS2003] 578 C (in NGC 604 of Triangulum Galaxy) 2,564,000 -11.28 2,700,000 15.97 (combined) 34,000 O9II SIMBAD [8]
WR 102ea Quintuplet cluster 2,455,000 -11.235 26,000 13.18 (J band) 25,100 WN9h SIMBAD [40][41]
HD 38282 B Runaway from R136 2,455,000+300,000
−267,000 		-11.235 163,000 11.11 (combined) 45,000±2,000 WN6/7h SIMBAD [37]
CXOGC J174516.1-284909 (WR 101–2 in Galactic Center) 2,399,000 -11.21 26,000 11.49 (J band) 20,000 Ofpe/WN9 SIMBAD [33]
CXOGC J174711.4-283006 (WR 102–9 in Galactic Center) 2,399,000 -11.21 26,000 16.56 (J band) 30,000 WN8-9h SIMBAD [33]
WR 25 A Trumpler 16 2,399,000 -11.21 6,800 8.8 (combined) 50,100 WN6h-w SIMBAD [30][28][lower-alpha 6]
[S83] B189 Pinwheel Galaxy 2,377,000 -11.2 21,600,000 18.63 7,658 A0-A2la+ [42][43]
LGGS J004444.52+412804.0 (in Andromeda Galaxy) 2,377,000 -11.2 2,500,000 18.1 7,000-18,000 F0Ia SIMBAD
HD 269327 (in LMC) 2,377,000 -11.2 163,000 10.74 28,200 OB SIMBAD [13]
Sk -69° 212 NGC 2044 2,377,000 -11.2 160,000 12.416 45,400 O5III(f) SIMBAD [44][45]
Melnick 34 B R136 2,344,000+474,000
−394,000 		-11.185 163,000 13.09 (combined) 53,000±1,200 WN5h SIMBAD [38][5]
VVV CL041-8 (WR 62–2 in VVV CL041) 2,344,000 -11.185 13,700 10.146 (J band) 34,000 WN8-9h SIMBAD [46][12][lower-alpha 7]
LH 10-3209 A NGC 1763 2,312,000 -11.17 160,000 12.73 50,900 O3III(f*) SIMBAD [47]
Cl 1813-178 #16 (in Cl 1813-178 of W33 Complex) 2,291,000 -11.16 15,300 9.428 (J band) 30,200 O8-O9If SIMBAD [48][12][lower-alpha 8]
R147 Runaway from R136 2,291,000+593,000
−471,000 		-11.16 164,000 13.02 47,320±1,700 WN5h SIMBAD [19]
R136a7 R136 2,291,000+280,000
−341,000 		-11.16 163,000 13.97 54,000+2,000
−3,000 		O3III(f*) SIMBAD [2][5]
VVV CL074-12 (in VVV CL074) 2,291,000 -11.16 20,000 12.34 (J band) 22,500 B0.5-2I SIMBAD [49][lower-alpha 9]
Arches-F9 Arches Cluster 2,239,000 -11.135 25,000 16.1 (J band) 36,600 WN8–9h SIMBAD [50][51]
HD 5980 A NGC 346 2,239,000+580,000
−460,000 		-11.135 200,000 11.31 (combined) 45,000±5,000 WN6h SIMBAD [52][53][lower-alpha 10]
HD 97950 C1 HD 97950 2,239,000+392,000
−333,000 		-11.135 24,000 11.89 (combined) 44,000±2,000 WN6h SIMBAD [34][35][lower-alpha 6]
R136b R136 2,239,000+160,000
−149,000 		-11.135 165,000 13.24 35,500±750 O4If SIMBAD [2][5]
R145 A Tarantula Nebula 2,239,000+924,000
−654,000 		-11.135 163,000 12.04 (combined) 50,000±3,000 WN6h SIMBAD [54][5]
Var 83 (in Triangulum Galaxy) 2,239,000 -11.135 3,000,000 16.027 18,000-37,000 LBV SIMBAD
HD 269810 NGC 2029 2,188,000 -11.11 163,000 12.28 52,500 O2III(f*) SIMBAD [55]
BI 265 (in LMC) 2,188,000 -11.11 163,000 12.38 49,800 O5III(fc) SIMBAD [56]
CXOGC J174712.2-283121 (WR 102–10 in Galactic Center) 2,188,000 -11.11 26,000 17.06 (J band) 35,000 WN7-8h SIMBAD [33]
MWC 470 2,176,000 -11.1 12,500 11.5 37,500 Be SIMBAD [36]
ST5-31 NGC 2074 2,168,000 -11.1 160,000 12.273 50,700 O3If* SIMBAD [44][57]
GGA 378 2,159,000 -11.1 20,200 12.5 40,900 OB?e SIMBAD [36]
HD 268804 (in LMC) 2,148,000 -11.09 163,000 11.21 28,200 OB SIMBAD [13]
MWC 791 Shoe-Buckle Cluster 2,147,000 -11.09 10,800 10.7 40,500 B1 SIMBAD [36]
G0.058+0.014 (in Galactic Center) 2,138,000 -11.085 26,000 14.704 (J band) 45,000 O4-6If+ SIMBAD [6]
LGGS J013508.78+303639.9 (in Triangulum Galaxy) 2,138,000 -11.085 2,834,000 14.00 7,464 A9la SIMBAD [58]
R145 B Tarantula Nebula 2,138,000+882,000
−624,000 		-11.085 163,000 12.04 (combined) 43,000±3,000 O3.5If*/WN7 SIMBAD [54][5]
WR 89 HM 1 2,138,000 -11.085 9,500 11.02 39,800 WN8h SIMBAD [30][59]
Arches-F6 Arches Cluster 2,089,000+255,000
−227,000 		-11.06 25,000 15.75 (J band) 33,300±1,300 WN8-9ha SIMBAD [60]
R136a5 R136 2,089,000+149,000
−139,000 		-11.06 163,000 13.71 48,000±750 O2I(n)f* SIMBAD [2][5]
BD+43° 3654 Runaway from Cygnus OB2 2,030,000±210,000 -11.029 5,400 10.06 46,800±900 O6If+ SIMBAD [61]
AFGL 2298 (near Galactic plane) 2,000,000 -11.013 33,000 12.164 (J band) 15,500-26,000 B8I SIMBAD [62][12][lower-alpha 11]
Arches-F1 Arches Cluster 1,995,000 -11.01 25,000 16.3 (J band) 33,200 WN8-9h SIMBAD [50][51]
Arches-F4 Arches Cluster 1,995,000 -11.01 25,000 15.63 (J band) 36,800 WN7-8h SIMBAD [50][51]
M33C-15731 (in Triangulum Galaxy) 1,995,000 -11.01 2,834,000 16.819 (V band) 20,000 LBV SIMBAD [63]
CXOGC J174656.3-283232 (WR 102–8 in Galactic Center) 1,995,000 -11.01 26,000 16.74 (J band) 30,000 WN8-9h SIMBAD [33]
LBV 1806-20 (in G10.0–0.3 of Galactic Center) 1,995,000 -11.01 28,000 13.66 (J band) 18,000-32,000 O9-B2 SIMBAD [64][12][lower-alpha 12]
Mercer 81-2 (WR 76–7 in Mercer 81 of G338.4+0.2) 1,995,000 -11.01 35,900 13.25 (J band) 36,000 WN7-8 SIMBAD [65][lower-alpha 13]
VFTS 545 R136 1,995,000+516,000
−410,000 		-11.01 164,000 13.32 47,320±1,700 O2If*/WN5 SIMBAD [19][5]
WR 147S (in Cygnus OB2) 1,995,000 -11.01 5,800 13.86 39,800 WN8h SIMBAD [30][66]
MWC 473 1,980,000 -11.0 12,900 11.46 29,600 Be SIMBAD [36]
10584-9-1 (in Messier 81) 1,977,000 -11.0 11,842,000 19.1 18,000 sgB[e] SIMBAD [23]
2MASS J04542610-6911022 (in LMC) 1,959,000 -10.99 163,000 12.68 37,200 O7V SIMBAD [13]
R146 Runaway from R136 1,950,000+505,000
−401,000 		-10.985 164,000 13.11 53,090±1,910 WN5ha SIMBAD [19]
DBSB 179-15 (WR 84–6 in DBSB 179 of G347.6+0.2) 1,950,000 -10.985 25,800 12.5 (J band) 37,000 WN8-9h SIMBAD [67][68][lower-alpha 14]
G0.114+0.021 (WR 102–12 in Galactic Center) 1,950,000 -10.985 26,000 16.672 (J band) 40,000 WN8-9h SIMBAD [6]
R136a4 R136 1,905,000+90,000
−207,000 		-10.96 163,000 13.41 50,000+500
−2,000 		O3V((f*))(n) SIMBAD [2][5]
Westerhout 49-1 W49 cluster 1 1,905,000+786,000
−556,000 		-10.96 36,200 15.531 (J band) 44,700+2,100
−2,000 		O2-3.5If* SIMBAD [11][12]
WR 22 A (in Bochum 10 of Carina Nebula) 1,905,000 -10.96 8,200 6.42 (combined) 44,700 WN7h SIMBAD [30][28][lower-alpha 15]
HD 269219 (in LMC) 1,888,000 -10.95 163,000 10.87 28,200 OB SIMBAD [13]
