Biology:Protist classification

Short description: Classification of eukaryotes

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A modern non-hierarchical interpretation of the phylogeny of eukaryotes, including protists
(the gray unlabeled line next to Sar represents Telonemia)

A protist (/ˈproʊtɪst/) is any eukaryotic organism (one with cells containing a nucleus) that is not an animal, plant, or fungus. The protists do not form a natural group, or clade, since they exclude certain eukaryotes with whom they share a common ancestor; but, like algae or invertebrates, the grouping is used for convenience. In some systems of biological classification, such as the popular five-kingdom scheme proposed by Robert Whittaker in 1969, the protists make up a kingdom called Protista, composed of "organisms which are unicellular or unicellular-colonial and which form no tissues". In the 21st century, the classification shifted toward a two-kingdom system of protists: Chromista (containing the chromalveolate, rhizarian and hacrobian groups) and Protozoa (containing excavates and all protists more closely related to animals and fungi).

The following groups contain protists. The clade Opisthokonta also contains the animals and the fungi, and the kingdom Archaeplastida also contains algae and plants.

Legend:

* Lack of molecular data.

† Extinct, or exclusively fossil taxon.

^? Uncertain position, reserved for above-genus taxa.

^(P) Paraphyletic or polyphyletic taxon.

^(P?) Potentially paraphyletic or polyphyletic taxon.

(=...) Taxonomic synonym.

(...) Same taxon in a different code of nomenclature.

Amorphea

The supergroup Amorphea contains very diverse heterotrophic organisms, from the macroscopic fungi and animals to the unicellular choanoflagellates and classical amoebae. They frequently exhibit the ability to produce multinucleated cells, a trait considered ancestral to Amorphea. They are also capable of producing pseudopodia, as does the closely related CRuMs clade, forming the clade Podiata.

Amorphea is divided into two clades: Amoebozoa, containing well-known amoebae and slime molds, and Obazoa, containing animals, fungi, and their closest relatives. The relationship between these two clades was initially called 'Unikonta', due to a hypothesis where their common ancestor was a unikont, i.e., a eukaryote with just one flagellum. However, this hypothesis was refuted, as there are bikont amorpheans (e.g., Breviata anathema) and it likely is not an ancestral trait to have a single flagellum.

Obazoa

Breviatea       Apusomonadida     Opisthokonta Nucletmycea Fungi     'True fungi'     Aphelida         Rozellida+Microsporidia         Nucleariidae     Holozoa   Ichthyosporea     Pluriformea   Filozoa   Filasterea   Choanozoa   Choanoflagellata     Metazoa

Cladogram of Obazoa based on several analyses.

The clade Obazoa contains two small groups of flagellates, the breviates and the apusomonads, and the large clade Opisthokonta, which contains animals, fungi, and their closest protist relatives. Under the Cavalier-Smith system, breviates and apusomonads were two classes that composed the phylum Apusozoa, but this taxon is paraphyletic, as apusomonads are more closely related to opisthokonts. The taxonomy of apusomonads was expanded in a 2022 phylogenetic study that introduced many new genera.

• Class Breviatea Cavalier-Smith 2004, order Breviatida Cavalier-Smith 2004, family Breviatidae Cavalier-Smith 2013, genera Breviata, Lenisia, Pygsuia, Subulatomonas.

• Class Thecomonadea Cavalier-Smith 1993 emend. 2013, order Apusomonadida Karpov & Mylnikov 1989, family Apusomonadidae Karpov & Mylnikov 1989. Genera not assigned to any subfamily: Amastigomonas, Multimonas, Podomonas, Catacumbia, Cavaliersmithia.
  • Subfamily Apusomonadinae Cavalier-Smith 2010, genera Apusomonas (=Rostromonas), Manchomonas.
  • Subfamily Thecamonadinae Larsen & Patterson 1990, genera Chelonemonas, Karpovia, Singekia, Thecamonas.

Opisthokonta

Opisthokonts are divided into two branches: Holozoa (animal-related), containing the ichthyosporeans, pluriformeans, filastereans and choanoflagellates; and Nucletmycea or Holomycota (fungus-related), containing the nucleariids and opisthosporidians. These groups, minus opisthosporidians, were classified as different classes within the paraphyletic phylum Choanozoa in the system of Cavalier-Smith, now obsolete. Instead, Choanozoa is the name used for the clade containing choanoflagellates and animals. opisthosporidians (aphelids, rozellids and microsporidians) are often studied as protists, but are also considered fungi by protistologists and mycologists alike. Both Holozoa and Nucletmycea have been proposed once as superkingdoms by a group of mycologists who classified nucleariids and fungi as kingdoms, but without any mention of holozoan kingdoms.

• Nucletmycea Brown et al. 2009 (=Holomycota Liu et al. 2009)
  • Order Rotosphaerida Rainer 1968 (=Cristidiscoidida Page 1987), family Nucleariidae Cann & Page 1979 (=Pompholyxophridae Page 1987), genera: Fonticula, Nuclearia, Parvularia, Pompholyxophrys, Lithocolla, Vampyrellidium^?, Elaeorhanis^?, Pinaciophora^?, Rabdiophrys^?, Rabdiaster^?, Thomseniophora^?.
  • Kingdom Fungi R.T. Moore 1980
• Holozoa Lang et al. 2002. Genera incertae sedis: Tunicaraptor, †Bicellum.
  • Class Ichthyosporea Cavalier-Smith 1998 (=Mesomycetozoea Mendoza et al. 2002)
    • Order Dermocystida Cavalier-Smith 1998, family Rhinosporidaceae Mendoza et al. 2001, genera Amphibiocystidium, Amphibiothecum, Chromosphaera, Dermocystidium, Rhinosporidium, Sphaerothecum, Valentines.
    • Order Ichthyophonida Cavalier-Smith 1998 (=Ichthyophonae Mendoza et al. 2001), family Amoebidiidae Reeves 2003, genera Abeoforma, Amoebidium, Anurofeca, Astreptonema, Caullerya, Creolimax, Eccrinidus, Enterobryus, Enteropogon, Ichthyophonus, Palavascia, Pseudoperkinsus, Psorospermium, Sphaeroforma.
  • Class Pluriformea Hehenberger et al. 2017, order Corallochytrida Cavalier-Smith 1995 emend. 2022
    • Family Corallochytriidae Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Allsopp 1996, genus Corallochytrium Raghu-Kumar 1987.
    • Family Syssomonadidae Cavalier-Smith 2022, genus Syssomonas.
  • Class Filasterea Shalchian-Tabrizi et al. 2008, order Ministeriida Cavalier-Smith 1997. Genus not assigned to any family: Pigoraptor.
    • Family Ministeriidae Cavalier-Smith 1997, genus Ministeria.
    • Family Capsasporidae Cavalier-Smith 1997, genus Capsaspora.
    • Family Txikisporidae Urrutia, Feist & Bass 2022, genus Txikispora.
  • Choanozoa Brunet & King 2017
    • Class Choanoflagellata Kent 1880–1882 (=Craspedomonadina Stein 1878, Craspedomonadaceae Senn 1900, Craspedophyceae Chadefaud 1960, Craspédomonadophycidées Bourrelly 1968, Craspedomonadophyceae Hibberd 1976, Choanomonadea Krylov et al. 1980, Choanoflagelliida Lee, Hutner & Bovee 1985, Choanoflagellatea Cavalier-Smith 1997 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1998, Choanomonada Adl et al. 2005)
      • Order Craspedida Cavalier-Smith 1997 emend. Nitsche et al. 2011, family Salpingoecidae Kent 1880–1882 emend. sensu Nitsche et al. 2011 (=Codonosigidae Kent 1880–1882), genera Astrosiga, Aulomonas, Barroeca, Choanoeca, Cladospongia, Codonocladium, Codonosigopsis, Codosiga (=Codonosiga), Desmarella (=Codonodesmus, Kentrosiga), Dicraspedella, Diploeca, Diplosiga, Diplosigopsis, Hartaetosiga, Kentia, Lagenoeca, Microstomoeca, Monosiga, Mylnosiga, Pachysoeca, Proterospongia, Salpingoeca, Salpingorhiza, Sphaeroeca, Stagondoeca, Stelexomonas, Stylochromonas.
      • Order Acanthoecida Cavalier-Smith 1997, emend. Nitsche et al. 2011
        • Family Acanthoecidae Norris 1965, emend. sensu Nitsche et al. 2011, genera Acanthoeca, Enibas, Helgoeca, Polyoeca, Savillea.
        • Family Stephanoecidae Leadbeater 2011, genera Acanthocorbis, Amoenoscopa, Apheloecion, Bicosta, Calliacantha, Calotheca, Campanoeca, Campyloacantha, Conion, Cosmoeca, Crinolina, Crucispina, Diaphanoeca, Didymoeca, Kakoeca, Monocosta, Nannoeca, Parvicorbicula, Thomsenella (="Platypleura"), Pleurasiga, Polyfibula, Saepicula, Saroeca, Spinoeca, Spiraloecion, Stephanacantha, Stephanoeca, Syndetophyllum.
    • Kingdom Metazoa Haeckel 1874 emend. Adl et al. 2005 (=Animalia Linnaeus 1758)

Amoebozoa

Tubulinea    Corycida       Echinamoebida   Elardia   Leptomyxida   Eulobosia   Euamoebida     Arcellinida               Discosea   Centramoebia     Flabellinia     Evosea   Cutosea   Conosa   Variosea       Archamoebea   Eumycetozoa   Dictyostelia       Protosporangiida     Myxogastria

Cladogram of the major groups of Amoebozoa based on an 824-gene phylogenetic analysis published in 2022.

The phylum Amoebozoa contains around 2,400 species of primarily amoeboid protists. It includes a large portion of the traditional Sarcodina, the taxon uniting all amoebae. In particular, it groups naked and testate lobose amoebae (the traditional Lobosa), as well as the archamoebae and eumycetozoans (slime molds), and a few flagellates. After the general 2019 revisions published by the International Society of Protistologists (ISOP), there have been specific revisions to the classification of eumycetozoans and testate amoebae.

Phylum Amoebozoa Lühe 1913 sensu Cavalier-Smith 1998. Genera incertae sedis: Belonocystis, Boveella, Biomyxa, Corallomyxa, Gibbodiscus, Hartmannia, Malamoeba, Malpighamoeba, Oscillosignum, Pseudothecamoeba, Rhabdamoeba, Schoutedamoeba, Stereomyxa, Subulamoeba, Triaenamoeba, Unda.

• Class Tubulinea Smirnov et al. 2005
  • Corycidia Kang et al. 2017
    • Order Trichosida Möbius 1889, family Trichosphaeriidae Sheehan & Banner 1973 (=Trichosidae Möbius 1889), genus Trichosphaerium (=Atrichosa).
    • Family Microcoryciidae de Saedeleer 1934, genera Amphizonella, Diplochlamys, Microcorycia*, Parmulina*, Penardochlamys*, Zonomyxa*.
  • Order Echinamoebida Cavalier-Smith et al. 2004 emend. Smirnov et al. 2011
    • Family Echinamoebidae Page 1975, genera Echinamoeba, Micriamoeba.
    • Family Vermamoebidae Cavalier-Smith & Smirnov 2011, genus Vermamoeba.
  • Elardia Kang et al. 2017
    • Order Leptomyxida Pussard & Pons 1976 emend. Page 1987
      • Family Leptomyxidae Pussard & Pons 1976, genus Leptomyxa.
      • Family Rhizamoebidae Smirnov et al. 2016, genus Rhizamoeba.
      • Family Flabellulidae Bovee 1970, genus Flabellula (=Paraflabellula).
      • Family Gephyramoebidae Pussard & Pons 1976, genus Gephyramoeba.
    • Superorder Eulobosia Cavalier-Smith et al. 2016
      • Order Euamoebida Lepşi 1960 sensu Smirnov et al. 2011
        • Family Amoebidae Ehrenberg 1838 Page 1987, genera: Amoeba, Chaos, Polychaos, Parachaos, Trichamoeba, Deuteramoeba, Hydramoeba.
        • Family Hartmannellidae Volkonsky 1931, genera Cashia, Copromyxa, Copromyxella, Glaeseria, Hartmannella, Ptolemeba, Saccamoeba.
        • Family Nolandellidae Cavalier-Smith 2011, Lahr & Katz 2011, genus Nolandella.
      • Order Arcellinida Kent 1880. Genera incertae sedis: Acipyxis, Apolimia, Argynnia, Armipyxis, Conicocassis, Cornuapyxis, Ellipsopyxella, Ellipsopyxis, Erugomicula, Frenopyxis, Geamphorella, Geoplagiopyxis, Geopyxella, Hoogenraadia, Jungia, Lagenodifflugia, Lamptopyxis, Lamtoquadrula, Leptochlamys, Maghrebia, Meisterfeldia, Microquadrula, Nabranella, Oopyxis, Paracentropyxis, Paraquadrula, Pentagonia, Physochila, Planhoogenraadia, Pomoriella, Pontigulasia, Prantlitina, Proplagiopyxis, Protoplagiopyxis, Protocucurbitella, Pseudawerintzewia, Pseudonebela, Schoenbornia, Sexangularia, Suiadifflugia, Trigonopyxis, Wailesella, †Cangwuella.
        • Suborder Phryganellina Bovee 1985
          • Family Phryganellidae Jung 1942, genus Phryganella.
          • Family Cryptodifflugiidae Jung 1942, genus Cryptodifflugia.
        • Suborder Organoconcha Lahr et al. 2019, family Microchlamyiidae Ogden 1985, genera Microchlamys (=Pseudochlamys), Spumochlamys, Pyxidicula.
        • Suborder Glutinoconcha Lahr et al. 2019
          • Infraorder Volnustoma Lahr et al. 2019, family Heleoperidae Jung 1942, genera Heleopera, Metaheleopera^?.
          • Infraorder Hyalospheniformes Lahr et al. 2019, family Hyalospheniidae Schulze 1877 emend. Kosakyan & Lara 2012 (=Nebelidae Taranek 1882), genera Alabasta, Alocodera, Apodera, Certesella, Cornutheca, Gibbocarina, Hyalosphenia, Longinebela, Mrabella, Nebela, Padaungiella, Planocarina, Porosia, Quadrulella.
          • Infraorder Excentrostoma Lahr et al. 2019, family Centropyxidae Jung 1942 (incl. Plagiopyxidae Bonnet & Thomas 1960), genera Awerinzewia, Bullinularia, Centropyxis, Frenopyxis, Golemanskia, Plagiopyxis.
          • Infraorder Cylindrothecina González-Miguéns, Todorov, Blandenier, Porfirio-Sousa, Ribeiro, Ramos, Lahr & Lara 2022, family Cylindrifflugiidae González-Miguéns, Todorov, Blandenier, Porfirio-Sousa, Ribeiro, Ramos, Lahr & Lara 2022, genus Cylindrifflugia.
          • Infraorder Longithecina Lahr et al. 2019
            • Family Difflugiidae Wallich 1864, genera Difflugia, Zivkovicia.
            • Family Lesquereusiidae Jung 1942, genus Lesquereusia.
          • Infraorder Sphaerothecina Kosakyan, Lara & Lahr 2016
            • Family Arcellidae Ehrenberg 1843, genera Arcella, Galeripora.
            • Family Netzeliidae Kosakyan et al. 2016, genera Cucurbitella, Cyclopyxis, Netzelia.