Arches-F2 A Arches Cluster 1,862,000+227,000
−203,000 		-10.935 25,000 17.84 (J band, combined) 34,100+2,000
−1,000 		WN8-9h SIMBAD [69]
Arches-F7 Arches Cluster 1,862,000+227,000
−203,000 		-10.935 25,000 15.74 (J band) 33,900±1,300 WN8-9ha SIMBAD [60]
HSH95-36 R136 1,862,000+133,000
−124,000 		-10.935 163,000 14.41 49,500+750
−1,000 		O2If* SIMBAD [2][5]
Hen 3-519 (WR 31a in Blue Bubble Nebula) 1,820,000 -10.91 24,000 10.85 30,200 WN11h SIMBAD [70][53][lower-alpha 16]
W61 3-20 (in LMC) 1,820,000 -10.91 163,000 13.55 39,800 O5-6V((f))z SIMBAD [13]
Westerhout 51-57 G49.5-0.4 1,820,000–4,786,000 -10.91 20,000 16.958 (J band) 42,700 O4V SIMBAD [71][12]
LGGS J004051.59+403303.0 (in Andromeda Galaxy) 1,803,000 -10.9 2,500,000 16.989 18,000-24,000 LBV SIMBAD [72][10]
MSX5C G358.5391+00.1305 (in Wray 17-96) 1,800,000 -10.898 15,000 15 13,000 B[e]: SIMBAD [73][59][lower-alpha 17]
HD 5980 B NGC 346 1,778,000+734,000
−519,000 		-10.885 200,000 11.31 (combined) 45,000+10,000
−7,000 		WN6-7 SIMBAD [52][35]
WR 130 (in Cygnus OB3) 1,778,000 -10.885 21,700 12.13 44,700 WN8(h) SIMBAD [30][59]
V4650 Sagittarii Quintuplet cluster 1,770,000 -12.5 – -10.9 25,000 12.31 (J band) 11,300 LBV SIMBAD [74][12][41]
CXOGC J174536.1-285638 (WR 101–1 in Galactic Center) 1,738,000 -10.86 26,000 15.55 (J band) 30,000 WN8-9h SIMBAD [33]
Mercer 30-7 A Mercer 30 1,738,000 -10.86 40,000 11.516 (J band) 41,400 WN6 SIMBAD [24][lower-alpha 4]
HD 35342 B (in LMC) 1,722,000 -10.85 163,000 11.28 24,000 B0.5I SIMBAD [13]
CPD−69 471 (in LMC) 1,706,000 -10.84 163,000 12.37 42,700 O2-3(n)fp SIMBAD [13]
DBSB 179-20 (WR 84–1 in DBSB 179 of G347.6+0.2) 1,698,000 -10.835 25,800 12.37 (J band) 35,000 WN8-9 SIMBAD [67][68][lower-alpha 14]
Cygnus OB2 #12 A Cygnus OB2 1,660,000 -10.81 5,000 11.702 (combined) 13,700 B3-4Ia+ SIMBAD [75][76][lower-alpha 6]
PGMW 3120 (in LMC) 1,644,000 -10.8 163,000 12.47 39,800 O5.5V((f*)) SIMBAD [13]
Sher 18 (in HD 97950 of NGC 3603) 1,644,000 -10.8 25,000 12.51 39,500 O3.5If SIMBAD [35][77]
Sher 47 (in HD 97950 of NGC 3603) 1,644,000 -10.8 25,000 12.67 44,000 O4V SIMBAD [35][77]
Mercer 23-1 (in Mercer 23 near Galactic plane) 1,622,000 -10.785 21,200 10.615 (J band) 35,000 O5.5I SIMBAD [22][12][lower-alpha 3]
VFTS 1017 R136 1,622,000+420,000
−334,000 		-10.785 164,000 14.52 50,120±1,800 O2If*/WN5 SIMBAD [19][5]
WR 87 HM 1 1,622,000 -10.785 9,500 11.83 44,700 WN7h SIMBAD [30][59]
HD 269896 (in LMC) 1,600,000 -10.77 163,000 11.36 29,500 ON9.7Ia+ SIMBAD [13]
Pistol Star Quintuplet Cluster 1,600,000 -10.77 25,000 11.79 (J band) 11,800 LBV SIMBAD [74]
J025941.21+251412.2 (in NGC 1156) 1,600,000 -10.77 23,000,000 LBV SIMBAD [78]
Melnick 39 A R136 1,585,000+654,000
−463,000 		-10.76 160,000 13.0 (combined) 44,000±2,500 O3If*/WN6-A SIMBAD [79]
AF Andromedae (in Andromeda Galaxy) 1,585,000 -10.76 2,500,000 17.325 28,000 LBV SIMBAD [80][10]
Arches-F12 Arches Cluster 1,585,000 -10.76 25,000 16.4 (J band) 36,900 WN7-8h SIMBAD [50][51]
HSH95-18 R136 1,585,000 -10.76 163,000 13.87 47,000 O3III(f+) SIMBAD [5]
R139 A NGC 2070 1,585,000+235,000
−205,000 		-10.76 163,000 11.94 (combined) 34,000±1,100 O6.5I SIMBAD [81]
LHO 110 Quintuplet cluster 1,585,000 -10.76 26,000 13.87 (J band) 25,100 WN9h SIMBAD [40][41]
R140a1 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,585,000 -10.76 163,000 12.12 (combined) 34,000 WN4 SIMBAD [5]
VFTS 457 NGC 2070 1,585,000+410,000
−326,000 		-10.76 164,000 13.74 39,810±1,430 O3.5If*/WN7 SIMBAD [19][5]
WR 107 (in Sagittarius OB1) 1,585,000 -10.76 9,400 13.51 50,100 WN8 SIMBAD [30][59]
WR 140 B (in Cygnus OB1) 1,585,000 -10.76 5,300 6.85 (combined) 35,000 O5 SIMBAD [82][28]
WR 148 A (Runaway star from Galactic plane) 1,585,000 -10.76 27,100 10.3 (combined) 39,800 WN8h SIMBAD [30][28]
R134 R136 1,585,000+410,000
−326,000 		-10.76 164,000 12.58 42,170±1,520 WN6(h) SIMBAD [19][5]
CXOGC J174617.0-285131 (in Galactic Center) 1,549,000 -10.735 26,000 14.98 (J band) 40,000 O6If+ SIMBAD [33]
CXOGC J174725.3-282709 (in Galactic Center) 1,549,000 -10.735 26,000 16.37 (J band) 30,000 O4-6I SIMBAD [33]
Sk -68° 137 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,549,000 -10.735 160,000 13.346 55,000 OB SIMBAD [83][45]
WR 102i Quintuplet cluster 1,549,000 -10.735 26,000 14.31 (J band) 31,600 WN9h SIMBAD [40][41]
WR 21a A Runaway from Westerlund 2 1,514,000+224,000
−195,000 		-10.71 14,300 12.661 (combined) 42,000 O2.5If*/WN6ha SIMBAD [84][59]
Westerhout 49-3 W49 CC 1,514,000+528,000
−392,000 		-10.71 36,200 16.689 (J band) 40,700+5,000
−4,400 		O3-O7V SIMBAD [11][12]
Brey 21 A (in NGC 1910 of LMC) 1,500,000 -10.7 165,000 11.29 (combined) 71,000 WN SIMBAD [44][59]
HD 97950 A2 (in HD 97950 of NGC 3603) 1,500,000 -10.7 24,000 12.53 46,500 O3V SIMBAD [35][77]
HM 1-6 HM 1 1,500,000 -10.7 11,000 11.64 44,800 O5If SIMBAD
LGGS J013245.41+303858.3 (in Triangulum Galaxy) 1,500,000 -10.7 3,000,000 17.612 34,000 Ofpe SIMBAD [85][10]
NGC 346-W1 NGC 346 1,500,000 -10.7 200,000 12.57 43,400 O5.5If SIMBAD [44][86]
Sk -65° 47 (in NGC 1923 of LMC) 1,500,000 -10.7 160,000 12.466 47,800 O4If SIMBAD [44][45]
Sk 80 NGC 346 1,500,000 -10.7 200,000 12.31 38,900 O7If SIMBAD [44][87]
10584-4-1 (in Messier 81) 1,500,000 -10.7 11,842,000 19.68 19,671 sgB[e] SIMBAD [23]
Object #A (in NGC 4068) 1,500,000 -10.7 14,220,000 21.145 40,000 WN [88]
R136a8 R136 1,479,000+106,000
−99,000 		-10.685 163,000 14.42 49,500±1,250 O2-3V SIMBAD
AS 107 1,456,000 -10.67 10,100 11.44 34,000 B SIMBAD [36]
R139 B NGC 2070 1,445,000+214,000
−187,000 		-10.66 163,000 11.94 (combined) 34,700±1,100 O7I SIMBAD [81]
[HCD2002] 107 (in LMC) 1,445,000 -10.66 163,000 13.79 40,700 O4-6Vz SIMBAD [13]
VFTS 542 R136 1,445,000+374,000
−297,000 		-10.66 164,000 13.49 44,670±2,010 O2If*/WN5 SIMBAD [19][5]
Z15 Messier 81 1,445,000+139,000
−127,000 		-10.66 11,800,000 20.495 25,000±1,000 B0.5 SIMBAD [89]
AB8 A NGC 602c 1,413,000+366,000
−291,000 		-10.635 197,000 12.9 (combined) 141,000+60,000
−20,000 		WO4 SIMBAD [52][90]
CXOGC J174550.2-284911 (WR 102–4 in Galactic Center) 1,413,000 -10.635 26,000 15.24 (J band) 30,000 WN9h SIMBAD [33]
HD 93129 Aa Trumpler 14 1,413,000+172,000
−154,000 		-10.635 7,500 6.9 (combined) 52,000±3,000 O2If* SIMBAD [91]
DBSB 179-4 (WR 84–7 in DBSB 179 of G347.6+0.2) 1,413,000 -10.635 25,800 12.25 (J band) 30,000 Ofpe/WN9 SIMBAD [67][68][lower-alpha 14]
LGGS J013235.25+303017.6 (in Triangulum Galaxy) 1,413,000 -10.635 3,000,000 18.007 33,000 LBV SIMBAD [9][92]
Melnick 33Na A R136 1,413,000+725,000
−479,000 		-10.635 164,000 13.79 (combined) 50,000±2,500 OC2.5If* SIMBAD [93][94]
WR 66 (in Circinus OB1) 1,413,000 -10.635 16,900 11.34 44,700 WN8(h) SIMBAD [30][28]
HD 269846 (in LMC) 1,406,000 -10.63 163,000 11.63 28,200 OB SIMBAD [13]
HD 37974 NGC 2050 1,400,000 -10.625 163,000 10.99 22,500 B0.5Ia+ SIMBAD [95][59][lower-alpha 18]
W61 3-24 (in LMC) 1,393,000 -10.62 163,000 14.03 43,700 O3.5V(f+) SIMBAD [13]
VFTS 621 NGC 2070 1,380,000 -10.61 164,000 15.39 50,100 O2V((f*))z SIMBAD [21][5]
WR 131 (in Cygnus OB3) 1,380,000 -10.61 22,600 12.08 44,700 WN7h SIMBAD [30][96]
Sk -69° 104 (in NGC 1910 of LMC) 1,368,000 -10.6 160,000 12.1 39,900 O6Ib(f) SIMBAD [44][45]
Var A-1 (in Andromeda Galaxy) 1,368,000 -10.6 2,500,000 17.143 21,700 LBV SIMBAD [85]
Arches-F2 B Arches Cluster 1,349,000+165,000
−147,000 		-10.585 25,000 17.84 (J band, combined) 33,800+2,000
−1,000 		O5-6Ia+ SIMBAD [69]
Mercer 30-6a A Mercer 30 1,349,000 -10.585 40,000 10.39 (J band) 29,900 Ofpe/WN9 SIMBAD [24][lower-alpha 4]
VFTS 427 NGC 2070 1,349,000+349,000
−277,000 		-10.585 164,000 13.76 41,690±1,500 WN8(h) SIMBAD [19]
Westerhout 51-3 G49.5-0.4 1,349,000+626,000
−437,000–3,890,000+4,238,000
−2,028,000 		-10.585 20,000 16.998 (J band) 39,800 O3V-O8V SIMBAD [71][12]
HD 269722 (in LMC) 1,343,000 -10.58 163,000 11.52 28,200 OBe SIMBAD [13]
VFTS 16 Runaway from R136 1,318,000+341,000
−271,000 		-10.56 164,000 13.55 50,600+500
−590 		O2III-If* SIMBAD [19]
CXOGC J174502.8-290859 (in Galactic Center) 1,318,000 -10.56 26,000 13.93 (J band) 33,000 O9I-B0I SIMBAD [33]
BD+54 728 [HXW2022] OC-0715 1,306,000 -10.55 12,300 10.3 19,500 B1Ib SIMBAD [36]
NGC 6822-WR 12 Barnard's Galaxy 1,288,000 -10.535 1,700,000 18.96 100,000 WN4 SIMBAD [97]
Westerhout 49-15 W49 cluster 1 1,288,000+334,000
−265,000 		-10.535 36,200 18.307 (J band) 43,700±1,000 O2-3.5If* SIMBAD [11][12]
Westerhout 51d G49.5-0.4 1,288,000–2,884,000 -10.535 20,000 15.11 (J band) 42,700 O3V-O4V SIMBAD [71][12]
WR 18 (in Carina OB1 of Carina Nebula) 1,288,000 -10.535 12,450 10.83 112,200 WN4-s SIMBAD [30][59]
[BMS2003] 578 B (in NGC 604 of Triangulum Galaxy) 1,285,000 -10.53 2,700,000 15.97 (combined) 32,000 O9Ia SIMBAD [8]
S Doradus NGC 1910 1,259,000 -10.635 169,000 10.25 20,000 B8/9eq-F0/5:Iae SIMBAD [98][59]
AB7 A NGC 371 1,259,000+326,000
−259,000 		-10.51 197,000 13.016 (combined) 105,000+20,000
−10,000 		WN4 SIMBAD [52][86]
VFTS 1021 R136 1,259,000+326,000
−259,000 		-10.51 164,000 13.35 35,500±1,500 O4If+ SIMBAD [19]
Arches-F3 Arches Cluster 1,259,000 -10.51 25,000 16.06 (J band) 29,600 WN8-9h SIMBAD [50][51]
Arches-F8 Arches Cluster 1,259,000 -10.51 25,000 16.31 (J band) 32,900 WN8-9h SIMBAD [50][51]
HD 50064 (in NGC 2301) 1,259,000 -10.51 9,500 8.21 13,500 B6Ia SIMBAD [99]
HSH95-46 R136 1,259,000+59,000
−162,000 		-10.51 163,000 14.56 47,500+500
−2,500 		O2-3III(f*) SIMBAD [2][5]
VFTS 1031 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,259,000 -10.51 164,000 13.89 48,000 O3.5 SIMBAD [5]
NGC 2070 MH 980 (in NGC 2070 of LMC) 1,259,000 -10.51 163,000 13.68 42,700 O4V SIMBAD [13]
Sk -69° 194 (in NGC 2033 of LMC) 1,247,000 -10.5 160,000 12.131 (combined) 45,000 B0I SIMBAD [44][100]
ST2-22 NGC 2044 1,247,000 -10.5 160,000 14.3 51,300 O3V((f)) SIMBAD [44][101]
HD 269215 (in LMC) 1,247,000 -10.5 163,000 11.94 36,300 O6.5II(f) SIMBAD [13]
Trumpler 27-27 Trumpler 27 1,247,000 -10.5 8,200 13.31 37,200 O8III((f)) SIMBAD [102][59]
VFTS 1028 R136 1,230,000 -10.485 164,000 13.84 47,300 O3III(f*) or O4-5V SIMBAD [21][5]
LGGS J013457.51+304833.3 (in Triangulum Galaxy) 1,202,000 -10.46 2,834,000 14.63 6,761 F3la SIMBAD [103]
LH 10-3601 (in NGC 1763 of LMC) 1,202,000 -10.46 160,000 13.491 55,000 ON2III(f*) SIMBAD [83][45]
BD+21 4017 1,200,000 -10.46 20,300 10.42 23,000 B0 SIMBAD [36]
AB1 DEM S10 1,175,000 -10.435 197,000 15.238 79,000 WN3ha SIMBAD [104][86][lower-alpha 19]
BI 253 Runaway from R136 1,175,000+410,000
−304,000 		-10.435 164,000 13.76 54,000±1,500 O2V-III(n)((f*)) SIMBAD [19][105]
BAT99-92 B Tarantula Nebula 1,175,000 -10.435 164,000 13.76 23,000 B1Ia SIMBAD [106]
LGGS J013248.26+303950.4 (in Triangulum Galaxy) 1,175,000 -10.435 3,000,000 17.25 23,000 LBV SIMBAD [9][107]
Mercer 30-8 (WR 46–6 in Mercer 30 of Dragonfish Nebula) 1,175,000 -10.435 40,000 11.658 (J band) 38,100 WN7 SIMBAD [24][lower-alpha 4]
WR 102d Quintuplet cluster 1,175,000 -10.435 26,000 15.18 (J band) 35,100 WN9h SIMBAD [40][41]
WR 126 (in Vulpecula OB2) 1,175,000 -10.435 24,680 13.29 63,000 WC5 SIMBAD [108][59]
R135 A NGC 2070 1,175,000 -10.435 163,000 13.48 (combined) 55,000 WN5 SIMBAD [106][5]
GCIRS 16SW A (WR 101k A in Galactic Center) 1,149,000 -10.411 26,000 15.5 (J band) 24,400 Ofpe/WN9 SIMBAD [109]
GCIRS 16SW B (WR 101k B in Galactic Center) 1,149,000 -10.411 26,000 15.5 (J band) 23,500 Ofpe/WN9 SIMBAD [109]
CXOGC J174516.7-285824 (WR 101–3 in Galactic Center) 1,148,000 -10.41 26,000 16.67 (J band) 35,000 WN7-8h SIMBAD [33]
G0.121-0.099 (WR 102–16 in Galactic Center) 1,148,000 -10.41 26,000 14.972 (J band) 40,000 WN8-9h SIMBAD [6]