• Class Discosea Cavalier-Smith et al. 2004 sensu Smirnov et al. 2011
  • Subclass Flabellinia Smirnov et al. 2005
    • Superorder Dermelia Jones et al. 2025
      • Order Mycamoebida Jones & Brown in Jones et al. 2025, family Mycamoebidae Jones & Brown in Jones et al. 2025, genera Mycamoeba, Janelia, Microglomus.
      • Order Dermamoebida Cavalier-Smith 2004 emend. Kudryavtsev, Voytinsky & Volkova 2022
        • Family Dermamoebidae Cavalier-Smith & Smirnov 2011, genera Dermamoeba, Paradermamoeba, Coronamoeba.
        • Family Mayorellidae Schaeffer 1926, genus Mayorella.
    • Superorder Thecavania Jones et al. 2025
      • ^?Order Stygamoebida^(P) Smirnov & Cavalier-Smith in Smirnov et al. 2011, family Stygamoebidae Smirnov & Cavalier-Smith in Smirnov et al. 2011, genera Stygamoeba, Vermistella.
      • Order Thecamoebida Schaeffer 1926 sensu Smirnov & Cavalier-Smith 2011, genera Sappinia, Stenamoeba, Stratorugosa, Thecamoeba, Thecochaos.
      • Order Dactylopodida Smirnov et al. 2005 sensu Kang et al. 2017, genera Cunea, Janickina^?, Korotnevella, Neoparamoeba, Paramoeba, Pseudoparamoeba, Vexillifera.
      • Order Vannellida Smirnov et al. 2005, family Vannellidae Bovee 1979, genera Clydonella, Lingulamoeba, Paravannella, Pessonella^?, Ripella, Vannella.
  • Subclass Centramoebia Cavalier-Smith et al. 2016
    • Order Acanthopodida Page 1976 (=Centramoebida Rogerson & Patterson 2002 sensu Tice et al. 2016), genera Acanthamoeba, Balamuthia, Luapeleamoeba, Protacanthamoeba, Dracoamoeba, Vacuolamoeba.
    • Order Himatismenida Page 1987, genera Cochliopodium, Ovalopodium, Parvamoeba.
    • Order Pellitida Smirnov & Cavalier-Smith 2011 sensu Kang et al. 2017, genera Endostelium, Gocevia, Paragocevia^?, Pellita.

• Evosea Kang et al. 2017
  • Class Cutosea Cavalier-Smith 2016, order Squamocutida Cavalier-Smith 2016
    • Family Squamamoebidae Cavalier-Smith 2016, genera Armaparvus, Squamamoeba.
    • Family Sapocribridae Cavalier-Smith 2016, genus Sapocribrum.
    • Family Idionectidae Hess & Simpson 2019, genus Idionectes.
  • Class Variosea Cavalier-Smith 2004. Genera not assigned to any lower clade: Angulamoeba, Arboramoeba, Darbyshirella, Dictyamoeba, Ischnamoeba, Heliamoeba, Filamoeba, Phalansterium.
    • Family Flamellidae Lahr & Katz in Lahr et al. 2011, genera Flamella (=Comandonia), Telaepolella Lahr et al. 2012.
    • Order Protosteliida (Protosteliales) L.S.Olive & Stoian. 1966 sensu Shadwick & Spiegel in Adl et al. 2012, family Protosteliidae (Protosteliaceae) L.S.Olive & Stoian. 1966, genus Protostelium (incl. Planoprotostelium).
    • Order Fractovitellida Lahr et al. 2011 sensu Kang et al. 2017
      • Family Acramoebidae Smirnov, Nassonova & Cavalier-Smith 2008, genus Acramoeba.
      • Family Schizoplasmodiidae Shadwick & Spiegel in Adl et al. 2012, genera Ceratiomyxella, Nematostelium, Schizoplasmodium.
      • Family Soliformoviidae Lahr & Katz 2011. Genera: Soliformovum Spiegel 1995; Grellamoeba Dyková, Kostka & Pecková 2008.
    • Order Cavosteliida (Cavosteliales) Shadwick & Spiegel in Adl et al. 2012, family Cavosteliidae (Cavosteliaceae) Olive & Stoianovitch 1964, genera Cavostelium, Schizoplasmodiopsis, Tychosporium.
    • Order Holomastigida Lauterborn 1895 (incl. Artodiscida Cavalier-Smith 2013), family Multiciliidae Poche 1913 (incl. Artodiscidae Cavalier-Smith 2013), genera Artodiscus^?, Multicilia.
  • Class Archamoebea Cavalier-Smith 1983 sensu Pánek et al. 2016
    • ^?Family Tricholimacidae Cavalier-Smith 2012, genus Tricholimax.
    • Order Entamoebida Cavalier-Smith 1993, family Entamoebidae Chatton 1925, genera Entamoeba, †Entamoebites.
    • Order Pelobiontida Page 1976 sensu Pánek et al. 2016
      • Suborder Pelomyxina Starobogatov 1980 stat. nov. Pánek et al. 2016, family Pelomyxidae Schulze 1877, genera Mastigella (=Mastigamoeba), Pelomyxa.
      • Suborder Mastigamoebina Frenzel 1897 stat. nov. Pánek et al. 2016
        • Family Rhizomastixidae Ptáčková et al. 2013, genus Rhizomastix.
        • Family Mastigamoebidae Goldschmidt 1907, genera Endamoeba*, Endolimax, Iodamoeba, Mastigamoeba, Mastigina*.
  • Eumycetozoa Zopf 1884 sensu Kang et al. 2017 (=Mycetozoa de Bary 1859 ex Rostafinski 1873, Macromycetozoa Fiore-Donno 2010)
    • Class Dictyostelea Lister 1909 sensu Sheikh et al. 2018 (Dictyosteliomycetes Doweld 2001). Genus unassigned to any order: Synstelium. Genus incertae sedis: Coenonia.
      • Order Acytosteliales S.Baldauf S.Sheikh & Thulin 2018
        • Family Acytosteliaceae Raper ex Raper & Quinlan 1958, genera Acytostelium, Rostrostelium, Heterostelium.
        • Family Cavenderiaceae S.Baldauf, S.Sheikh & Thulin 2018, genus Cavenderia.
      • Order Dictyosteliales L.S.Olive ex P.M.Kirk et al. 2001. Genus unassigned to any family: Coremiostelium.
        • Family Dictyosteliaceae Rostaf. ex Cooke 1877, genera Dictyostelium, Polysphondylium.
        • Family Raperosteliaceae S.Baldauf S.Sheikh & Thulin 2018, genera Hagiwaraea, Raperostelium, Speleostelium, Tieghemostelium.
    • Class Ceratiomyxomycetes (Ceratiomyxea) D. Hawksw., B. Sutton & Ainsw. 2019, order Protosporangiida Shadwick & Spiegel in Adl et al. 2012 (Ceratiomyxales G.W. Martin ex M.L. Farr & Alexop.)
      • Family Ceratiomyxaceae (Ceratiomyxidae) J.Schröt. 1889, genus Ceratiomyxa.
      • Family Protosporangiidae Spiegel in Adl et al. 2012 (Protosporangiaceae Leontyev, Stephenson, Schnittler, Shchepin & Novozhilov 2020), genera Clastostelium, Protosporangium.
    • Class Myxogastrea Cavalier-Smith 1993 (Myxomycetes G.Winter 1880) (=Myxogastres Fr. 1829, Myxogasteres Schröt., 1889, Endosporeae Rostaf. 1873, Myxogastromycetidae G.W.Martin 1961, Myxogastromycetes M.Locquin 1974, Myxogastria Cavalier-Smith 2012 as "Myxogastria L.S.Olive 1970" nom. inval.)
      • Subclass Lucisporinia Cavalier-Smith 2013 as "Lucisporidia" (Lucisporomycetidae Leontyev, Schnittler, S.L.Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin 2019). Genera incertae sedis: Arcyriatella, Calonema, Minakatella, Trichioides.
        • Superorder Cribariidia Leontyev, Schnittler, S.L.Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin 2019, order Cribariales (Cribariida) T.Macbr. 1922, family Cribariaceae (Cribariidae) Corda 1838, genera Cribaria, Lindbladia, Licaethalium.
        • Superorder Trichiidia Leontyev, Schnittler, S.L.Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin 2019
          • Order Reticulariales (Reticulariida) Leontyev, Schnittler, S.L.Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin 2019, family Reticulariaceae (Reticulariidae) Chevall. ex Corda 1842, genera: Alwisia, Lycogala , Reticularia, Tubifera.
          • Order Liceales (Liceida), family Liceaceae (Liceidae) Chevall. 1826, genera Licea, Listerella^?.
          • Order Trichiales (Trichiida) T.Macbr. 1922
            • Family Dianemataceae (Dianematidae) T.Macbr. 1922, genera Calomyxa, Dianema, Dictydiaethalium, Prototrichia.
            • Family Trichiaceae (Trichiidae) Chevall. 1826 sensu Martin & Alexopoulos 1969, genera Hemitrichia (incl. Trichia decipiens), Arcyria (incl. Arcyodes); Perichaena^(P), Trichia (incl. Cornuvia, Metatrichia, Oligonema).
      • Subclass Columellinia Cavalier-Smith 2013 as "Columellidia" (Columellomycetidae Leontyev, Schnittler, S.L.Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin 2019) (=Fuscisporidia Cavalier-Smith 2013 sensu Kretzschmar et al. 2015). Genera incertae sedis: Diachea, Echinosteliopsis, Leptoderma, Paradiachea, Protophysarum, Trabrooksia, Willkommlangea.
        • Superorder Echinosteliidia Leontyev, Schnittler, S.L.Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin 2019, order Echinosteliales (Echinosteliida) G. W. Martin 1961, family Echinosteliaceae (Echinosteliidae) Rostaf. ex Cooke 1877, genera: Barbeyella, Echinostelium (incl. Semimorula).
        • Superorder Stemonitidia Leontyev, Schnittler, S.L.Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin 2019
          • Order Clastodermatales (Clastodermatida) Leontyev, Schnittler, S.L.Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin 2019, family Clastodermataceae (Clastodermatidae) Alexop. & T.E. Brooks 1971, genus Clastoderma.
          • Order Meridermatales (Meridermatida) Leontyev, Schnittler, S.L.Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin 2019, family Meridermataceae (Meridermatidae) Leontyev, Schnittler, S.L.Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin 2019, genus Meriderma.
          • Order Stemonitales (Stemonitida) T.Macbr. 1922 emend. Leontyev, Schnittler, S.L.Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin 2019
            • Family Stemonitidaceae (Stemonitidae) Fr. 1829 emend. Leontyev, Schnittler, S.L.Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin 2019, genera Macbrideola, Stemonitis, Symphytocarpus.
            • Family Amaurochaetaceae (Amaurochaetidae) Rostaf. ex Cooke 1877 emend. Leontyev, Schnittler, S.L.Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin 2019, genera Comatricha, Stemonaria, Stemonitopsis, Amaurochaete, Brefeldia, Enerthenema, Paradiacheopsis.
          • Order Physarales (Physarida) T.Macbr. 1922. Genus not assigned to any family: Tasmaniomyxa.
            • Family Lamprodermataceae (Lamprodermatidae) T.Macbr. 1899 emend. Leontyev, Schnittler, S.L.Stephenson, Novozhilov & Shchepin 2019, genera Lamproderma (incl. Dichaeopsis, Colloderma, Elaeomyxa), Collaria^(P).
            • Family Didymiaceae (Didymiidae) Rostaf. ex Cooke 1877, genera Diderma, Didymium, Lepidoderma, Mucilago.
            • Family Physaraceae (Physaridae) Chevall. 1826, genera Craterium, Leocarpus, Fuligo, Physarum (incl. Badhamia), Physarella, Physarina, Kelleromyxa.

Archaeplastida

• Division Glaucophyta Skuja 1954 (=Glaucocystaceae West 1904, Glaucocystophyta Kies and Kremer 1986, Glaucoplantae Marin & Melkonian in Li et al. 2020). Incertae sedis genera: Archaeopsis, Chalarodora, Glaucocystopsis, Peliaina, Strobilomonas.
  • Order Cyanophorales Kies & Kremer 2006. Sole genus: Cyanophora.
  • Order Glaucocystales Bessey 1907. Sole genus: Glaucocystis.
  • Order Gloeochaetales Bessey 1907. Genera: Cyanoptyche, Gloeochaete.
• Phylum Picozoa Seenivasan, Sausen, Medlin & Melkonian 2013 (=picobiliphytes Not et al. 2007) → class Picomonadea Seenivasan, Sausen, Medlin & Melkonian 2013 → order Picomonadida Seenivasan, Sausen, Medlin & Melkonian 2013 → family Picomonadidae Seenivasan, Sausen, Medlin & Melkonian 2013. Sole genus: Picomonas Seenivasan, Sausen, Medlin & Melkonian 2013.
• Phylum Rhodelphidia Tikhonenkov, Gawryluk, Mylnikov & Keeling 2019 → class Rhodelphidea Tikhonenkov, Gawryluk, Mylnikov & Keeling 2019 → order Rhodelphida Tikhonenkov, Gawryluk, Mylnikov & Keeling 2019 → family Rhodelphidae Tikhonenkov, Gawryluk, Mylnikov & Keeling 2019. Sole genus: Rhodelphis Tikhonenkov, Gawryluk, Mylnikov & Keeling 2019.
• Division Rhodophyta Wettstein 1901 (=Rhodophyceae Thuret 1855, emend. Rabenhorst 1863, Rhodoplantae Saunders and Hommersand 2004 emend. Adl et al. 2005)