G359.797+0.037 (in Galactic Center) 1,148,000 -10.41 26,000 16.1 (J band) 30,000 B0-2I SIMBAD [6]
HD 93205 A (in Trumpler 16 of Carina Nebula) 1,148,000 -10.41 7,500 7.75 (combined) 51,300 O3.5Vf SIMBAD
WR 158 (in Cassiopeia OB1) 1,148,000 -10.41 16,300 11.282 44,700 WN7h SIMBAD [30][76]
WR 28 (in FSR 1555) 1,148,000 -10.41 18,700 12.98 50,100 WN6(h)-w SIMBAD [30][59][lower-alpha 20]
HD 303308 Trumpler 16 1,138,000 -10.4 7,500 8.17 51,300 O3V SIMBAD [102][28]
M33C-15235 (in Triangulum Galaxy) 1,138,000 -10.4 3,000,000 17.73 29,200 WN/Of SIMBAD [85][110]
ZH 364 (in Messier 81) 1,138,000 -10.4 11,842,000 19.59 15,860 LBV?e SIMBAD [23]
HD 269700 (in LMC) 1,127,000 -10.39 163,000 10.54 19,500 B1.5Iaeq SIMBAD [13]
AB9 DEM S80 1,122,000 -10.385 197,000 15.431 100,000 WN3ha SIMBAD [104][86][lower-alpha 21]
Arches-F18 Arches Cluster 1,122,000 -10.385 25,000 16.7 (J band) 36,900 O4-5Ia+ SIMBAD [50][111]
Var B (in Triangulum Galaxy) 1,122,000 -10.385 3,000,000 16.208 9,000 LBV SIMBAD [80][10]
VFTS 562 NGC 2070 1,122,000 -10.385 164,000 13.66 42,200 O4V SIMBAD [21][5]
WR 37 (in SFC 27 of G291.27-0.71) 1,122,000 -10.385 21,900 16 100,000 WN4-s SIMBAD [30][59][lower-alpha 22]
SK -69 98 (in LMC) 1,096,000 -10.36 163,000 12.29 28,200 OB SIMBAD [13]
VFTS 512 NGC 2070 1,096,000 -10.36 164,000 14.28 47,300 O2V-III((f*)) SIMBAD [21][5]
Mercer 30-6b (in Mercer 30 of Dragonfish Nebula) 1,072,000 -10.335 40,000 14.25 (J band) 30,500 O6If SIMBAD [24][lower-alpha 4]
VFTS 3 near NGC 2044 1,072,000+277,000
−220,000 		-10.335 164,000 11.56 21,000±1,000 B1Ia+ SIMBAD [19][5]
VFTS 151 TLD1 1,072,000 -10.335 164,000 14.13 42,200 O6.5II(f)p SIMBAD [21][5]
VFTS 603 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,060,000 -10.323 164,000 13.99 43,400 O4III(fc) SIMBAD [112][5]
HD 268605 (in LMC) 1,057,000 -10.32 163,000 11.34 28,200 O9.5/B0Ia SIMBAD [13]
HD 270145 NGC 2122 1,047,000+101,000
−92,000 		-10.31 163,000 12.17 34,750±1,000 O6.5Ifc SIMBAD [113]
WR 21a B Runaway from Westerlund 2 1,047,000+241,000
−196,000 		-10.31 14,300 12.661 (combined) 48,000 O3V((f*))z SIMBAD [84][59]
CXOGC J174532.7-285126 (in Galactic Center) 1,047,000 -10.31 26,000 10.72 (J band) 40,000 O4-6I SIMBAD [33]
HD 93403 A Carina OB1 1,047,000+49,000
−47,000 		-10.31 10,000 8.27 (combined) 39,300±1,100 O5.5I SIMBAD [114][59]
Mercer 30-2 (in Mercer 30 of Dragonfish Nebula) 1,047,000 -10.31 40,000 12.63 (J band) 21,200 B1-4Ia+ SIMBAD [24][lower-alpha 4]
HD 97950 E (in HD 97950 of NGC 3603) 1,038,000 -10.3 24,000 13.081 46,500 O5.5III(f) SIMBAD [35][77]
HD 229059 Berkeley 87 1,038,000 -10.3 3,200 8.7 26,300 B1Ia SIMBAD [102][28]
M33C-10788 (in Triangulum Galaxy) 1,038,000 -10.3 3,000,000 17.95 32,000 Ofpe/WN9 SIMBAD [85][110]
Sk -69° 200 NGC 2033 1,038,000 -10.3 160,000 11.18 26,300 B1I SIMBAD [44][59]
Sk -69° 259 (in NGC 2081 of LMC) 1,038,000 -10.3 160,000 11.93 30,000 B[e] SIMBAD [44][59]
WR 77k (in Westerlund 1) 1,038,000 -10.3 11,000 18.86 35,000 WN7 SIMBAD [115][116]
10182-pr-6 (in NGC 2403) 1,038,000 -10.3 10,314,000 18.79 8,000 A8-F0Ie SIMBAD [23]
[RP2006] 542 (in LMC) 1,028,000 -10.29 163,000 16.75 29,500 B0IV[e] SIMBAD [13]
HD 93250 A (in Trumpler 16 of Carina Nebula) 1,023,000 -10.285 7,500 7.5 (combined) 46,000 O4 IV(fc) SIMBAD [117][28][lower-alpha 6]
VFTS 599 NGC 2070 1,023,000+265,000
−210,000 		-10.285 164,000 13.8 47,300+820
−500 		O3III(f*) SIMBAD [19][5]
VVV CL074-9 (WR 75–29 in VVV CL074) 1,023,000 -10.285 20,000 15.22 (J band) 37,000 WN7/O4-6If+ SIMBAD [49][lower-alpha 9]
WR 156 (in Cepheus OB1) 1,023,000 -10.285 13,400 11.01 39,800 WN8h SIMBAD [30][53]
ALS 9950 1,021,000 -10.28 9,200 11.26 21,400 B SIMBAD [36]
HD 269050 (in LMC) 1,019,000 -10.28 163,000 11.54 28,200 B0Ia(e?) SIMBAD [13]
BD+13 1440 1,008,000 -10.27 13,500 9.14 30,200 B0e SIMBAD [36]
Melnick 39 B R136 1,000,000+413,000
−292,000 		-10.26 160,000 13.0 (combined) 48,000±2,500 O3If*/WN6-A SIMBAD [79]
VFTS 259 Tarantula Nebula 1,000,000+259,000
−206,000 		-10.26 164,000 13.65 36,800+500
−520 		O6Iaf SIMBAD [19]
HD 97950 A1a HD 97950 1,000,000 -10.26 24,000 11.18 (combined) 37,000 O3If*/WN6 SIMBAD [118]
HD 97950 A1b HD 97950 1,000,000 -10.26 24,000 11.18 (combined) 42,000 O3If*/WN5 SIMBAD [118]
Arches-F14 Arches Cluster 1,000,000 -10.26 25,000 16.38 (J band) 34,500 WN8-9h SIMBAD [50][111]
BAT99-68 NGC 2044 1,000,000 -10.26 163,000 14.13 45,000 O3If*/WN7 SIMBAD [4][119]
CXOGC J174628.2-283920 (in Galactic Center) 1,000,000 -10.26 26,000 16.99 (J band) 40,000 O4-6I SIMBAD [33]
CXOGC J174703.1-283119 (in Galactic Center) 1,000,000 -10.26 26,000 16.23 (J band) 40,000 O4-6I SIMBAD [33]
HSH95-28 R136 1,000,000 -10.26 163,000 14.09 48,000 O3V SIMBAD [5]
HSH95-57 R136 1,000,000 -10.26 163,000 14.8 47,000 O3III(f) SIMBAD [5]
R140a2 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,000,000 -10.26 163,000 12.12 (combined) 34,000 WC5 SIMBAD [5]
VFTS 591 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,000,000 -10.26 164,000 12.55 27,000 B0.5Ia SIMBAD [5]
VFTS 1034 (in Tarantula Nebula of LMC) 1,000,000 -10.26 164,000 13.36 34,000 O8II SIMBAD [5]
VVV CL074-3 (WR 75–28 in VVV CL074) 1,000,000 -10.26 20,000 14.72 (J band) 31,500 WN8 SIMBAD [49][lower-alpha 9]
ζ1 Scorpii (in NGC 6231 of Scorpius OB1) 1,000,000 to 1,600,000 -10.085 8,210 4.705 17,000 to 19,000 B1.5Ia+ SIMBAD [120][121][122]

A few notable stars of luminosity less than 1 million L☉ are kept here for the purpose of comparison.

Star name Bolo­metric
lumino­sity
(L☉) 		Absolute
bolo­metric
magni­tude 		Approx. distance
from Earth (ly) 		Apparent
visible magni­tude 		Effective Tempe­rature (K) Link Ref.
α Camelopardalis (Runaway star from NGC 1502) 676,000 -9.835 6,000 4.29 29,000 SIMBAD [117][28]
WR 78 (in NGC 6231 of Scorpius OB1) 631,000 -9.76 4,100 6.48 50,100 SIMBAD [30][31]
λ Cephei (Runaway star from Cepheus OB3) 631,000 -9.76 3,100 5.05 36,000 SIMBAD [123][28]
P Cygni (in IC 4996 of Cygnus OB1) 610,000 -9.723 5,100 4.82 18,700 SIMBAD [124][28][lower-alpha 23]
WR 79a (in NGC 6231 of Scorpius OB1) 603,000 -9.71 5,600 5.77 35,000 SIMBAD [125][28]
ζ Puppis (Naos in Vela R2 of Vela Molecular Ridge) 446,700 -10.035 1,080 2.25 40,000 SIMBAD [126][123][28][lower-alpha 24]
η Carinae B (in Trumpler 16 of Carina Nebula) 400,000 -9.265 7,500 4.3 (combined) 37,200 SIMBAD
μ Normae (in NGC 6169) 339,000 -9.085 3,260 4.91 28,000 SIMBAD [127][28]
κ Cassiopeiae (in Cassiopeia OB14) 302,000 -8.96 4,000 4.16 23,500 SIMBAD [128][28]
τ Canis Majoris Aa (in NGC 2362) 299,000 -8.95 5,120 4.89 32,000 SIMBAD [129][28]
θ Muscae Ab (in Centaurus OB1) 295,000 -8.935 7,400 5.53 (combined) 33,000 SIMBAD [130][28]
γ2 Velorum B (in Vela OB2) 280,000 -8.878 1,230 1.83 (combined) 35,000 SIMBAD [131][28]
ε Orionis (Alnilam in Orion OB1 of Orion complex) 271,000 -9.585 2,000 1.69 27,500 SIMBAD [132][128][28]
ξ Persei (Menkib in California Nebula of Perseus OB2) 263,000 -8.81 1,200 4.04 35,000 SIMBAD [117][28]
ζ Orionis Aa (Alnitak in Orion OB1 of Orion complex) 250,000 -8.755 1,260 2.08 29,500 SIMBAD [133]
θ Muscae Aa (WR 48 in Centaurus OB1) 234,000 -8.685 7,400 5.53 (combined) 83,000 SIMBAD [134][28]
ο2 Canis Majoris (in Collinder 121) 219,000 -8.61 2,800 3.043 15,500 SIMBAD [135][28]
θ1 Orionis C1 (in Trapezium Cluster of Orion complex) 204,000 -8.535 1,340 5.13 (combined) 39,000 SIMBAD [136][28]
δ Orionis Aa1 (Mintaka in Orion OB1 of Orion complex) 191,000 -8.46 1,200 2.5 (combined) 29,500 SIMBAD [137][138]
γ2 Velorum A (WR 11 in Vela OB2) 170,000 -8.336 1,230 1.83 (combined) 57,000 SIMBAD [131][28]
η Canis Majoris (Aludra in Collinder 121) 151,000 -8.21 2,000 2.45 15,000 SIMBAD [128][28]
κ Crucis (in Jewel Box Cluster of Centaurus OB1) 151,000 -8.21 7,500 5.98 16,300 SIMBAD [139][53]
λ Orionis A (Meissa in Collinder 69 of Orion complex) 150,000 -8.2 1,100 3.54 37,700 SIMBAD [140][141]
β Orionis A (Rigel in Orion OB1 of Orion complex) 120,000 -7.96 860 0.13 12,100 SIMBAD [142][28]
θ2 Orionis A (in Orion OB1 of Orion complex) 107,000 -7.833 1,500 5.02 34,900 SIMBAD [143][144]
Betelgeuse 87,100 -7.61 550 0.50 3,600 SIMBAD [145][146]
Antares A 75,900 -7.46 550 0.6–1.6 3,660 SIMBAD [147][148]
ζ Ophiuchi (in Upper Scorpius subgroup of Scorpius OB2) 74,100 -7.435 370 2.569 34,000 SIMBAD [117][28]
ι Orionis Aa1 (Hatysa in NGC 1980 of Orion complex) 68,000 -7.341 1,340 2.77 (combined) 32,500 SIMBAD
υ Orionis (in Orion OB1 of Orion complex) 60,000 -7.205 2,900 4.618 33,400 SIMBAD [149][150]
κ Orionis (Saiph in Orion OB1 of Orion complex) 57,000 -7.147 650 2.09 26,500 SIMBAD [129][28]
σ Cygni (in Cygnus OB4) 52,000 -7.06 3,260 4.233 10,800 SIMBAD [151][152]
ζ Persei (in Perseus OB2) 47,000 -6.941 750 2.86 20,800 SIMBAD [129][28]
μ Columbae (Runaway star from Trapezium Cluster) 46,000 -6.91 1,300 5.18 33,000 SIMBAD [153][28]
σ Orionis Aa (in Orion OB1 of Orion complex) 41,700 -6.81 1,260 4.07 (combined) 35,000 SIMBAD [154][155]
δ Scorpii A (Dschubba in Upper Scorpius subgroup of Scorpius OB2) 38,000 -6.71 440 2.307 (combined) 27,400 SIMBAD [156][157]
ε Persei A (in α Persei Cluster) 28,300 -6.391 640 2.88 (combined) 26,500 SIMBAD
θ Carinae A (in IC 2602 of Scorpius OB2) 25,700 -6.284 460 2.76 (combined) 31,000 SIMBAD [129][158]
β Canis Majoris (Mirzam in Local Bubble of Scorpius OB2) 25,000 -6.26 490 1.985 23,200 SIMBAD [159][160]
σ Orionis Ab (in Orion OB1 of Orion complex) 18,600 -5.934 1,260 4.07 (combined) 29,000 SIMBAD [154][155]
σ Orionis B (in Orion OB1 of Orion complex) 15,800 -5.757 1,260 4.07 (combined) 31,000 SIMBAD [154][155]
θ2 Orionis B (in Orion OB1 of Orion complex) 12,300 -5.485 1,500 6.38 29,300 SIMBAD [161]
γ Orionis (Bellatrix in Bellatrix Cluster of Orion complex) 9,210 -5.17 250 1.64 21,800 SIMBAD [162][163]
ι Orionis Aa2 (in NGC 1980 of Orion complex) 8,630 -5.1 1,340 2.77 (combined) 27,000 SIMBAD [164][165]
λ Tauri A (in Pisces-Eridanus stellar stream) 5,800 -4.669 480 3.47 (combined) 18,700 SIMBAD [129][166]
ρ Ophiuchi A (in ρ Ophiuchi cloud complex of Scorpius OB2) 4,000 -4.285 360 4.63 (combined) 22,000 SIMBAD [167][28]
δ Persei (in α Persei Cluster) 2,860 -3.901 520 3.01 14,900 SIMBAD [168][158]
α Scorpii B (in Loop I Bubble of Scorpius OB2) 2,820 -3.885 550 5.5 18,500 SIMBAD [169][141]
α Pavonis Aa (Peacock in Tucana-Horologium association) 2,150 -3.593 180 1.94 17,700 SIMBAD [170][165]
η Tauri A (Alcyone in Pleiades) 1,820 -3.409 440 2.87 (combined) 12,300 SIMBAD [171][28]
ο Velorum (in IC 2391 of Scorpius OB2) 1,000 -2.76 490 3.6 16,200 SIMBAD [172][158]
ψ Persei (in α Persei Cluster) 775 -2.483 580 4.31 16,000 SIMBAD [168][28]
γ Canis Majoris (Muliphein in Collinder 121) 715 -2.397 440 4.1 13,600 SIMBAD [168][173]
ο Aquarii (in Pisces-Eridanus stellar stream) 340 -1.589 440 4.71 13,500 SIMBAD [168][174]
φ Eridani (in Tucana-Horologium association) 255 -1.276 150 3.55 13,700 SIMBAD [175][176]
ν Fornacis (in Pisces-Eridanus stellar stream) 245 -1.233 370 4.69 13,400 SIMBAD [177][28]
ε Chamaeleontis (in ε Chamaeleontis moving group of Scorpius OB2) 100 -0.26 360 4.91 10,900 SIMBAD [178][158]
η Chamaeleontis (in η Chamaeleontis moving group of Scorpius OB2) 95 -0.204 310 5.453 12,500 SIMBAD [168][53]
ε Hydri (in Tucana-Horologium association) 60 0.295 150 4.12 11,000 SIMBAD [179][168]
τ1 Aquarii (in Pisces-Eridanus stellar stream) 50 0.429 320 5.66 10,600 SIMBAD [168][180]
β1 Tucanae (in Tucana-Horologium association) 40 0.735 140 4.37 10,600 SIMBAD [181][141]
Sun (in Solar System) 1 4.739996 0.0000158 -26.744 5,772 IAU [182][183][184]