Chloroplastida

• Division Prasinodermophyta Marin & Melkonian in Li et al. 2020
  • Class Prasinodermophyceae Marin & Melkonian in Li et al. 2020 → order Prasinodermatales Marin & Melkonian in Li et al. 2020 → family Prasinodermataceae Marin & Melkonian in Li et al. 2020. Sole genus: Prasinoderma Hasegawa & Chihara in Hasegawa et al. 1996.
  • Class Palmophyllophyceae Leliaert et al. 2016 emend. Marin & Melkonian in Li et al. 2020
    • Order Palmophyllales Zechman, Verbruggen, Leliaert, Ashwort, M.A.Buchheim, Fawley, H.Spalding, Pueschel, J.A.Buschheim, Verghese & Hanisak 2010 → family Palmophyllaceae Zechman, Verbruggen, Leliaert, Ashwort, M.A.Buchheim, Fawley, H.Spalding, Pueschel, J.A.Buschheim, Verghese & Hanisak 2010. Genera: Palmophyllum Kützing 1849; Verdigellas Ballantine & Norris 1994; Palmoclathrus^? Womersley 1971.
    • Order Prasinococcales Guillou et al. ex Leliaert et al. 2016 emend. Marin & Melkonian in Li et al. 2020 → family Prasinococcaceae Leliaert et al. 2016. Sole genus: Prasinococcus Miyashita & Chihara in Miyashita et al. 1993.
• Division Chlorophyta Reichenbach 1828 emend. Pascher 1914 emend. Lewis & McCourt 2004
  • Class Chloropicophyceae Lopes dos Santos & Eikrem 2017 → order Chloropicales Lopes dos Santos & Eikrem 2017 → family Chloropicaceae Lopes dos Santos & Eikrem 2017. Genera: Chloroparvula Lopes dos Santos & Eikrem 2017; Chloropicon Lopes dos Santos & Eikrem 2017.
  • Class Mamiellophyceae Marin & Melkonian 2010
    • Order Mamiellales Moestrup 1984 emend. Marin & Melkonian 2010
      • Family Bathycoccaceae Marin & Melkonian 2010. Genera: Bathycoccus Eikrem & Throndsen 1990; Ostreococcus Courties & Chrétiennot-Dinet 1995.
      • Family Mamiellaceae Moestrup 1984 emend. Marin & Melkonian 2010. Genera: Mamiella Moestrup 1984; Mantoniella Desikachary 1972; Micromonas Manton & Parke 1960.
    • Order Dolichomastigales Marin & Melkonian 2010
      • Family Crustomastigaceae Marin & Melkonian 2010. Sole genus: Crustomastix Nakayama, Kawachi & Inouye 2000.
      • Family Dolichomastigaceae Marin & Melkonian 2010. Sole genus: Dolichomastix Manton 1977.
    • Order Monomastigales R.E.Norris ex Marin & Melkonian 2010 (=Monomastigales Norris in Parker 1982 nomen nudum) → family Monomastigaceae Marin & Melkonian 2010. Sole genus: Monomastix Scherffel 1912.
  • Class Nephroselmidophyceae Cavalier-Smith 1993 emend. Yamaguchi 2011 → order Nephroselmidales Nakayama, Suda, Kawachi & Inouye 2007 → family Nephroselmidaceae Pascher 1913 ex Silva 1980. Genera: Nephroselmis Stein 1878.
  • Class Picocystophyceae Lopes dos Santos & Eikrem 2017 → order Picocystales Lopes dos Santos & Eikrem 2017 → family Picocystaceae Lopes dos Santos & Eikrem 2017. Sole genus: Picocystis R.A.Lewin in Lewin et al. 2000.
  • Class Pseudoscourfieldiophyceae Crépeault, C.Otis, Pombert, Turmel & Lemieu 2024 → order Pseudoscourfieldiales Melkonian 1990 ex Crépeault, C.Otis, Pombert, Turmel & Lemieu 2024 → family Pseudoscourfieldiaceae Melkonian 1990 ex Crépeault, C.Otis, Pombert, Turmel & Lemieu 2024 (=Pycnococcaceae Guillard in Guillard, Keller, O'Kelly & Floyd 1991 emend. M.W.Fawley in Fawley et al. 1999. Sole genus: Pseudoscourfieldia Manton 1975 (=Pycnococcus Guillard in Guillard, Keller, O'Kelly & Floyd 1991).
  • Class Pyramimonadophyceae Moestrup & Daugbjerg in Daugbjerg et al. 2020 → order Pyramimonadales Chadefaud 1950
    • Family Pyramimonadaceae Korshikov 1938. Genera: Cymbomonas Schiller 1913; Pyramimonas Schmarda 1850; "Prasinopapilla" (not formally described).
    • Family Halosphaeraceae Haeckel 1894. Genera: Halosphaera Schmitz 1878; Pachysphaera Ostenfeld 1899; †Tasmanites^? E.Newton 1875.
  • Core Chlorophyta
    • Class Chlorodendrophyceae Massjuk 2006 → order Chlorodendrales Berger 1954 as "Chlorodendrinales" (=Tetraselmidales Ettl. 1982) → family Chlorodendraceae Oltmanns 1904. Genera: Prasinocladus Kuckuck 1894; Scherffelia Pascher 1912; Tetraselmis Stein 1878.
    • Class Pedinophyceae Moestrup 1991 emend. Fawley, Zechman & Buchheim in Adl et al. 2012
      • Order Marsupiomonadales Marin 2012
        • Family Marsupiomonadaceae Marin 2012. Sole genus: Marsupiomonas Jones, Leadbeater & Green 1994.
        • Family Resultomonadaceae Marin 2012. Sole genus: Resultomonas Marin 2012.
      • Order Pedinomonadales Moestrup 1991 emend. Marin 2012 → family Pedinomonadaceae Korshikov 1938. Genera: Chlorochytridion Vischer 1945; Pedinomonas Korshikov 1923.
    • UTC clade
      • Class Chlorophyceae Wille 1884
        • SV clade
          • Order Sphaeropleales^(P?) Luerssen 1877. Incertae sedis genera: Spermatozopsis Korshikov 1913; Golenkinia Chodat 1894; Jenufa Němcová, M.Eliáš, Škaloud & Neustupa 2011; Johansenicoccus.
            • Family Dictyochloridaceae Fučíková, P.O.Lewis & L.A.Lewis 2013. Sole genus: Dictyochloris Vischer 1945.
            • Family Sphaeropleaceae Kützing 1849
            • Family Microsporaceae Bohlin 1901
            • Treubarinia. Genera: Trochiscia Kützing 1834; Treubaria C.Bernard 1908; Cylindrocapsa Reinsch 1867; Elakatothrix Wille 1898.
            • Scenedesminia ("traditional" Sphaeropleales)
              • Family Bracteacoccaceae P.M.Tsarenko 2005. Sole genus: Bracteacoccus Tereg 1922.
              • Family Bracteamorphaceae Fučíková, P.O.Lewis & L.A.Lewis 2013. Sole genus: Bracteamorpha Fučíková, P.O.Lewis & L.A.Lewis 2013.
              • Family Chromochloridaceae Fučíková, P.O.Lewis & L.A.Lewis 2013. Sole genus: Chromochloris Kol & Chodat 1934.
              • Family Dictyococcaceae^? Fučíková, P.O.Lewis & L.A.Lewis 2013. Sole genus: Dictyococcus Gerneck 1907.
              • Family Hydrodictyaceae Dumortier 1829. Genera: Hydrodictyon Roth; Lacunastrum H.A.McManus; Monactinus Corda; Parapediastrum^(P) E.Hegewald; Pediastrum Meyen.
              • Family Mychonastaceae Fučíková, P.O.Lewis & L.A.Lewis 2013. Sole genus: Mychonastes P.D.Simpson & S.D.Van Valkenburg 1978.
              • Family Neochloridaceae Ettl & Komárek 1982
              • Family Pseudomuriellaceae Fučíková, P.O.Lewis & L.A.Lewis 2013. Sole genus: Pseudomuriella N.Hanagata 1998.
              • Family Scenedesmaceae Oltmanns 1904
              • Family Schizochlamydaceae Fučíková, P.O.Lewis & L.A.Lewis 2013. Sole genus: Schizochlamys Braun ex Kützing 1849.
              • Family Selenastraceae Blackman & Tansley 1903 (=Ankistrodesmaceae Korshikov 1953)
              • Family Radiococcaceae
              • Family Rotundellaceae Fučíková, P.O.Lewis & L.A.Lewis 2013. Sole genus: Rotundella Fučíková, P.O.Lewis & L.A.Lewis 2013.
              • Family Tumidellaceae Fučíková, P.O.Lewis & L.A.Lewis 2013. Sole genus: Tumidella Fučíková, P.O.Lewis & L.A.Lewis 2013.
          • Order Volvocales Poche 1913
        • OCC clade
          • Order Chaetopeltidales O'Kelly, Watanabe & Floyd
          • Order Chaetophorales Wille 1901
          • Order Oedogoniales Heering 1914
      • Class Trebouxiophyceae Friedl 1995 (=Pleurastrophyceae Mattox et al. 1984)
      • Class Ulvophyceae^(P)
• Division Streptophyta Bremer & Wanntorp 1981 (=Charophyta Migula 1897 emend. Karol et al. 2009)
  • Class Chlorokybophyceae Irisarri et al. 2021 → order Chlorokybales Irisarri et al. 2021 → family Chlorokybaceae Irisarri et al. 2021. Sole genus: Chlorokybus Geitler 1942.
  • Class Mesostigmatophyceae Marin & Melkonian 1999 emend. Lewis & McCourt 2004 (=Mesostigmata Turmel et al. 2002) → order Mesostigmales Cavalier-Smith 1998 → family Mesostigmataceae Fott 1947. Sole genus: Mesostigma Lauterborn 1894.
  • Class Klebsormidiophyceae C. Jeffrey ex Guiry 2023
    • Order Klebsormidiales Bierenbroodspot et al. 2024 → family Klebsormidiaceae Bierenbroodspot et al. 2024. Genera: Klebsormidium Silva, Mattox & Blackwell 1972; Interfilum Chodat 1992; Streptofilum Mikhailyuk & Lukešová 2018.
    • Order Entransiales Bierenbroodspot et al. 2024 → family Entransiaceae Bierenbroodspot et al. 2024. Sole genus: Entransia E.O. Hughes 1948.
    • Order Hormidiellales Bierenbroodspot et al. 2024 → family Hormidiellaceae Bierenbroodspot et al. 2024. Genera: Hormidiella Iyengar & Kanthamma 1940; Streptosarcina Mikhailyuk & Lukešová 2018.
  • Phragmoplastophyta Lecointre & Guyander 2006
    • Class Charophyceae Smith 1938 emend. Karol et al. 2009
    • Class Coleochaetophyceae Jeffrey 1982
    • Anydrophyta Rensing 2020
      • Class Zygnematophyceae van den Hoek et al. 1995 emend. Hall et al. 2009
        • Order Serritaeniales S.Hess & J.de Vries 2022 → family Serritaeniaceae S.Hess & J.de Vries 2022. Sole genus: Serritaenia A.Busch & S.Hess 2021.
        • Order Zygnematales Bessey 1907 emend. Hess & de Vries 2022 → family Zygnemataceae Kützing 1843. Genera: Cylindrocystis Meneghini 1848; Mesotaenium^? Nägeli 1849; Mougeotia (Roth) C.Agardh 1824; Zygnema C.Agardh 1817 nom. cons.; Zygnemopsis (Skuja) Transeau 1934.
        • Order Desmidiales Bessey 1907 emend. S.Hess & J.de Vries 2022 → family Desmidiaceae Ralfs 1848. Genera: Bambusina Kützing ex Kützing 1849 nom. cons.; Closterium Nitzsch ex Ralfs 1848; Cosmarium Corda ex Ralfs 1848; Cosmocladium Brébisson 1856; Desmidium C.Agardh ex Ralfs 1848; Euastrum Ehrenberg ex Ralfs 1848; Micrasterias C.Agardh ex Ralfs 1848; Netrium (Nägeli) Itzigsohn & Rothe 1856; Nucleotaenium Gontcharov & Melkonian 2010; Onychonema G.C.Wallich 1860; Penium Brébisson ex Ralfs 1848; Phymatodocis Nordstedt 1878; Planotaenium (Ohtani) Petlovany & Palamar-Mordvintseva 2009; Pleurotaenium Nägeli 1849; Staurastrum Meyen ex Ralfs 1848; Staurodesmus Teiling 1948; Xanthidium Ehrenberg ex Ralfs 1848; etc.
        • Order Spirogyrales Clements nom. cons. emend. Hess & de Vries 2022. Sole genus: Spirogyra Link 1820 nom. cons.
      • Embryophyta Engler 1886 emend. Lewis & McCourt 2004 (=Plantae Haeckel 1866). Excluded from protists.

Pancryptista

Microheliella maris   Cryptista Palpitia Palpitomonas bilix   Rollomonadia Leucocrypta Kathablepharidida   Cryptomonada   Goniomonadea     Cryptophyceae

Cladogram of Pancryptista based on 2020 and 2022 analyses.

The phylum Cryptista contains heterotrophic and photosynthetic single-celled flagellates. Its classification has undergone many changes through the years, and several conflicting systems and nomenclatures coexist. It was described by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 1989 to unite two distinct groups of flagellates: the photosynthetic cryptomonads, and the heterotrophic goniomonads (respectively the two classes Cryptomonadea and Cyathomonadea). The name Cryptista was meant to be a synonym of Cryptophyta, the algal division described by the same author in previous years. In 2004, he modified the classification of Cryptista to add two subphyla: Cryptomonada, containing the aforementioned classes (renamed as Cryptophyceae and Goniomonadea respectively), and Leucocrypta, containing the heterotrophic katablepharids. The next year, a separate group of authors proposed a different higher ranking for katablepharids as a phylum Kathablepharida or division Katablepharidophyta, related to but independent from phylum Cryptophyta, with no mention of Cryptista. Between 2013 and 2015, Cavalier-Smith updated the classification once more by describing three new subphyla: Rollomonadia, containing the previous subphyla lowered to superclasses; Palpitia, containing the flagellate Palpitomonas bilix; and Corbihelia, containing picozoans, telonemids, and some heliozoan species (Heliomorpha and Microheliella). Corbihelia did not reach consensus: later analyses and revisions separated telonemids and picozoans as their own clades, and placed Heliomorpha in Cercozoa. However, the addition of Palpitomonas and the monophyly of Rollomonadia have been supported in other analyses.

Cryptista was redefined in the 2019 ISOP revision as the clade containing Palpitomonas, katablepharids, goniomonads and cryptomonads. However, this revision introduced yet another classification system that is contradictory with the previous ones. They proposed a single class Cryptophyceae uniting cryptomonads, goniomonads and katablepharids, and treated cryptomonads as a single order Cryptomonadales, although this does not follow scientific consensus: there are more cryptomonad orders (e.g., Pyrenomonadales, Tetragonidiales) and the name Cryptophyceae was already used for taxa that excluded katablepharids and often excluded goniomonads too. There has not been a new revision since.

Unlike with Heliomorpha, the genus Microheliella was genetically sequenced and its affinities have been resolved. In 2022, it was proposed as the sister group of Cryptista, in a clade known as Pancryptista.

Pancryptista Yazaki et al. 2022

• Order Microhelida Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2012, family Microheliellidae Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2012, genus Microheliella.
• Phylum Cryptista Cavalier-Smith 1989 emend. Adl et al. 2019
  • Subphylum Palpitia Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2012, class Palpitea Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2012, order Palpitida Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2012, family Palpitomonadidae Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2012, genus Palpitomonas.
  • Subphylum Rollomonadia Cavalier-Smith 2013 (=Cryptophyta Silva 1962; Cryptophyta Cavalier-Smith 1986; Cryptophyceae Pascher 1913 emend. Schoenichen 1925 emend. Adl et al. 2012)
    • Superclass Leucocrypta Cavalier-Smith 2004 stat. nov. 2013 (="phylum" Kathablepharida (Katablepharidophyta) Okamoto & Inouye 2005), class Leucocryptea Cavalier-Smith 2004 (=Kathablepharidea (Katablepharidophyceae) Okamoto & Inouye 2005), order Kathablepharidida (Katablepharidales) Okamoto & Inouye 2005, family Kathablepharididae Vørs 1992 emend. Clay & Kugrens 1999 (Katablepharidaceae Skuja 1939), genera Hatena, Kathablepharis, Leucocryptos, Platychilomonas, Roombia.
    • Superclass Cryptomonada Cavalier-Smith 2004
      • Class Goniomonadea Cavalier-Smith 1993 (=Cyathomonadea Cavalier-Smith 1989)
        • Order Goniomonadida (Goniomonadales) Novarino & Lucas 1993 (=Cyathomonadales Lee 1989), family Goniomonadidae (Goniomonadaceae) Hill 1991 (=Cyathomonadaceae Pringsheim 1944), genera Aquagoniomonas, Baltigoniomonas, Cosmogoniomonas, Goniomonas (=Cyathomonas), Limnogoniomonas, Marigoniomonas, Neptunogoniomonas, Poseidogoniomonas, Thalassogoniomonas.
        • Order Hemiarmida Cavalier-Smith 2018, family Hemiarmidae Cavalier-Smith 2018, genus Hemiarma.
      • Class Cryptophyceae Fritsch in West & Fritsch 1927 (Cryptomonadea Stein 1878 stat. nov. Pascher ex Schoenichen 1925). Genera incertae sedis: Bjornbergiella, Cyanomonas, Plagioselmis.
        • Order Cryptomonadales Pascher 1913 emend. Clay et al. 1999
          • Family Baffinellaceae Daugbjerg & Norlin 2018, genus Baffinella.
          • Family Cryptomonadaceae Clay et al. 1999, genera Cryptomonas, Chilomonas.
        • Order Pyrenomonadales Clay et al. 1999
          • Family Pyrenomonadaceae Novarino & Lucas 1993, genera Pyrenomonas (=Rhodomonas), Storeatula, Rhinomonas.
          • Family Geminigeraceae Clay et al. 1999, genera Geminigera, Teleaulax, Hanusia, Guillardia, Proteomonas.
          • Family Chroomonadaceae Clay et al. 1999, genera Chroomonas, Falcomonas, Komma.
          • Family Hemiselmidaceae Butcher 1967, genus Hemiselmis.
        • ^?Order Tetragonidiales Kristiansen 1992, family Tetragonidiaceae Bourrelly ex Silva 1980, genus Tetragonidium.

Haptista

• Haptophyta Hibberd 1976 ex. Edvardsen & Eikrem 2000
  • Pavlovales Green 1976 [Pavlovophyceae Cavalier-Smith 1986]. Diacronema, Exanthemachrysis, Pavlova, Rebecca.
  • Prymnesiophyceae Hibberd 1976
    • Prymnesiales Papenfuss 1955, emend. Edvardsen & Eikrem 2000. Chrysochromulina, Chrysocampanula, Dicrateria, Haptolina, Prymnesium, Pseudohaptolina.
    • Phaeocystales Medlin 2000. Phaeocystis.
    • Isochrysidales Pascher 1910, emend. Edvardsen & Eikrem 2000. Emiliania, Gephyrocapsa, Isochrysis, Ruttnera, Tisochrysis.
    • Coccolithales Schwarz 1932, emend. Edvardsen & Eikrem 2000. Balaniger, Calciosolenia, Coccolithus, Hymenomonas, Chrysotila, Wigwamma.
  • Rappephyceae M. Kawachi, R. Kamikawa & T. Nakayama 2021
    • Pavlomulinales M. Kawachi & I. Inouye 2021. Pavlomulina.
• Class Centroplasthelida Febvre-Chevalier & Febvre 1984 (=Centrohelea Kühn 1926 sensu Cavalier-Smith in Yabuki et al. 2012; Centroheliozoa Dürrschmidt & Patterson 1987). Genera incertae sedis: Meringosphaera, Parasphaerastrum.
  • ^?Family Spiculophryidae Shɨshkin & Zlatogursky 2018, genus Spiculophrys.
  • Superorder Pterocystida Cavalier-Smith and von der Heyden 2007, emend. Shɨshkin and Zlatogursky 2018
    • Order Raphidista Shɨshkin & Zlatogursky 2018
      • Family Choanocystidae Cavalier-Smith & von der Heyden 2007, genus Choanocystis.
      • Family Raphidiophryidae Febvre-Chevalier & Febvre 1984, emend. Shɨshkin & Zlatogursky 2018, genus Raphidiophrys.
    • Order Pterista Shɨshkin & Zlatogursky 2018
      • Family Oxnerellidae Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2012, genus Oxnerella.
      • Family Pterocystidae Cavalier-Smith & von der Heyden 2007, genera Pterocystis, Raineriophrys, Chlamydaster, Pseudoraphidiophrys, Pseudoraphidocystis, Triangulopteris, Khitsovia.
      • Family Heterophryidae Poche 1913, emend. Cavalier-Smith & von der Heyden 2007, genera Heterophrys, Sphaerastrum.
      • Family Clypiferidae Shɨshkin in Shɨshkin et al. 2021, genus Clypifer.
  • Superorder Panacanthocystida Shɨshkin & Zlatogursky 2018
    • Order Chthonida Shɨshkin & Zlatogursky 2018, suborder Yogsothothina Shɨshkin & Zlatogursky 2018, family Yogsothothidae Shɨshkin & Zlatogursky 2018, genera Yogsothoth, Pinjata.
    • Order Acanthocystida Cavalier-Smith & von der Heyden 2007 emend. Shɨshkin & Zlatogursky 2018
      • Suborder Marophryina Cavalier-Smith in Yabuki et al. 2012, family Marophryidae Cavalier-Smith & von der Heyden 2007 emend. Shɨshkin & Zlatogursky 2018, genus Marophrys.
      • Suborder Chalarothoracina Hertwig & Lesser 1874 sensu Cavalier-Smith in Yabuki et al. 2012 emend. Shɨshkin & Zlatogursky 2018
        • Family Acanthocystidae Claus 1874 emend. Shɨshkin & Zlatogursky 2018, genus Acanthocystis.
        • Family Raphidocystidae Zlatogursky 2018, genus Raphidocystis.

Stramenopiles

• Class Platysulcea Cavalier-Smith 2018 → order Platysulcida Cavalier-Smith 2018 → family Platysulcidae Shiratori, Nakayama & Ishida 2015. Sole genus: Platysulcus Shiratori, Nakayama & Ishida 2015.
• Family Kaonashiidae Weston, Eglit & Simpson 2023. Sole genus: Kaonashia Weston, Eglit & Simpson 2023.

Bigyra

• Subphylum Opalozoa Cavalier-Smith 1991 emend. 2006
  • Infraphylum Placidozoa Cavalier-Smith 2013
    • Class Placididea Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye 2002 → order Placidida Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye 2002 → family Placididae Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye 2002. Genera: Allegra Rybarski & Arndt 2021; Haloplacidia Rybarski, Nitsche & Arndt 2021; Pendulomonas S.M.Tong 1997; Placidia Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye 2002; Placilonga Rybarski & Arndt 2021; Suigetsumonas Okamura & Kondo 2015; Wobblia Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye 2000.
    • Class Nanomonadea Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Scoble 2013 (=clade MAST-3) → order Uniciliatida Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Scoble 2013
      • Family Incisomonadidae Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Scoble 2013. Sole genus: Incisomonas Scoble & Cavalier-Smith 2013.
      • Family Solenicolidae Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Scoble 2013. Sole genus: Solenicola Pavillard 1916.
    • Class Opalomonadea Cavalier-Smith 2013 (=clade MAST-12). No described species.
    • Superclass Opalinata Wenyon 1926 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1997
      • Class Opalinea Wenyon 1926 (=Slopalinida Patterson 1985)
        • Order Proteromonadida Grassé 1952 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1993 → family Proteromonadidae Grassé 1952. Sole genus: Proteromonas Kunstler 1883 (= Prowazekella Aléxéieff 1912).
        • Order Opalinida Poche 1913 stat. nov. Hall 1953 emend. Cavalier-Smith
          • Family Karotomorphidae Travis 1934. Sole genus: Karotomorpha Travis 1934.
          • Family Opalinidae Claus 1874. Genera: Cepedea Metcalf 1920; Opalina Purkinje & Valentin 1835; Protoopalina Metcalf 1918; Protozelleriella Delvinquier et al. 1991; Zelleriella Metcalf 1920.
      • Class Blastocystea Zierdt et al. 1967 → order Blastocystida Zierdt 1978 → family Blastocystidae Jiang & He 1988. Sole genus: Blastocystis Alexeieff 1911.
  • Infraphylum Bikosea Cavalier-Smith 2018 (=Bicosoecida Grassé 1926 emend. Karpov 1998) → class Bikosea Cavalier-Smith 1986 as "Bicosoecea" orth. em. 2013. Genera not assigned to families: Bilabrum Schoenle & Arndt in Schoenle et al. 2020; Cafileria Jirsová, Füssy, Richtová, Gruber, & Oborník 2019; Cantina Yubuki et al. 2015.
    • Family Pseudobodonidae^? Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Scoble 2013. Sole genus: Pseudobodo Griessmann 1913.
    • Subclass Rictidia Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Scoble 2013 → order Rictida Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Scoble 2013 → family Rictidae Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Scoble 2013. Sole genus: Rictus Yubuki, Leander & Silberman 2010.
    • Subclass Bicosidia^ICZN/Bicosoecophycidae^ICN Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2006
      • Superorder Borokiae Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2006 → order Borokida^ICZN/Borokales^ICN Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2006 → family Borokidae^ICZN/Borokaceae^ICN Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2006. Sole genus: Boroka Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2006.
      • Superorder Cyathobodoniae Cavalier-Smith 1993 emend. 2006. Incertae sedis genus: Halocafeteria Park, Cho & Simpson 2006.
        • Order Anoecida^ICZN/Anoecales^ICN Cavalier-Smith 1997
          • Family Anoecidae^ICZN/Anoecaceae^ICN Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2006. Sole genus: Anoeca Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2006.
          • Family Caecitellidae^ICZN/Caecitellaceae^ICN Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2006. Sole genus: Caecitellus Patterson et al. 1993.
          • Family Cafeteriidae^ICZN/Cafeteriaceae^ICN Moestrup 1995. Sole genus: Cafeteria Fenchel & Patterson 1988.
          • Family Symbiomonadaceae Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2006. Sole genus: Symbiomonas Guillou & Chretiennot-Dinet 1999.
        • Order Bicoecida^ICZN/Bicoecales^ICN Grassé 1926
          • Family Bicosoecidae Stein 1878. Genera: Bicosoeca James-Clark 1866; Stephanocodon Pascher 1942; Poteriodendron.
          • Family Labromonadidae Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2006. Sole genus: Labromonas Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2006.
        • Order Pseudodendromonadida^ICZN/Pseudodendromonadales^ICN Hibberd 1985 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2006.
          • Family Pseudodendromonadidae^ICZN/Pseudodendromonadaceae^ICN Karpov 2000. Genera: Cyathobodo Petersen & Hansen 1961; Pseudodendromonas Bourrelly 1953.
          • Family Siluaniidae^ICZN/Siluaniaceae^ICN Karpov 1998. Genera: Adriamonas Verhagen, Zölffel, Brugerolle & D.J.Patterson 1994; Siluania Karpov 1998; Otto Harder, Ekelund & Karpov 2014; Regin Harder, Ekelund & Karpov 2014.
          • Family Paramonadidae^ICZN/Paramonadaceae^ICN Kent 1880. Sole genus: Paramonas Kent 1881.
          • Family Nanidae^ICZN/Nanaceae^ICN Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Scoble 2013. Sole genus: Nanum Kim et al. 2010 as "Nanos".
          • Family Neradidae^ICZN/Neradaceae^ICN Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2006. Sole genus: Nerada Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2006.
          • Family Filidae^ICZN/Filaceae^ICN Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Scoble 2013. Sole genus: Filos Kim et al. 2010.
• Subphylum Sagenista Cavalier-Smith 1995
  • Class Labyrinthulomycetes Arx 1970 ex Dick 2001 (=Labyrinthulea L.S.Olive 1975 ex Cavalier-Smith 1989, 'phylum' Labyrinthomorpha^ICZN Page in Levine et al. 1980/Labyrinthulomycota^ICN Whittaker 1969)
    • Order Amphitremida (Poche 1913) Gomaa et al. 2013
      • Family Amphitremidae Poche 1913. Genera: Amphitrema; Archerella; Paramphitrema.
      • Family Diplophryidae Cavalier-Smith in Anderson & Cavalier-Smith 2012. Sole genus: Diplophrys Barker 1868.
    • Order Amphifilida Cavalier-Smith in Anderson & Cavalier-Smith 2012 as "Amphifiloidea"
      • Family Amphifilidae Cavalier-Smith in Anderson & Cavalier-Smith 2012. Sole genus: Amphifila Cavalier-Smith in Anderson & Cavalier-Smith 2012.
      • Family Sorodiplophryidae Cavalier-Smith in Anderson & Cavalier-Smith 2012. Genera: Fibrophrys Takahashi, Yoshida, Inouye & Watanabe 2016; Sorodiplophrys Cienkowski 1876.
    • Order Oblongichytrida^ICZN/Oblongichytriales^ICN Bennett et al. 2017 → family Oblongichytriidae^ICZN/Oblongichytriaceae^ICN Cavalier-Smith in Anderson & Cavalier-Smith 2012. Sole genus: Oblongichytrium R.Yokoyama & D.Honda 2006.
    • Order Labyrinthulida^ICZN Doffein 1901/Labyrinthulales^ICN E.A.Bessey 1950
      • Family Aplanochytriidae^ICZN/Aplanochytriaceae^ICN Leander ex Cavalier-Smith in Anderson & Cavalier-Smith 2012. Sole genus: Aplanochytrium Bahnweg & Sparrow 1972 emend. C.A.Leander & D.Porter 2000 (=Labyrinthuloides F.O.Perkins 1973).
      • Family Labyrinthulidae^ICZN Cienkowski 1867/Labyrinthulaceae^ICN Haeckel 1868. Sole genus: Labyrinthula Cienkowski 1864 (=Chlamydomyxa Archer 1875, Pseudoplasmodium Molisch 1926, Labyrinthodictyon Valkanov 1969, Labyrinthorhiza Chadefaud 1956).
      • Family-level clade "Stellarchytriidae^ICZN/Stellarchytriaceae^ICN". Sole genus: Stellarchytrium FioRito & Leander 2016.
    • Order Thraustochytrida^ICZN/Thraustochytriales^ICN Sparrow 1943
      • Family Althorniidae^ICZN/Althornidiaceae^ICN Jones & Alderman 1973. Sole genus: Althornia Jones & Alderman 1971.
      • Family Thraustochytriidae^ICZN/Thraustochytriaceae^ICN Sparrow ex Cejp 1959. Genera: Aurantiochytrium R.Yokoyama & D.Honda 2006; Botryochytrium R.Yokoyama, B.Salleh & D.Honda 2007; Japonochytrium Kobayasi & M.Ookubo 1953; Monorhizochytrium K.Doi & D.Honda 2017; Parietichytrium R.Yokoyama, B.Salleh & D.Honda 2007; Phycophthorum Hassett 2020; Schizochytrium S.Goldst. & Belsky 1964 emend. R.Yokoyama & D.Honda 2006; Sicyoidochytrium R.Yokoyama, B.Salleh & D.Honda 2007; Thraustochytrium Sparrow 1936 emend. T.W.Johnson in Johnson & Sparrow 1961; Ulkenia A.Gaertn. 1977 emend. R.Yokoyama, B.Salleh & D.Honda 2007.
  • Class Eogyrea Cavalier-Smith 2013 (=clade MAST-6). Genera not assigned to families: Mastreximonas Lax, Cho & Keeling 2024; Vomastromonas Tikhonenkov, Prokina, Cho & Keeling 2024.
    • Order Eogyrida Cavalier-Smith 2018 → family Pseudophyllomitidae^ICZN/Pseudophyllomitaceae^ICN Shiratori et al. 2017. Sole genus: Pseudophyllomitus Lee 2002.