Note that even the most luminous stars are much less luminous than the more luminous persistent extragalactic objects, such as quasars. For example, 3C 273 has an average apparent magnitude of 12.8 (when observing with a telescope), but an absolute magnitude of −26.7. If this object were 10 parsecs away from Earth it would appear nearly as bright in the sky as the Sun (apparent magnitude −26.744). This quasar's luminosity is, therefore, about 2 trillion (1012) times that of the Sun, or about 100 times that of the total light of average large galaxies like our Milky Way. (Note that quasars often vary somewhat in luminosity.)

In terms of gamma rays, a magnetar (type of neutron star) called SGR 1806−20, had an extreme burst reach Earth on 27 December 2004. It was the brightest event known to have impacted this planet from an origin outside the Solar System; if these gamma rays were visible, with an absolute magnitude of approximately −29, it would have been brighter than the Sun (as measured by the Swift spacecraft).

The gamma-ray burst GRB 971214 measured in 1998 was at the time thought to be the most energetic event in the observable universe, with the equivalent energy of several hundred supernovae. Later studies pointed out that the energy was probably the energy of one supernova which had been "beamed" towards Earth by the geometry of a relativistic jet.

  1. ↑ M33-013406.63, also called LGGS J013406.63+304147.8, was thought of as a star with over 8 million luminosity in the past, but a new reference indicated that M33-013406.63 may be a binary, the primary will be reduced to about 4.5 million luminosity.
  2. ↑ Identified as a binary system, or possibly three stars. But the secondary is almost completely swamped by the primary.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Mercer 23 is an open cluster near Galactic plane.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Mercer 30 is an open cluster in Dragonfish Nebula.
  5. ↑ The paper mistakenly lists the bolometric magnitude as -10.5 instead of -11.5.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 This is a binary system but the secondary is much less luminous than the primary.
  7. ↑ VVV CL041 is an open cluster.
  8. ↑ Cl 1813-178 is an open cluster in the molecular cloud complex W33 Complex.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 VVV CL074 is an open cluster.
  10. ↑ Variable, luminosity was five times higher at outburst in 1994.
  11. ↑ Luminous blue variable, peak luminosity shown.
  12. ↑ G10.0-0.3 is a radio nebula in Galactic Center.
  13. ↑ Mercer 81 is an open cluster in the molecular cloud G338.4+0.2.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 DBSB 179 is an open cluster in the molecular cloud G347.6+0.2.
  15. ↑ Bochum 10 is an open cluster in Carina Nebula.
  16. ↑ Blue Bubble Nebula is a Wolf–Rayet nebula around Hen 3-519.
  17. ↑ Strictly speaking, MSX5C G358.5391+00.1305 is the name of the star, Wray 17-96 is the name of the nebula.
  18. ↑ N135 is an emission nebula in Large Magellanic Cloud.
  19. ↑ DEM S10 is a H II region in Small Magellanic Cloud.
  20. ↑ FSR 1555 is a star cluster.
  21. ↑ DEM S80 is a H II region in Small Magellanic Cloud.
  22. ↑ SFC 27 is a part of the molecular cloud G291.27-0.71.
  23. ↑ IC 4996 is an open cluster in Cygnus OB1.
  24. ↑ Vela R2 is a OB association in Vela Molecular Ridge.

Luminous star by galaxy

Galaxy Star Distance (ly) Spectral type Absolute Magnitude Apparent Magnitude Notes
Milky Way G0.238-0.071 26,000 WN11h -12.01 14.37 One of the most luminous star in the Milky Way Galaxy.
Large Magellanic Cloud BAT99-98 165,000 WN6 -12.01 13.38
Small Magellanic Cloud HD 5980 A 200,000 WN4 -11.135 11.31
Andromeda Galaxy LGGS J004158.87+405316.7 2,500,000 O9.5Ia -12 18.416 Likely to be multiple stars
Triangulum Galaxy [BMS2003] 867 A 2,700,000 O4Iab -12 16.29
Sextans A Sextans A 408 4,658,000 G2la -11.4 13.46
NGC 2403 NGC 2403 V14 10,314,000 F5Ie -11.6 18.83
NGC 2366 NGC 2363-V1 10,800,000 LBV −10.25 17.88
Messier 81 10584-9-1 11,842,000 sgB[e] -11.0 19.1
NGC 4068 Object #A 14,220,000 WN -10.7 21.145
NGC 1156 J025941.21+251412.2 23,000,000 LBV -10.77

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Scientists face down 'Godzilla', the most luminous star known" (in en). Nature 610 (7930): 10. 2022-09-28. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-03054-3. Bibcode: 2022Natur.610T..10.. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Brands, S.; de Koter, A.; Bestenlehner, J.; Crowther, P.; Sundqvist, J.; Puls, J.; Caballero-Nieves, S.; Abdul-Masih, M. et al. (7 April 2022). "The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope/STIS. III. The most massive stars and their clumped winds". Astronomy & Astrophysics 663: A36. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142742. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2022A&A...663A..36B. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Crowther, Paul A.; Caballero-Nieves, Saida M.; Schneider, Fabian R. N.; Simón-Díaz, Sergio; Brands, Sarah A.; de Koter, Alex; Gräfener, Götz et al. (2020-12-01). "The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope/STIS - II. Physical properties of the most massive stars in R136". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 499 (2): 1918–1936. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2801. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2020MNRAS.499.1918B. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Hainich, R.; Rühling, U.; Todt, H.; Oskinova, L. M.; Liermann, A.; Gräfener, G.; Foellmi, C.; Schnurr, O. et al. (2014). "The Wolf-Rayet stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud". Astronomy & Astrophysics 565: A27. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322696. Bibcode: 2014A&A...565A..27H. 