Gyrista

• Subphylum Bigyromonada Cavalier-Smith 1998
  • Class Developea Karpov & Aleoshin 2016 ex Cavalier-Smith 2017 → order Developayellida^ICZN Cavalier-Smith 1987 ex 2017/Developayellales^ICN Doweld 2001 → family Developayellidae^ICZN/Developayellaceae^ICN Cavalier-Smith 1997 ex 2017. Genera: Cubaremonas Tikhonenkov, Cho & Keeling 2022; Develocanicus Tikhonenkov, Cho, Mylnikov & Keeling 2022; Develocauda Tikhonenkov, Cho & Keeling 2022; Developayella Tong 1995; Develorapax Karpov & Aleoshin 2016; Mediocremonas del Campo & Weiler 2020.
  • Class Pirsonea Cavalier-Smith 2017 → order Pirsoniales Cavalier-Smith 1998 emend. Prokina et al. 2024 → Pirsoniaceae Cavalier-Smith 1998 emend. Prokina et al. 2024. Genera: Bordeauxia Prokina et al. 2024; Bullionia Prokina et al. 2024; Feodosia Prokina et al. 2024; Koktebelia Prokina et al. 2024; Noirmoutieria Prokina et al. 2024; Pirsonia Schnepf, Debres & Elbrachter 1990.
• Subphylum Pseudofungi Cavalier-Smith 1986 (=Heterokontimycotina M.W. Dick 1976, Peronosporomycotina M.W.Dick 2001)
  • Class Hyphochytrea^ICZN Cavalier-Smith 1986/Hyphochytriomycetes^ICN Sparrow ex M.W.Dick 1983 → order Hyphochytriales Sparrow 1960
    • Family Anisolpidiaceae Karling 1943 emend. Dick 2001. Genera: Anisolpidium Karling 1943; Canteriomyces Sparrow 1960.
    • Family Hyphochytridiomycetaceae Fischer 1892 emend. Karling 1939. Sole genus: Hyphochytrium Karling 1939.
    • Family Rhizidiomycetaceae Karling 1943. Latrostium Zopf 1894; Rhizidiomyces Zopf 1884; Rhizidiomycopsis Sparrow 1960.
  • Class Oomycetes Winter 1897, emend. Dick 1976 (=Peronosporomycetes Dick 2001). Incertae sedis genera: Atkinsiella Vishniac 1958; Ciliatomyces Foissner & Foissner 1995 (=Ciliomyces Foissner & Foissner 1986); Crypticola Humber et al. 1989; Ectrogella Zopf 1884; Eurychasma Magnus 1905; Halodaphnea M.W.Dick 1998; Haliphthoros Vishniac 1958; Haptoglossa Drechsler 1940; Lagena Vanterp. & Ledingham 1930; Lagenisma Drebes 1968; Olpidiopsis Cornu 1872; Pontisma H.E. Petersen 1905; Pythiella Couch 1935; Rozellopsis Karling 1942; Sirolpidium H.E.Petersen 1905.
    • Saprolegnialean lineage Lara in Adl et al. 2019. Achlya Nees 1823; Aphanomyces de Bary 1860; Aplanopsis Höhnk 1952; Apodachlya Pringsh. 1883; Aquastella S.L.Glockling & D.P. Molloy 2014; Geolegnia Coker & J.V.Harv. 1925; Leptomitus (Roth) C.Agardh 1824; Newbya M.W.Dick & M.A.Spencer 2002; Pythiopsis de Bary 1888; Protoachlya Cocker 1923; Salisapilia Hulvey, Nigrelli, Telle, Lamour & Thines 2010; Saprolegnia Nees 1823; Thraustotheca Humphrey 1893.
    • Peronosporalean lineage Lara in Adl et al. 2019. Albugo (Pers.) Roussel ex Gray 1821; Bremia Regel 1843; Chlamydomyzium M.W.Dick 1997; Halophytopthora H.H.Ho & S.C.Jong 1990; Hyaloperonospora Constant. in Constant. & J.Fatehi 2002; Lagenidium Zopf 1859; Myzocytiopsis M.W.Dick 1997; Peronospora Corda 1837; Plasmopara J.Schröt. 1886; Pythium Pringsh. 1858; Pseudoperonospora Rostovzez 1903; Phytophthora de Bary 1975; Phytopythium Abad, De Cock, Bala, Robideau, A.M.Lodhi & Lévesque in Bala et al. 2010; Pustula Thines 2005.
• Subphylum/Division Ochrophytina/Ochrophyta Cavalier-Smith 1986, emend. Cavalier-Smith & Chao 1996 (=Heterokontophyta Guiry, R.A.Andersen & Moestrup 2023). Incertae sedis genera: Commation Thomsen & Larsen 1993.
  • Order Actinophryida^? Claus 1874, emend. Hartmann 1926
    • Suborder Actinosphaerina Cavalier-Smith 2013 → family Actinosphaeriidae Cavalier-Smith 2013. Sole genus: Actinosphaerium Ritter von Stein 1857 (=Echinosphaerium Hovasse 1965).
    • Suborder Actinophryina Cavalier-Smith 2013
      • Family Actinophryidae Dujardin 1841. Sole genus: Actinophrys Ehrenberg 1830 (=Trichoda Müller 1773 nomen oblitum, Peritricha Bory de St.Vincent 1824 nomen dubium).
      • Family Helioraphidae Cavalier-Smith 2013. Sole genus: Heliorapha Cavalier-Smith 2013.
  • Infraphylum Chrysista Cavalier-Smith 1986. Incertae sedis genera: Chrysoderma C.Billard 1984 nom. inval.; Chrysomeris Carter 1937; Chrysonephos W.R.Taylor 1952; "Giraudyopsis" Dangeard 1965 nom. inval.; Rhamnochrysis Wilce & Markey 1974.
    • Class Eustigmatophyceae^? Hibberd & Leedale 1971
      • Clade Goniochloridales K.P.Fawley, M.Eliáš & M.W.Fawley 2013. Genera: Goniochloris Geitler 1928; Pseudostaurastrum Chodat 1921; Tetraedriella Pascher 1930 nom. cons.; Trachydiscus H.Ettl 1964; Trebonskia Přibyl & Procházková 2022; Vacuoliviride Nakayama, Nakamura, Yokoyama, Shiratori, Inouye & Ishida 2015.
      • Order Eustigmatales Hibberd 1981
        • Paraeustigmatos M.W.Fawley, Nĕmcová & K.P.Fawley 2019
        • Family Eustigmataceae Hibberd 1981. Genera: Ellipsoidion Pascher 1938; Chlorobotrys Bohlin 1901; Eustigmatos Hibberd 1981; Pseudocharaciopsis K.W.Lee & Bold 1973; Vischeria Pascher 1938.
        • Family Monodopsidaceae Hibberd 1981 (includes Loboceae Hedgewald in Hedgewald, Padisak & Friedl 2007). Genera: Microchloropsis M.W.Fawley, I.Jameson & K.P.Fawley 2015; Monodopsis Hibberd 1981; Nannochloropsis Hibberd 1981; Pseudotetraedriella Hedgewald in Hedgewald, Padisak & Friedl 2007.
        • Family Neomonodaceae R.Amaral, K.P.Fawley, Nĕmcová, T.Ševčíková, Lukešová, M.W.Fawley, L.M.A.Santos & M.Eliáš 2020. Genera: Botryochloropsis^? Preisig & Wilhelm 1989; Characiopsella R.Amaral, K.P.Fawley, Nĕmcová, T.Ševčíková, Lukešová, M.W.Fawley, L.M.A.Santos & M.Eliáš 2020; Munda R.Amaral, K.P.Fawley, Nĕmcová, T.Ševčíková, Lukešová, M.W.Fawley, L.M.A.Santos & M.Eliáš 2020; Neomonodus R.Amaral, K.P.Fawley, Nĕmcová, T.Ševčíková, Lukešová, M.W.Fawley, L.M.A.Santos & M.Eliáš 2020; Pseudellipsoidion (Neustupa & Nĕmcová) Nĕmcová emend. Amaral et al. 2020.
    • SII clade
      • Class Olisthodiscophyceae Barcytė, Eikrem & M. Eliáš 2021 → order Olisthodiscales Cavalier-Smith 2013 emend. Barcytė, Eikrem & M. Eliáš 2021 → family Olisthodiscaceae Cavalier-Smith 2013 emend. Barcytė, Eikrem & M. Eliáš 2021. Sole genus: Olisthodiscus Carter 1937.
      • Class Pinguiophyceae Kawachi, Inouye, Honda, O'Kelly, Bailey, Bidigare & R.A.Andersen 2002 → order Pinguiochrysidales Kawachi, Inouye, Honda, O'Kelly, Bailey, Bidigare & R.A.Andersen 2002 → family Pinguiochrysidaceae Kawachi, Inouye, Honda, O'Kelly, Bailey, Bidigare & R.A.Andersen 2002. Genera: Glossomastix O'Kelly 2002; Phaeomonas Honda & Inouye 2002; Pinguiochrysis Kawachi 2002; Pinguiococcus R.A.Andersen, D.Potter & J.C.Bailey 2002; Polypodochrysis Magne 1975.
      • SSC clade
        • Chrysophyceae Pascher 1914. Incertae sedis taxa: Chryososaccus, Chrysosphera, Cyclonexis, Lygynion, Phaeoplaca.
          • Chromulinales Pascher 1910. Chromulina, Chrysomonas.
          • Hibberdiales Andersen 1989. Hibberdia.
          • Ochromonadales Pascher 1910. Spumella, Pedospumella, Ochromonas.
          • Paraphysomonadida Scoble & Cavalier-Smith 2014. Paraphysomonas.
          • Synurales Andersen 1987. Chrysodidymus, Mallomonas, Synura, Tesselaria.
        • Picophagea Cavalier-Smith 2006 emend. 2017 [Synchromophyceae S.Horn & C.Wilhelm 2007]. Chlamydomyxa, Chrysopodocystis, Guanochroma, Leukarachnion, Picophagus, Synchroma.
    • SI clade/PXR clade
      • Class Raphidophyceae Chadefaud 1950 ex Silva 1980 → order Chattonellales Throndsen in Tomas 1993 emend. Yamaguchi, Nakayama, Murakami & Inouye 2010 (=Vacuolariales Shameel, 2001). Genera: Chattonella, Fibrocapsa, Goniostomum, Haramonas, Heterosigma, Merotricha, Vacuolaria.
      • PX clade
        • Class Chrysoparadoxophyceae Wetherbee in Wetherbee et al. 2019 → order Chrysoparadoxales Wetherbee in Wetherbee et al. 2019 → family Chrysoparadoxaceae Wetherbee in Wetherbee et al. 2019. Genera: Chrysoparadoxa Wetherbee in Wetherbee et al. 2019; Nematochrysis^? Pascher 1925 (=Chrysowaernella Gayral & Lepailleur 1971).