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.30 5.31 5.32 5.33 5.34 5.35 5.36 Doran, E. I.; Crowther, P. A.; de Koter, A.; Evans, C. J.; McEvoy, C.; Walborn, N. R.; Bastian, N.; Bestenlehner, J. M. et al. (2013). "The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey. XI. A census of the hot luminous stars and their feedback in 30 Doradus". Astronomy & Astrophysics 558 (134): 30. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321824. Bibcode: 2013A&A...558A.134D. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Mauerhan, J. C.; Cotera, A.; Dong, H.; Morris, M. R.; Wang, Q. D.; Stolovy, S. R.; Lang, C. (2010). "Isolated Wolf-Rayet Stars and O Supergiants in the Galactic Center Region Identified Via Paschen-α Excess". The Astrophysical Journal 725 (1): 188–199. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/188. Bibcode: 2010ApJ...725..188M. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Dong, H.; Wang, Q. D.; Cotera, A.; Stolovy, S.; Morris, M. R.; Mauerhan, J.; Mills, E. A.; Schneider, G. et al. (2011-10-11). "Hubble Space Telescope Paschen α survey of the Galactic Centre: data reduction and products: HST/NICMOS Paschen α survey of the GC". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 417 (1): 114–135. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19013.x. Bibcode: 2011MNRAS.417..114D. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Bruhweiler, Fred C.; Miskey, Cherie L.; Smith Neubig, Margaret (June 2003). "STIS Spectral Imagery of the OB Stars in NGC 604. II. The Most Luminous Stars". The Astronomical Journal 125 (6): 3082–3096. doi:10.1086/374988. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2003AJ....125.3082B. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Kourniotis, M; Kraus, M; Arias, M L; Cidale, L; Torres, A F (2018-11-01). "On the evolutionary state of massive stars in transition phases in M33". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 480 (3): 3706–3717. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2087. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2018MNRAS.480.3706K. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Massey, Philip; Olsen, K. A. G.; Hodge, Paul W.; Strong, Shay B.; Jacoby, George H.; Schlingman, Wayne; Smith, R. C. (2006). "A Survey of Local Group Galaxies Currently Forming Stars. I. UBVRI Photometry of Stars in M31 and M33". The Astronomical Journal 131 (5): 2478–2496. doi:10.1086/503256. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2006AJ....131.2478M. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Wu, Shi-Wei; Bik, Arjan; Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Henning, Thomas; Pasquali, Anna; Brandner, Wolfgang; Stolte, Andrea (May 2016). "The massive stellar population of W49: A spectroscopic survey". Astronomy & Astrophysics 589: A16. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527823. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2016A&A...589A..16W. 
  12. ↑ 12.00 12.01 12.02 12.03 12.04 12.05 12.06 12.07 12.08 12.09 12.10 12.11 12.12 12.13 Cutri, Roc M.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; Van Dyk, Schuyler D.; Beichman, Charles A.; Carpenter, John M.; Chester, Thomas; Cambresy, Laurent; Evans, Tracey E. et al. (2003). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: 2MASS All-Sky Catalog of Point Sources (Cutri+ 2003)". CDS/ADC Collection of Electronic Catalogues 2246: II/246. Bibcode: 2003yCat.2246....0C. http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=II/246. 
  13. ↑ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 13.12 13.13 13.14 13.15 13.16 13.17 13.18 13.19 13.20 Martin, John C.; Humphreys, Roberta M. (2023-11-01). "A Census of the Most Luminous Stars. I. The Upper HR Diagram for the Large Magellanic Cloud". The Astronomical Journal 166 (5): 214. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad011e. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2023AJ....166..214M. 
  14. ↑ Damineli, Augusto; Hillier, Desmond J.; Navarete, Felipe; Moffat, Anthony F. J.; Weigelt, Gerd; Corcoran, Michael F.; Gull, Theodore R.; Richardson, Noel D. et al. (August 2023). "The Long-term Spectral Changes of Eta Carinae: Are they Caused by a Dissipating Occulter as Indicated by cmfgen Models?" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal 954 (1): 65. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ace596. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2023ApJ...954...65D. 
  15. ↑ Mehner, A.; De Wit, W.-J.; Asmus, D.; Morris, P. W.; Agliozzo, C.; Barlow, M. J.; Gull, T. R.; Hillier, D. J. et al. (2019). "Mid-infrared evolution of η Carinae from 1968 to 2018". Astronomy & Astrophysics 630: L6. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936277. Bibcode: 2019A&A...630L...6M. 
  16. ↑ Hamaguchi, Kenji; Corcoran, Michael F; Pittard, Julian M; Sharma, Neetika; Takahashi, Hiromitsu; Russell, Christopher M. P; Grefenstette, Brian W; Wik, Daniel R et al. (2018). "Non-thermal X-rays from colliding wind shock acceleration in the massive binary Eta Carinae". Nature Astronomy 2 (9): 731–736. doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0505-1. Bibcode: 2018NatAs...2..731H. 
  17. ↑ "Home | aavso". https://www.aavso.org/. 
  18. ↑ Lau, R. M.; Herter, T. L.; Morris, M. R.; Adams, J. D. (2014). "Nature Versus Nurture: Luminous Blue Variable Nebulae in and Near Massive Stellar Clusters at the Galactic Center". The Astrophysical Journal 785 (2): 120. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/785/2/120. Bibcode: 2014ApJ...785..120L. 
  19. ↑ 19.00 19.01 19.02 19.03 19.04 19.05 19.06 19.07 19.08 19.09 19.10 19.11 19.12 19.13 19.14 19.15 19.16 Schneider, F. R. N.; Sana, H.; Evans, C. J.; Bestenlehner, J. M.; Castro, N.; Fossati, L.; Gräfener, G.; Langer, N. et al. (2018). "An excess of massive stars in the local 30 Doradus starburst". Science 359 (6371): 69–71. doi:10.1126/science.aan0106. PMID 29302009. Bibcode: 2018Sci...359...69S. 
  20. ↑ Smith, Nathan; Aghakhanloo, Mojgan; Murphy, Jeremiah W.; Drout, Maria R.; Stassun, Keivan G.; Groh, Jose H. (2019-09-01). "On the Gaia DR2 distances for Galactic luminous blue variables". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 488 (2): 1760–1778. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz1712. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2019MNRAS.488.1760S. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 Bestenlehner, J. M.; Gräfener, G.; Vink, J. S.; Najarro, F.; De Koter, A.; Sana, H.; Evans, C. J.; Crowther, P. A. et al. (2014). "The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey. XVII. Physical and wind properties of massive stars at the top of the main sequence". Astronomy & Astrophysics 570: A38. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423643. Bibcode: 2014A&A...570A..38B. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Hanson, M. M.; Kurtev, R.; Borissova, J.; Georgiev, L.; Ivanov, V. D.; Hillier, D. J.; Minniti, D. (June 2010). "Obscured clusters: III. Follow-up observations of Mercer 23". Astronomy and Astrophysics 516: A35. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913122. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2010A&A...516A..35H. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 Humphreys, Roberta M.; Stangl, Sarah; Gordon, Michael S.; Davidson, Kris; Grammer, Skyler H. (January 2019). "Luminous and Variable Stars in NGC 2403 and M81". The Astronomical Journal 157 (1): 22. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aaf1ac. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2019AJ....157...22H. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 de la Fuente, D.; Najarro, F.; Borissova, J.; Ramírez Alegría, S.; Hanson, M. M.; Trombley, C.; Figer, D. F.; Davies, B. et al. (May 2016). "Probing the Dragonfish star-forming complex: the ionizing population of the young massive cluster Mercer 30". Astronomy & Astrophysics 589: A69. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201528004. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2016A&A...589A..69D. 