        • Phaeophyceae Hansgirg 1886 [Kjellman 1891; Pfitzer 1894]
          • Ascoseirales Petrov 1964. Ascoseira.
          • Desmarestiales Setchell & Gardner 1925. Arthrocladia, Desmarestia (P), Himantothallus, Phaeurus.
          • Dictyotales Bory de Saint-Vincent 1828. Dictyota, Dilophus, Lobophora, Padina, Stypopodium, Taonia, Zonaria.
          • Discosporangiales Kawai et al. 2007. Choristocarpus, Discosporangium.
          • Ectocarpales Bessey 1907, emend. Silva & Reviers 2000. Adenocystis, Acinetospora, Asterocladon, Asteronema, Chordaria, Ectocarpus, Scytosiphon.
          • Fucales Bory de Saint-Vincent 1927. Ascophyllum, Bifurcaria, Cystoseira, Druvillaea, Fucus, Hormosira, Sargassum, Turbinaria.
          • Ishigeales Cho et al. 2004 [Ishigeacea Okamura 1935]. Ishige.
          • Laminariales Migula 1908. Akkesiophycus, Alaria, Chorda, Costaria, Laminaria, Lessonia, Pseudochoda.
          • Nemodermatales Parente et al. 2008. Nemoderma.
          • Onslowiales Draisma & Prud'homme van Reine 2008. Onslowia.
          • Ralfsiales Nakamura ex Lim & Kawai 2007. Lithoderma, Neoralfsia, Pseudolithoderma, Ralfsia.
          • Scytothamnales Peters & Clayton 1998. Scytothamnus, Splachnidium, Stereocladon.
          • Sphacelariales Migula 1908. Chaetopteris, Halopteris, Stypocaulon, Sphacelaria, Verosphacella.
          • Sporochnales Sauvageau 1926. Bellotia, Carpomitra, Nereia, Sporochonus, Tomaculopsis.
          • Syringodermatales Henry 1984. Syringoderma.
          • Tilopteridales Bessey 1907. Cutleria, Halosiphon, Haplospora, Phaeosiphoniella, Phyllaria, Tilopteris.
        • Class Phaeosacciophyceae R.A.Andersen, L.Graf & H.S.Yoon in Graf et al. 2020 → order Phaeosacciales R.A.Andersen, L.Graf & H.S.Yoon in Graf et al. 2020
          • Family Phaeosaccionaceae J. Feldmann 1949. Genera: Antarctosaccion Delépine 1970; Phaeosaccion Farlow 1882.
          • Family Tetrasporopsidaceae R.A.Andersen, L.Graf & H.S.Yoon in Graf et al. 2020. Genera: Tetrasporopsis Lemmermann 1899; Psammochrysis R.Wetherbee in Graf et al. 2020.
        • Phaeothamniophyceae Andersen & Bailey in Bailey et al. 1998
          • Phaeothamniales Bourrelly 1954, emend. Andersen & Bailey in Bailey et al. 1998. Phaeothamnion.
          • Pleurochloridales Ettl 1956. Pleurochloridella.
        • Schizocladiophyceae Henry, Okuda & Kawai 2003. Schizocladia.
        • Xanthophyceae Allorge 1930, emend. Fritsch 1935 [Heterokontae Luther 1899; Heteromonadea Leedale 1983; Xanthophyta Hibberd 1990]
          • Tribonematales Pascher 1939. Botrydium, Bumilleriopsis, Characiopsis, Chloromeson, Heterococcus, Monadus, Ophiocytium, Sphaerosorus, Tribonema, Xanthonema.
          • Vaucheriales Bohlin 1901. Vaucheria.
  • Diatomista Derelle et al. 2016, emend. Cavalier-Smith 2017 [SIII clade]. Incertae sedis taxa: environmental clades MOCH-1, MOCH-2 and MOCH-4 Massana et al. 2014.
    • Bolidophyceae Guillou et al. 1999 [Parmales Booth & Marchant 1987]. Bolidomonas, Triparma, Tetraparma, Pentalamina.
    • Diatomeae Dumortier 1821 [Bacillariophyta Haeckel 1878]
      • Leptocylindrophytina D.G. Mann, in Adl et al. 2019
        • Leptocylindrophyceae D.G. Mann, in Adl et al. 2019. Leptocylindrus, Tenuicylindrus.
        • Corethrophyceae D.G. Mann, in Adl et al. 2019. Corethron.
      • Ellerbeckiophytina D.G. Mann, in Adl et al. 2019. Ellerbeckia.
      • Probosciophytina D.G. Mann, in Adl et al. 2019. Proboscia.
      • Melosirophytina D.G. Mann, in Adl et al. 2019. Aulacoseira, Melosira, Hyalodiscus, Stephanopyxis, Paralia, Endictya.
      • Coscinodiscophytina Medlin & Kaczmarska 2004, emend. Adl et al. 2019. Actinoptychus, Coscinodiscus, Actinocyclus, Asteromphalus, Aulacodiscus, Stellarima.
      • Rhizosoleniophytina D.G. Mann, in Adl et al. 2019. Guinardia, Rhizosolenia, Pseudosolenia.
      • Arachnoidiscophytina D.G. Mann, in Adl et al. 2019. Arachnoidiscus.
      • Bacillariophytina Medlin & Kaczmarska 2004, emend. Adl et al. 2019
        • Mediophyceae Jouse & Proshkina-Lavrenko in Medlin & Kaczmarska 2004
          • Chaetocerotophycidae Round & R.M. Crawford in Round et al. 1990, emend. Adl et al. 2019. Chaetoceros, Bacteriastrum, Dactyliosolen, Cerataulina, Hemiaulus, Eucampia, Acanthoceras, Urosolenia, Terpsinoë, Hydrosera.
          • Lithodesmiophycidae Round & R.M. Crawford in Round et al. 1990, emend. Adl et al. 2019. Lithodesmium, Lithodesmioides, Helicotheca, Bellerochea, Ditylum.
          • Thalassiosirophycidae Round & R.M. Crawford in Round et al. 1990. Thalassiosira, Lindavia, Cyclotella, Stephanodiscus, Cyclostephanos, Discostella, Bacteriosira, Skeletonema, Detonula.
          • Cymatosirophycidae Round & R.M. Crawford in Round et al. 1990. Cymatosira, Minutocellus, Papiliocellulus, Leyanella, Extubocellulus, Plagiogrammopsis, Campylosira, Brockmanniella, Pierrecomperia.
          • Odontellophycidae D. G. Mann, in Adl et al. 2019. Odontella, Triceratium, Cerataulus, Pleurosira, Pseudauliscus, Amphitetras, Trieres, Mastodiscus.
          • Chrysanthemodiscophycidae D.G. Mann, in Adl et al. 2019. Chrysanthemodiscus, Biddulphiopsis, Trigonium, Isthmia, Lampriscus, Stictocyclus, Ardissonea, Climacosphenia, Toxarium.
        • Biddulphiophyceae D. G. Mann, in Adl et al. 2019
          • Biddulphiophycidae Round and R.M. Crawford in Round et al. 1990, emend. Adl et al. 2019. Biddulphia.
          • Attheya T. West 1860
        • Bacillariophyceae Haeckel 1878, emend. Adl et al. 2019
          • Striatellaceae Kützing 1844. Striatella, Pseudostriatella.
          • Urneidophycidae Medlin 2016. (P?) Plagiogramma, Dimeregramma, Rhaphoneis, Delphineis, Psammoneis, Bleakeleya, Asterionellopsis.
          • Fragilariophycidae Round in Round, Crawford & Mann 1990, emend. Adl et al. 2019. Fragilaria, Synedra, Tabellaria, Asterionella, Diatoma, Tabularia, Cyclophora, Astrosyne, Licmophora, Rhabdonema, Grammatophora, Staurosira, Thalassionema.
          • Bacillariophycidae D.G. Mann in Round, Crawford & Mann 1990, emend. Adl et al. 2019. Eunotia, Achnanthes, Bacillaria, Nitzschia, Pseudonitzschia, Cylindrotheca, Navicula, Seminavis, Haslea, Pleurosigma, Gyrosigma, Achnanthidium, Cocconeis, Frustulia, Diploneis, Sellaphora, Pinnularia, Gomphonema, Cymbella, Didymosphenia, Phaeodactylum, Amphora, Entomoneis, Epithemia, Surirella, etc.
            • Naviculales Bessey 1907
              • Stauroneidaceae D.G. Mann in Round, Crawford & Mann 1990. Craticula, Dorofeyukea, Fistulifera, Karayevia, Madinithidium, Parlibellus, Prestauroneis, Stauroneis, Schizostauron.
    • Dictyochophyceae Silva 1980 [Silicoflagellata Lemmermann, 1901]
      • Dictyochales Haeckel 1894 [Dictyochida Borgert, 1891; Dictyochaceae Lemmermann, 1901]. Dictyocha.
      • Florenciellales Eikrem, Edvardsen & Throndsen 2007. Florenciella, Verrucophora.
      • Pedinellales Zimmermann et al. 1984 [Ciliophryida Febre-Chevalier, 1985; Actinomonadaceae Kent, 1880]. Actinomonas, Apedinella, Ciliophrys, Mesopedinella, Palatinella, Pedinella, Pseudopedinella, Pteridomonas.
      • Rhizochromulinales O'Kelly & Wujek 1994 [Rhizochromulinaceae O'Kelly & Wujek, 1994]. Rhizochromulina.
    • Pelagophyceae Andersen & Saunders 1993
      • Pelagomonadales Andersen & Saunders 1993. Aureococcus, Pelagococcus, Pelagomonas.
      • Sarcinochrysidales Gayral & Billard 1977
        • Sarcinochrysidaceae Gayral & Billard 1977. Ankylochrisis, Arachnochrysis, Aureoscheda, Aureoumbra, Nematochrysopsis, Pelagospilus, Pulvinaria, Sarcinochrysis, Sargassococcus.
        • Chrysocystaceae M.Melkonian, H.S.Yoon & R.A.Andersen 2018. Chrysocystis, Chrysoreinhardia, Sungminbooa.
      • Plocamiomonadales Daugbjerg & Lovejoy 2024. Plocamiomonas.

Alveolata

Cladogram of Alveolata, based on a SSU rDNA phylogeny of basal alveolates and a 203-gene phylogeny of apicomplexans and their relatives published in 2023.

• Colponemida^(P) Cavalier-Smith 1993 emend. Adl et al. 2019 (=Protalveolata Cavalier-Smith 1991 emend. 2017. Genera not assigned to families: Neocolponema Gigeroff et al. 2023; Loeffela Gigeroff et al. 2023
  • Phylum Colponemidia Tikhonenkov et al. 2014 → class Colponemea Cavalier-Smith 1993 → order Colponemida Cavalier-Smith 1993 → family Colponemidae Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2004. Sole genus: Colponema Stein 1878.
  • Phylum Acavomonidia Tikhonenkov et al. 2014 → class Acavomonea Tikhonenkov et al. 2014 → order Acavomonida Tikhonenkov et al. 2014 → family Acavomonidae Tikhonenkov et al. 2014. Acavomonas Tikhonenkov et al. 2014.
  • Order Palustrimonadida Cavalier-Smith 2017 → family Palustrimonadidae Cavalier-Smith 2017. Sole genus: Palustrimonas Patterson & Simpson 1996.

Myzozoa

• Phylum Chromerida R.B.Moore et al. 2008 → class Colpodellophyceae Molinari & Guiry 2023 ("chrompodellids") → order Colpodellales^ICN/Colpodellida^ICZN Cavalier-Smith 1993 emend. Adl et al. 2005, 2019. Incertae sedis genus: Piridium Patten 1936.
  • Family Vitrellaceae Oborník & Lukeš 2011. Sole genus: Vitrella Oborník & Lukeš 2011.
  • Family Colpodellaceae Adl et al. 2019. Genera: Colpodella Cienkowsky 1865; Chilovora Cavalier-Smith 2004; Voromonas Cavalier-Smith 2004.
  • Family Chromeraceae Oborník & Lukeš 2012. Sole genus: Chromera R.B.Moore et al. 2008.
  • Family Alphamonadaceae^ICN/Alphamonadidae^ICZN Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2004. Sole genus: Alphamonas Aléxéieff 1918.
• Phylum Perkinsozoa Norén & Moestrup in Norén et al 1999 → class Perkinsea Levine 1978. Incertae sedis genera: Phagodinium Kristiansen 1993; Rastrimonas Brugerolle 2003; Acrocoelus Fernández, Pardos, Benito & Arroyo 1999.
  • Maranthos Alacid & Reñé 2021
  • Family Pararosariidae Jeon & Park 2021. Sole genus: Pararosarium Jeon & Park 2021.
  • Family Parviluciferaceae Reñé & Alacid 2017. Genera: Dinovorax Reñé & Alacid 2017; Parvilucifera Norén & Moestrup 1999; Snorkelia Reñé & Alacid 2017; Tuberlatum Jeon & Park 2019.
  • Family Perkinsidae Levine 1978. Sole genus: Perkinsus Levine 1978.
  • Family Xcellidae Freeman, Fuss, Kristmundsson, Keeling, Shalchian-Tabrizi & Bass 2017 em. Karlsbakk, Nystøyl, Plarre & Nylund 2021. Genera: Cryoxcellia Evans, Patel, Matzke & Millar 2023, Gadixcellia Freeman, Fuss, Kristmundsson, Keeling, Shalchian-Tabrizi & Bass 2017; Notoxcellia Desvignes et al. 2022; Salmoxcellia Karlsbakk, Nystøyl, Plarre & Nylund 2021; Xcellia Freeman, Fuss, Kristmundsson, Keeling, Shalchian-Tabrizi & Bass 2017.
• Phylum Dinoflagellata Bütschli 1885, emend. Fensome et al. 1993, emend. Adl et al. 2005. Incertae sedis genera: free-living (Adenoides, Akashiwo, Amphidiniella, Ankistrodinium, Apicoporus, Archaeosphaerodiniopsis, Bispinodinium, Bysmatrum, Cabra, Cladopyxis, Crypthecodinium, Cucumeridinium, Dactylodinium, Dicroerisma, Gloeodinium, Grammatodinium, Gynogonadinium, Gyrodiniellum, Halostylodinium, Heterodinium, Moestrupia, Paragymnodinium, Phytodinium, Plagiodinium, Planodinium, Pileidinium, Pseudadenoides, Pseudothecadinium, Pyramidodinium, Rhinodinium, Roscoffia, Sabulodinium, Sphaerodinium, Spiniferodinium, Testudodinium, Thecadinium, Thecadiniopsis, Togula) and parasitic Blastodiniales Chatton 1906 [no longer valid] (Amyloodinium, Apodinium, Cachonella, Caryotoma, Crepidoodinium, Haplozoon, Oodinium, Myxodinium, Piscinoodinium, Protoodinium, Rhinodinium, Schyzochitriodinium, Stylodinium).
  • Psammosa Okamoto, A. Horák & Keeling 2012
  • Family Oxyrrhinaceae Sournia 1984. Sole genus: Oxyrrhis Dujardin 1841.
  • Eleftheros Tikhonenkov, Hehenberger & Keeling 2023
  • Class Endodinea Cavalier-Smith 2017 → order Ichthyodinida Cavalier-Smith 2017 (environmental Marine Alveolate Group I)
    • Family Hobagellidae Yoo, Kim & Wayne Coats 2024. Sole genus: Hobagella Yoo, Kim & Wayne Coats 2024.
    • Family Euduboscquellidae Coats & Bachvaroff 2012. Euduboscquella D.W.Coats, T.R.Bachvaroff & C.F.Delwiche 2012; Dogelodinium Loeblich & A.R.Loeblich 1966 nom. cons.; Keppenodinium Loeblich & A.R.Loeblich 1966 nom. cons. (=Hollandella Cachon 1964).
    • Family Ichthyodiniidae Cavalier-Smith 2017. Sole genus: Ichthyodinium Hollande & Cachon 1952.
  • Class Ellobiopsea A.R.Loeblich 1976 → order Ellobiopsida Whisler 1990 → family Ellobiopsidae Coutière 1911. Genera: Ellobiopsis Caullery 1910; Thalassomyces Niezabitowski 1913; Parallobiopsis^? B.Collin 1913; Ellobiocystis^? Coutière 1911; Rhizellobiopsis^? Hovasse 1926.
  • Class Syndiniophyceae^ICN/Syndinea^ICZN A.R.Loeblich 1976 → order Syndiniales A.R.Loeblich 1976
    • Family Amoebophryaceae^ICN/Amoebophryidae^ICZN Cachon 1964 (environmental Marine Alveolate Group II). Sole genus: Amoebophrya Koeppen 1892.
    • Family Syndiniaceae^ICN/Syndinidae^ICZN Chatton 1910 (environmental Marine Alveolate Group IV). Hematodinium, Syndinium, Solenodinium.
    • Family Sphaeriparaceae A.R.Loeblich 1970. Genera: Atlanticellodinium J.Cachon & M.Cachon-Enjumet 1965; Sphaeripara Poche 1911 nom. cons.
  • Class Noctiluciphyceae Fensome et al. 1993→ order Noctilucales Haeckel 1894. Abedinium, Cachonodinium, Craspedotella, Cymbodinium, Kofoidinium, Leptodiscus, Noctiluca, Petalodinium, Pomatodinium, Scaphodinium, Spatulodinium.
  • Class Dinophyceae Pascher 1914
    • Subclass Gymnodiniphycidae Fensome et al. 1993
      • Gymnodiniales F. Stein 1878, emend. G. Hansen & Moestrup in Daugbjerg et al. 2000 sensu stricto. Barrufeta, Chytriodinium, Dissodinium, Erythropsidinium, Greuetodinium, Gymnodinium, Lepidodinium, Nematodinium, Nusuttodinium, Pellucidodinium, Polykrikos, Proterythropsis, Wangodinium, Warnowia.
      • Amphidinium Claparède & Lachmann 1859, emend. Flø Jørgensen et al. 2004 sensu stricto
      • Gyrodinium Kofoid & Swezy 1921, emend. G. Hansen & Moestrup in Daugbjerg et al. 2000 sensu stricto
      • Kareniaceae Bergholtz et al. 2005. Brachidinium, Karenia, Karlodinium, Takayama.
      • Ceratoperidiniaceae Loeblich III 1980, emend. Reñé & de Salas 2013. Ceratoperidinium, Kirithra.
      • Torodiniales Boutrup, Moestrup & Daugbjerg 2016. Kapelodinium, Torodinium.
      • Levanderina Moestrup et al. 2014
      • Margalefidinium F. Gómez, Richlen & D.M. Anderson 2017
      • Cochlodinium F. Schütt emend. F. Gómez, Richlen & D.M. Anderson 2017 sensu stricto
      • Ptychodiscales Fensome et al. 1993. Achradina, Amphilothus, Balechina, Ptychodiscus, Sclerodinium.
      • Borghiellaceae Moestrup, Lindberg, & Daugbjerg 2009. Baldinia, Borghiella.
      • Tovelliaceae Moestrup et al. 2005. Bernardinium, Esoptrodinium, Jadwigia, Tovellia.
      • Suessiaceae Fensome et al. 1993, emend. Moestrup et al. 2009. Ansanella, Asulcocephalium, Biecheleria, Biecheleriopsis, Leiocephalium, Pelagodinium, Polarella, Prosoaulax, Protodinium, Symbiodinium, Yihiella.
    • Subclass Peridiniphycidae Fensome et al. 1993
      • Gonyaulacales Taylor 1980. Alexandrium, Amylax, Ceratium, Ceratocorys, Coolia, Fukuyoa, Fragilidium, Gambierdiscus, Goniodoma, Gonyaulax, Lingulodinium, Ostreopsis, Pentaplacodinium, Peridiniella, Protoceratium, Pyrocystis, Pyrodinium, Pyrophacus, Tripos.
      • Peridiniales Haeckel 1894. Amphidiniopsis, Archaeperidinium, Blastodinium*, Diplopelta, Diplopsalis, Diplopsalopsis, Herdmania, Niea, Oblea, Palatinus, Parvodinium, Peridinium, Peridiniopsis, Preperidinium, Protoperidinium, Qia, Vulcanodinium.
      • Thoracosphaeraceae Schiller 1930. Aduncodinium, Amyloodinium, Apocalathium, Blastodinium, Chimonodinium, Cryptoperidiniopsis, Duboscquodinium, Ensiculifera, Laciniporus, Leonella, Luciella, Naiadinium, Paulsenella, Pentapharsodinium, Pfiesteria, Scrippsiella, Stoeckeria, Theleodinium, Thoracosphaera, Tintinnophagus, Tyrannodinium.
      • Podolampadaceae Lindemann 1928. Blepharocysta, Gaarderiella, Heterobractum, Lissodinium, Mysticella, Podolampas.
      • Kryptoperidiniaceae Lindemann 1925 ["dinotoms"]. Blixaea, Durinskia, Galeidinium, Kryptoperidinium, Unruhdinium, etc.
      • Heterocapsaceae Fensome et al. 1993. Heterocapsa.
      • Amphidomataceae Sournia 1984. Amphidoma, Azadinium.
      • Oxytoxaceae Lindemann 1928. Corythodinium, Oxytoxum.
      • Centrodiniaceae Hernández-Becerril 2010. Centrodinium.
    • Dinophysales Kofoid 1926. Amphisolenia, Citharistes, Dinofurcula, Dinophysis, Histioneis, Latifascia, Metadinophysis, Metaphalacroma, Ornithocercus, Oxyphysis, Parahistioneis, Phalacroma, Pseudophalacroma, Sinophysis, Triposolenia.
    • Prorocentrales Lemmermann 1910. Mesoporus, Prorocentrum.
• Class Squirmidea Cavalier-Smith 2014. Digyalum, Filipodium, Platyproteum.
• Phylum Apicomplexa Levine 1980, emend. Adl et al. 2005. Incertae sedis genera: Aggregata Frenzel 1885, Christalloidophora Dehorne 1934, Dobellia* Ikeda 1914, Echinococcidium* Porchet 1978, Globidiellum* Brumpt 1913, Joyeuxella* Brasil 1902, Rhabdospora* Laguesse 1906, Spermatobium* Eisen 1895, Spiriopsis* Arvy & Peters 1972, Spirogregarina* Wood & Herman 1943, Toxocystis* Léger & Duboscq 1910, Trophosphaera* Le Calvez 1939.
  • Order Agamococcidiorida^? Levine 1979 (=Histogregarida Cavalier-Smith 2014)
    • Family Gemmocystidae Upton & Peters 1986. Sole genus: Gemmocystis.
    • Family Rhytidocystidae Levine 1979. Sole genus: Rhytidocystis.
  • Order Protococcidiorida^? Kheisin 1956 (=Coelotrophiida Vivier 1982). Angeiocystis*, Coelotropha*, Grellia*, Eleutheroschizon*, Mackinnonia*, Myriosporides*, Myriospora*, Sawayella*.
  • Aconoidasida^(P) Mehlhorn, Peters & Haberkorn 1980 (=Hematozoa Vivier 1982)
    • Order Haemospororida Danielewsky 1885. Dionisia*, Haemocystidium, Haemoproteus, Hepatocystis, Leucocytozoon, Mesnilium*, Nycteria, Parahaemoproteus, Plasmodium, Polychromophilus, Rayella*, Saurocytozoon*.
    • Order Piroplasmida Wenyon 1926. Anthemosoma*, Babesia, Cytauxzoon, Echinozoon*, Haemohormidium*, Sauroplasma*, Serpentoplasma*, Theileria.
    • Order Nephromycida Cavalier-Smith 1993, emend. Adl et al. 2019. Nephromyces, Cardiosporidium.
  • Conoidasida^(P) Levine 1988
    • Order Corallicolida Kwong et al. 2021 → family Corallicolidae Kwong et al. 2021. Genera: Corallicola Kwong et al. 2021; Anthozoaphila Kwong et al. 2021; Gemmocystis Upton & Peters 1986.
    • Coccidia Leuckart 1879 (P)
      • Suborder Adeleorina Léger 1911. Adelea*, Adelina, Babesiosima*, Bartazoon*, Chagasella*, Cyrilia*, Dactylosoma, Desseria*, Ganapatiella*, Gibbsia*, Haemogregarina, Haemolivia, Hepatozoon, Ithania*, Karyolysus, Klossia, Klossiella*, Legerella*, Orcheobius*, Rasajeyna*.
      • Suborder Eimeriorina Léger 1911. Atoxoplasma, Barrouxia*, Besnoitia, Caryospora, Caryotropha, Choleoeimeria, Cyclospora, Cystoisospora, Defretinella*, Diaspora*, Dorisa*, Dorisiella*, Eimeria, Elleipsisoma*, Goussia, Hammondia, Hyaloklossia, Isospora, Lankesterella, Mantonella*, Merocystis, Neospora, Nephroisospora, Ovivora*, Pfeifferinella, Pseudoklossia, Sarcocystis, Schellackia, Selenococcidium*, Selysina*, Spirocystis*, Toxoplasma, Tyzzeria*, Wenyonella*.
    • Gregarinida Dufour 1828. Incertae sedis taxa: Digyalum Koura et al. 1990, Exoschizon Hukui 1939.
      • Archigregarinorida Grassé 1953 (P). Meroselenidium, Merogregarina, Selenidium, Selenocystis, Veloxidium.
      • Eugregarinorida Léger 1900 (P). Apolocystis*, Amoebogregarina, Ancora, Ascogregarina, Asterophora, Blabericola, Caliculium, Cephaloidophora, Colepismatophila, Cystobia*, Cystocephalus*, Difficilina, Diplauxis*, Enterocystis, Ganymedes, Geneiorhynchus, Gonospora, Gregarina, Heliospora, Hentschelia*, Hirmocystis*, Hoplorhynchus, Lankesteria, Lecudina, Leidyana, Lithocystis, Monocystella*, Monocystis, Nematopsis, Nematocystis*, Neoasterophora*, Paralecudina, Paraschneideria, Phyllochaetopterus, Pileocephalus*, Polyplicarium, Polyrhabdina, Porospora*, Prismatospora, Protomagalhaensia, Psychodiella, Pterospora, Pyxinia, Pyxinioides, Rhabdocystis*, Sphaerorhynchus*, Steinina, Stenophora, Stylocephalus, Sycia*, Syncystis, Thalicola*, Thiriotia, Trichotokara, Uradiophora*, Urospora, Xiphocephalus, Zygosoma*, and more.
      • Neogregarinorida Grassé 1953. Apicystis, Aranciocystis, Caulleryella*, Coelogregarina*, Farinocystis*, Gigaductus*, Lipocystis*, Lipotropha*, Lymphotropha*, Machadoella*, Mattesia, Menzbieria, Ophryocystis, Schizocystis*, Syncystis, Tipulocystis*.
      • Cryptogregarinorida Cavalier-Smith 2014, emend. Adl et al. 2019. Cryptosporidium.
    • Class Blastogregarinea Chatton and Villeneuve 1936, emend. Simdyanov et al. 2018. Chattonaria, Siedleckia.