  25. ↑ Roman-Lopes, A. (2012). "A Galactic O2 If*/WN6 star possibly ejected from its birthplace in NGC 3603". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters 427 (1): L65–L69. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2012.01346.x. Bibcode: 2012MNRAS.427L..65R. 
  26. ↑ Roman-Lopes, A.; Franco, G.A.P.; Sanmartim, D. (26 May 2016). "SOAR Optical and Near-infrared Spectroscopic Survey of Newly Discovered Massive Stars in the Periphery of Galactic Massive Star Clusters I-NGC 3603". The Astrophysical Journal 823 (2): 96. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/823/2/96. ISSN 1538-4357. Bibcode: 2016ApJ...823...96R. 
  27. ↑ Roman-Lopes, A. (1 November 2012). "A Galactic O2 If*/WN6 star possibly ejected from its birthplace in NGC 3603". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters 427 (1): L65–L69. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2012.01346.x. Bibcode: 2012MNRAS.427L..65R. 
  28. ↑ 28.00 28.01 28.02 28.03 28.04 28.05 28.06 28.07 28.08 28.09 28.10 28.11 28.12 28.13 28.14 28.15 28.16 28.17 28.18 28.19 28.20 28.21 28.22 28.23 28.24 28.25 28.26 28.27 28.28 28.29 28.30 28.31 28.32 28.33 28.34 Ducati, J. R. (2002). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Photometry in Johnson's 11-color system". CDS/ADC Collection of Electronic Catalogues 2237: 0. Bibcode: 2002yCat.2237....0D. 
  29. ↑ Solovyeva, Y.; Vinokurov, A.; Fabrika, S.; Kostenkov, A.; Sholukhova, O.; Sarkisyan, A.; Valeev, A.; Atapin, K. et al. (2019). "New luminous blue variable candidates in NGC 4736". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 484 (1): L24–L28. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/sly241. Bibcode: 2019MNRAS.484L..24S. 
  30. ↑ 30.00 30.01 30.02 30.03 30.04 30.05 30.06 30.07 30.08 30.09 30.10 30.11 30.12 30.13 30.14 30.15 30.16 Sota, A.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Morrell, N. I.; Barbá, R. H.; Walborn, N. R.; Gamen, R. C.; Arias, J. I.; Alfaro, E. J. et al. (2019). "The Galactic WN stars revisited. Impact of Gaia distances on fundamental stellar parameters". Astronomy & Astrophysics A57: 625. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834850. Bibcode: 2019A&A...625A..57H. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Samus, N. N. et al. (2009). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007-2013)". VizieR On-line Data Catalog: B/GCVS. Originally Published in: 2009yCat....102025S 1. Bibcode: 2009yCat....102025S. 
  32. ↑ Oskinova, L. M.; Steinke, M.; Hamann, W. -R.; Sander, A.; Todt, H.; Liermann, A. (2013-12-01). "One of the most massive stars in the Galaxy may have formed in isolation". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 436 (4): 3357–3365. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1817. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2013MNRAS.436.3357O. 
  33. ↑ 33.00 33.01 33.02 33.03 33.04 33.05 33.06 33.07 33.08 33.09 33.10 33.11 33.12 33.13 Mauerhan, J. C.; Muno, M. P.; Morris, M. R.; Stolovy, S. R.; Cotera, A. (10 February 2010). "Near-infrared Counterparts to Chandra X-ray Sources Toward the Galactic Center. II. Discovery of Wolf-Rayet Stars and O Supergiants". The Astrophysical Journal 710 (1): 706–728. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/710/1/706. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2010ApJ...710..706M. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Crowther, P. A.; Schnurr, O.; Hirschi, R.; Yusof, N.; Parker, R. J.; Goodwin, S. P.; Kassim, H. A. (2010). "The R136 star cluster hosts several stars whose individual masses greatly exceed the accepted 150 M⊙ stellar mass limit". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 408 (2): 731–751. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17167.x. Bibcode: 2010MNRAS.408..731C. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 35.4 35.5 35.6 Melena, Nicholas W.; Massey, Philip; Morrell, Nidia I.; Zangari, Amanda M. (2008). "The Massive Star Content of NGC 3603". The Astronomical Journal 135 (3): 878–891. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/135/3/878. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2008AJ....135..878M. 
  36. ↑ 36.00 36.01 36.02 36.03 36.04 36.05 36.06 36.07 36.08 36.09 Huang, Qichen; Jiang, Biwei; Deng, Dingshan; Yu, Bin; Zijlstra, Albert (2023). "Estimation of the Flux at 1450 MHZ of OB Stars for FAST and SKA". The Astronomical Journal 166 (1): 23. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/acd92e. Bibcode: 2023AJ....166...23H. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Shenar, T.; Sana, H.; Marchant, P.; Pablo, B.; Richardson, N.; Moffat, A. F. J.; Reeth, T. Van; Barbá, R. H. et al. (2021-06-01). "The Tarantula Massive Binary Monitoring - V. R 144: a wind-eclipsing binary with a total mass ≳140 M⊙" (in en). Astronomy & Astrophysics 650: A147. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140693. ISSN 0004-6361. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2021/06/aa40693-21/aa40693-21.html. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Tehrani, Katie A.; Crowther, Paul A.; Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Littlefair, Stuart P.; Pollock, A M T.; Parker, Richard J.; Schnurr, Olivier (2019). "Weighing Melnick 34: The most massive binary system known". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 484 (2): 2692–2710. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz147. Bibcode: 2019MNRAS.484.2692T. 
  39. ↑ Sabín-Sanjulián, C.; Simón-Díaz, S.; Herrero, A.; Puls, J.; Schneider, F. R. N.; Evans, C. J.; Garcia, M.; Najarro, F. et al. (May 2017). "The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey: XXVI. Properties of the O-dwarf population in 30 Doradus⋆⋆⋆". Astronomy & Astrophysics 601: A79. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629210. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 40.4 Liermann, A.; Hamann, W. -R.; Oskinova, L. M.; Todt, H.; Butler, K. (2010). "The Quintuplet cluster". Astronomy & Astrophysics 524: A82. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912612. Bibcode: 2010A&A...524A..82L. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 41.4 41.5 Clark, J. S.; Lohr, M. E.; Patrick, L. R.; Najarro, F.; Dong, H.; Figer, D. F. (2018). "An updated stellar census of the Quintuplet cluster". Astronomy & Astrophysics 618: A2. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833041. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2018A&A...618A...2C. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Sandage, A. (1983). "The brightest stars in nearby galaxies. II. The color-magnitude diagram for the brightest red and blue stars in M101". The Astronomical Journal 88: 1569. doi:10.1086/113447. Bibcode: 1983AJ.....88.1569S. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Humphreys, Roberta M.; Aaronson, Marc (1987). "The Visually Brightest Early-Type Supergiants in the Spiral Galaxies NGC 2403, M81, and M101". The Astronomical Journal 94: 1156. doi:10.1086/114553. Bibcode: 1987AJ.....94.1156H. 
  44. ↑ 44.00 44.01 44.02 44.03 44.04 44.05 44.06 44.07 44.08 44.09 44.10 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :42
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 45.4 Bonanos, A. Z.; Massa, D. L.; Sewilo, M.; Lennon, D. J.; Panagia, N.; Smith, L. J.; Meixner, M.; Babler, B. L. et al. (2009-10-01). "Spitzersage Infrared Photometry of Massive Stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud". The Astronomical Journal 138 (4): 1003–1021. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/138/4/1003. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2009AJ....138.1003B. 
  46. ↑ Chené, A.-N.; Ramírez Alegría, S.; Borissova, J.; O’Leary, E.; Martins, F.; Hervé, A.; Kuhn, M.; Kurtev, R. et al. (December 2015). "Massive open star clusters using the VVV survey: IV. WR 62-2, a new very massive star in the core of the VVV CL041 cluster". Astronomy & Astrophysics 584: A31. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525958. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2015A&A...584A..31C. 
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  164. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named marchenko
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