Ciliophora

• Postciliodesmatophora Gerassimova & Seravin 1976
  • Karyorelictea Corliss 1974
    • Kentrophoridae Jankowski 1980. Kentrophoros.
    • Loxodida Jankowski 1980
      • Cryptopharyngidae Jankowski 1980. Cryptopharynx.
      • Loxodidae Bütschli 1889. Loxodes.
    • Geleiidae Kahl 1933. Geleia.
  • Heterotrichea Stein 1859
    • Blepharismidae Jankowski in Small & Lynn 1985. Blepharisma
    • Climacostomidae Repak 1972. Climacostomum.
    • Condylostomatidae Kahl in Doflein & Reichenow 1929. Chattonidium, Condylostoma.
    • Fabreidae Shazib et al. 2014. Fabrea.
    • Gruberiidae Shazib et al. 2014. Gruberia.
    • Coliphorina Jankowski 1967
      • Folliculinidae Dons 1914. Folliculina.
      • Maristentoridae Miao et al. 2005. Maristentor.
    • Peritromidae Stein 1867. Peritromus.
    • Spirostomidae Stein 1867. Anigsteinia, Spirostomum.
    • Stentoridae Carus 1863. Stentor.
• Intramacronucleata Lynn 1996. Incertae sedis taxa: Protocruziidae Jankowski 1980 [Protocruziidia de Puytorac et al. 1987] (Protocruzia Faria da Cunha & Pinto 1922).
  • SAL Gentekaki et al. 2014. Incertae sedis taxa: Cariacotrichea Orsi et al. 2011 (Cariacothrix caudata), Mesodiniidae ankowski, 1980 (Mesodinium), Phacodiniidia Small and Lynn 1985 (Phacodinium).
    • Spirotrichea Bütschli 1889
      • Euplotia Jankowski 1979
        • Euplotida Small & Lynn 1985
          • Aspidiscidae Ehrenberg 1830. Aspidisca.
          • Certesiidae Borror & Hill 1995. Certesia.
          • Euplotidae Ehrenberg 1838. Euplotes.
          • Gastrocirrhidae Fauré-Fremiet 1961. Gastrocirrhus.
          • Uronychidae Jankowski 1975. Diophrys, Uronychia.
        • Discocephalida
          • Discocephalidae Jankowski 1979. Discocephalus, Prodiscocephalus, Paradiscocephalus.
          • Pseudoamphisiellidae Song et al. 1997. Leptoamphisiella, Pseudoamphisiella.
      • Perilemmaphora Berger 2008
        • Hypotrichia Stein 1859
          • Stichotrichida Fauré-Fremiet 1961 (P)
            • Amphisiellidae Jankowski 1979. Amphisiella, Bistichella.
            • Atractosidae Bourland 2015. Atractos.
            • Epiclintidae Wicklow & Borror 1990. Epiclintes.
            • Gonostomatidae Small & Lynn 1985. Cotterillia, Gonostomum.
            • Halteriidae Claparède & Lachmann 1858. Halteria, Meseres.
            • Holostichidae Fauré-Fremiet 1961. Holosticha, Uncinata.
            • Kahliellidae Tuffrau 1979. Deviata, Kahliella.
            • Keronidae Dujardin 1840. Kerona.
            • Oxytrichidae Ehrenberg 1830 (P). Cyrtohymena, Gastrostyla, Oxytricha, Stylonychia.
            • Parabirojimidae Dai & Xu 2011. Parabirojimia, Tunicothrix.
            • Plagiotomidae Bütschli 1887. Plagiotoma.
            • Psammomitridae Jankowski 1979. Psammomitra.
            • Pseudoamphisiellidae Song et al. 1996. Pseudoamphisiella.
            • Psilotrichidae Bütschli 1889. Psilotricha, Urospinula.
            • Schmidingerotrichidae Foissner 2012. Schmidingerothrix.
            • Spirofilidae von Gelei 1929. Spirofilopsis, Strongylidium.
            • Trachelostylidae Small & Lynn 1985. Trachelostyla.
            • Uroleptidae Foissner & Stoeck 2008. Paruroleptus, Uroleptus.
          • Urostylida Jankowski 1979 (P)
            • Bergeriellidae Liu et al. 2010. Bergeriella, Neourostylopsis.
            • Hemicycliostylidae Lyu et al. 2018. Australothrix, Hemicycliostyla.
            • Pseudokeronopsidae Borror & Wicklow, 1983. Apoholosticha, Pseudokeronopsis.
            • Pseudourostylidae Jankowski 1979. Pseudourostyla.
            • Urostylidae Bütschli 1889. Bakuella, Diaxonella, Urostyla.
        • Oligotrichea Bütschli 1887
          • Oligotrichida Bütschli 1887
            • Cyrtostrombidiidae Agatha 2004. Cyrtostrombidium.
            • Pelagostrombidiidae Agatha 2004. Pelagostrombidium.
            • Strombidiidae Fauré-Fremiet 1970. Strombidium (P).
            • Tontoniidae Agatha 2004. Laboea, Tontonia.
          • Choreotrichida Small & Lynn 1985. Incertae sedis taxa: Lynnella Liu et al. 2011 [Lynnellidae Liu et al. 2011; Lynnellida Liu et al. 2015]
            • Strobilidiina Jankowski 1980 (P)
              • Leegaardiellidae Lynn & Montagnes 1988. Leegaardiella.
              • Lohmanniellidae Montagnes & Lynn 1991. Lohmanniella.
              • Strobilidiidae Kahl in Doflein & Reichenow 1929. Strobilidium.
              • Strombidinopsidae Small & Lynn 1985. Strombidinopsis (P).
            • Tintinnina Kofoid & Campbell 1929. Incertae sedis taxa: Helicostomella, Tintinnopsis (P), several other genera.
              • Ascampbelliellidae Corliss 1960. Ascampbelliella
              • Cyttarocylididae Kofoid & Campbell 1929 [probably synonymous with Petalotrichidae]. Cyttarocylis.
              • Dictyocystidae Haeckel 1873. Dictyocysta.
              • Epiplocylididae Kofoid & Campbell 1939. Epiplocylis.
              • Eutintinnidae Bachy et al. 2012. Dartintinnus, Eutintinnus.
              • Favellidae Kofoid & Campbell 1929. Favella.
              • Nolaclusiliidae Sniezek et al. 1991. Nolaclusilis.
              • Petalotrichidae Kofoid & Campbell 1929 [probably synonymous with Cyttarocylididae]. Petalotricha.
              • Ptychocylididae Kofoid & Campbell 1929. Cymatocylis, Ptychocylis.
              • Rhabdonellidae Kofoid & Campbell 1929. Metacylis, Rhabdonella, Schmidingerella.
              • Stenosemellidae Campbell 1954 (P). Stenosemella.
              • Tintinnidae Claparède & Lachmann 1858. Amphorellopsis, Salpingacantha, Salpingella, Tintinnus.
              • Tintinnidiidae Kofoid & Campbell 1929. Tintinnidium.
              • Undellidae Kofoid & Campbell 1929. Undella.
              • Xystonellidae Kofoid & Campbell 1929. Dadayiella, Parafavella, Xystonella.
      • Licnophoridae Bütschli 1887. Licnophora, Prolicnophora.
      • Kiitrichidae Nozawa 1941. Caryotricha, Kiitricha.
    • Lamellicorticata Vd'ačný et al. 2010
      • Armophorea Lynn 2004. Incertae sedis taxa: Mylestomatidae Kahl in Doflein & Reichenow, 1929 (Mylestoma).
        • Metopida Jankowski 1980 (P)
          • Metopidae Kahl 1927 (P). Bothrostoma, Brachonella, Eometopus, Metopus, Parametopidium, Tesnospira.
          • Apometopidae Foissner 2016. Cirranter, Urostomides.
          • Tropidoatractidae Rotterová et al. 2018. Palmarella, Tropidoatractus.
        • Clevelandellida de Puytorac & Grain 1976
          • Clevelandellidae Kidder 1938. Clevelandella.
          • Inferostomatidae Ky 1971. Inferostoma.
          • Neonyctotheridae Affa'a 1987. Neonyctotherus.
          • Nyctotheridae Amaro 1972 (P). Nyctotherus.
          • Sicuophoridae Amaro 1972. Sicuophora.
        • Caenomorphidae Poche 1913. Caenomorpha, Ludio, Sulfonecta.
        • Odontostomatida Sawaya 1940
          • Discomorphellidae Corliss 1960. Discomorphella.
          • Epalxellidae Corliss 1960. Epalxella, Saprodinium.
      • Litostomatea Small & Lynn 1981
        • Rhynchostomatia Jankowski 1980
          • Dileptida Jankowski 1978
            • Dileptidae Jankowski 1980. Apodileptus, Dileptus, Pseudomonilicaryon.
            • Dimacrocaryonidae Jankowski 1978. Dimacrocaryon, Monomacrocaryon, Rimaleptus.
            • Tracheliidae Ehrenberg 1838. Trachelius.
        • Haptoria Corliss 1974 (P). Incertae sedis taxa: Chaenea.
          • Lacrymariidae de Fromentel 1876. Lacrymaria.
          • Haptorida Corliss 1974
            • Enchelyodonidae Foissner et al. 2002. Enchelyodon, Fuscheria.
            • Homalozoonidae Jankowski 1980. Homalozoon.
            • Pleuroplitidae Foissner 1996. Pleuroplites.
          • Didiniidae Poche 1913. Didinium, Monodinium.
          • Pleurostomatida Schewiakoff 1896
            • Amphileptidae Bütschli 1889. Amphileptus.
            • Litonotidae Kent 1882. Litonotus.
            • Kentrophyllidae Wu et al. 2015. Epiphyllum, Kentrophyllum.
          • Spathidiida Foissner & Foissner 1988
            • Acropisthiidae Foissner & Foissner 1988. Acropisthium, Chaenea.
            • Actinobolinidae Kahl 1930. Actinobolina.
            • Apertospathulidae Foissner et al. 2005. Apertospathula.
            • Enchelyidae Ehrenberg 1838. Enchelys.
            • Pseudoholophryidae Berger et al. 1984. Pseudoholophrya.
            • Spathidiidae Kahl in Doflein & Reichenow 1929. Legendrea, Spathidium.
            • Trachelophyllidae Kent 1882. Trachelophyllum.
          • Helicoprorodontidae Small & Lynn 1985
        • Trichostomatia Bütschli 1889
          • Vestibuliferida de Puytorac et al. 1974
            • Balantidiidae Reichenow in Doflein and Reichenow 1929. Balantidium, Neobalantidium (P).
            • Buetschliidae Poche 1913. Buetschlia.
            • Paraisotrichidae da Cunha 1917. Paraisotrichia.
            • Protocaviellidae Grain in Corliss 1979. Protocaviella.
            • Protohalliidae da Cunha & Muniz 1927. Protohallia.
            • Pycnotrichidae Poche 1913. Pycnothrix, perhaps Buxtonella.
        • Isoendo
          • Isotrichidae Bütschli 1889. Dasytricha, Isotricha.
          • Entodiniomorphida Reichenow in Doflein & Reichenow 1929
            • Blepharocorythina Wolska 1971
              • Blepharocorythidae Hsiung 1929. Blepharocorys.
              • Parentodiniidae Ito, Miyazaki & Imai 2002. Parentodinium.
              • Pseudoentodiniidae Wolska 1986. Pseudoentodinium.
            • Entodiniomorphina Reichenow in Doflein & Reichenow 1929
              • Cycloposthiidae Poche 1913. Cycloposthium.
              • Gilchristinidae Ito, Ishihara & Imai 2014 [Gilchristidae Ito et al. 2006]. Digilchristia, Gilchristina.
              • Ophryoscolecidae Stein 1859. Entodinium, Ophryoscolex, Polyplastron.
              • Polydiniellidae Corliss 1960. Polydiniella.
              • Rhinozetidae Van Hoven, Gilchrist & Hamilton-Attwell 1988. Rhinozeta.
              • Spirodiniidae Strelkow 1939. Spirodinium.
              • Telamodiniidae Latteur & Dufey 1967. Telamodinium.
              • Troglodytellidae Corliss 1979. Troglodytella,.
          • Macropodiniida Lynn 2008
            • Amylovoracidae Cameron & O'Donoghue 2002. Amylovorax.
            • Macropodiniidae Dehority 1996. Macropodinium.
            • Polycostidae Cameron & O'Donoghue 2003. Polycosta.
  • CONTHREEP Lynn in Adl et al. 2012 [Ventrata Cavalier-Smith 2004]. Incertae sedis taxa: Askenasia Blochmann 1895, Cyclotrichiidae Jankowski 1980 (Cyclotrichium), Paraspathidium Noland 1937, Pseudotrachelocercidae Song 1990 (Pseudotrachelocerca), Discotrichidae Jankowski 1967 [Discotrichida Fan et al. 2014] (Discotricha, Lopezoterenia).
    • Phyllopharyngea de Puytorac et al. 1974
      • Synhymeniida de Puytorac et al. in Deroux 1978
        • Nassulopsidae Deroux in Corliss 1979. Nassulopsis.
        • Orthodonellidae Jankowski 1968. Orthodonella, Zosterodasys.
        • Scaphidiodontidae Deroux in Corliss 1979. Chilodontopsis, Scaphidiodon.
        • Synhymeniidae Jankowski in Small & Lynn 1985. Synhymenia.
      • Subkinetalia Gong et al. 2009
        • Cyrtophoria Fauré-Fremiet in Corliss 1956
          • Chlamydodontida Deroux 1976 (P)
            • Chilodonellidae Deroux 1970. Chilodonella.
            • Chitonellidae Small & Lynn 1985. Chitonella.
            • Chlamydodontidae Stein 1859. Chlamydodon.
            • Gastronautidae Deroux 1994. Gastronauta.
            • Kryoprorodontidae Alekperov & Mamajeva 1992. Gymnozoum.
            • Lynchellidae Jankowski 1968. Chlamydonella, Lynchella.
          • Dysteriida Deroux 1976
            • Dysteriidae Claparède & Lachmann 1858. Dysteria (P), Trochilia.
            • Hartmannulidae Poche 1913 (P). Hartmannula.
            • Kyaroikeidae Sniezek & Coats 1996. Kyaroikeus.
            • Plesiotrichopidae Deroux 1976. Plesiotrichopus.
            • Chonotrichia Wallengren 1895
              • Exogemmida Jankowski 1972
                • Chilodochonidae Wallengren 1895. Chilodochona.
                • Filichonidae Jankowski 1973. Filichona.
                • Helichonidae Jankowski 1972. Heliochona.
                • Lobochonidae Jankowski 1967. Lobochona.
                • Phyllochonidae Jankowski 1972. Phyllochona.
                • Spirochonidae Stein 1854. Spirochona.
              • Cryptogemmida Jankowski 1975
                • Actinichonidae Jankowski 1973. Actinichona.
                • Echinichonidae Jankowski 1973. Echinichona.
                • Inversochonidae Jankowski 1973. Inversochona.
                • Isochonidae Jankowski 1973. Isochona.
                • Isochonopsidae Batisse & Crumeyrolle 1988. Isochonopsis.
                • Stylochonidae Mohr 1948. Stylochona.
        • Rhynchodia Chatton & Lwoff 1939
          • Hypocomidae Bütschli 1889. Hypocoma.
          • Rhynchodida Chatton & Lwoff 1939
            • Ancistrocomidae Chatton & Lwoff 1939. Ancistrocoma.
            • Sphenophryidae Chatton & Lwoff 1921. Sphenophrya.
        • Suctoria Claparède & Lachmann 1858
          • Exogenida Collin 1912
            • Allantosomatidae Jankowski 1967. Allantosoma.
            • Dentacinetidae Batisse 1992. Dentacineta.
            • Dendrosomididae Jankowski 1978. Dendrosomides.
            • Ephelotidae Kent 1882. Ephelota.
            • Lecanophryidae Jankowski 1973. Lecanophrya.
            • Manuelophryidae Dovgal 2002. Manuelophrya.
            • Metacinetidae Bütschli 1889. Metacineta.
            • Ophryodendridae Stein 1867. Ophryodendron.
            • Paracinetidae Jankowski 1978. Paracineta.
            • Phalacrocleptidae Kozloff 1966. Phalacrocleptes.
            • Podophryidae Haeckel 1866. Podophrya.
            • Praethecacinetidae Dovgal 1996. Praethecacineta.
            • Rhabdophryidae Jankowski 1970. Rhabdophrya.
            • Severonidae Jankowski 1981. Severonis.
            • Spelaeophryidae Jankowski in Batisse 1975. Spelaeophrya.
            • Tachyblastonidae Grell 1950. Tachyblaston.
            • Thecacinetidae Matthes 1956. Thecacineta.
          • Endogenida Collin 1912
            • Acinetidae Stein 1859. Acineta.
            • Acinetopsidae Jankowski 1978. Acinetopsis.
            • Choanophryidae Dovgal 2002. Choanophrya.
            • Corynophryidae Jankowski 1981. Corynophrya.
            • Dactylostomatidae Jankowski 1978. Dactylostoma.
            • Dendrosomatidae Fraipont 1878. Dendrosoma.
            • Endosphaeridae Jankowski in Corliss 1979. Endosphaera.
            • Erastophryidae Jankowski 1978. Erastophrya.
            • Pseudogemmidae Jankowski 1978. Pseudogemma.
            • Rhynchetidae Jankowski 1978. Rhyncheta.
            • Solenophryidae Jankowski 1981. Solenophrya.
            • Tokophryidae Jankowski in Small & Lynn 1985. Tokophrya.
            • Trichophryidae Fraipont 1878. Trichophrya.
          • Evaginogenida Jankowski in Corliss 1979
            • Cometodendridae Jankowski 1978. Cometodendron.
            • Cyathodiniidae da Cuhna 1914. Cyathodinium.
            • Dendrocometidae Haeckel 1866. Dendrocometes.
            • Discophryidae Collin 1912. Discophrya.
            • Enchelyomorphidae Augustin & Foissner 1992. Enchelyomorpha.
            • Heliophryidae Corliss 1979. Heliophrya.
            • Periacinetidae Jankowski 1978. Periacineta.
            • Prodiscophryidae Jankowski 1978. Prodiscophrya.
            • Rhynchophryidae Jankowski 1978. Rhynchophrya.
            • Stylocometidae Jankowski 1978. Stylocometes.
            • Trypanococcidae Dovgal 2002. Trypanococcus.
    • Colpodea Small & Lynn 1981
      • Bursariomorphida Fernández-Galiano 1978
        • Bryometopidae Jankowski 1980. Bryometopus (P), Thylakidium.
        • Bursaridiidae Foissner 1993. Bursaridium, Paracondylostoma.
        • Bursariidae Bory de St. Vincent 1826. Bursaria.
      • Colpodida de Puytorac et al. 1974. Incertae sedis taxa: Bardeliellidae Foissner 1984 (Bardeliella), Hausmanniellidae Foissner 1987 (Avestina, Hausmanniella), Ilsiellidae Bourland et al. 2011 (Ilsiella), Pseudochlamydonellidae Buitkamp et al. 1989 (Hackenbergia, Pseudochlamydonella) and Marynidae Poche 1913 (Maryna).
        • Bryophryina de Puytorac et al. 1979
          • Bryophryidae de Puytorac et al. 1979. Bryophrya.
          • Sandmanniellidae Foissner & Stoeck 2009. Sandmanniella.
        • Colpodina Foissner et al. 2011
          • Colpodidae Bory de St. Vincent 1826 (P). Colpoda.
          • Grandoriidae Corliss 1960. Grandoria.
          • Tillinidae Foissner et al. 2011. Tillina.
        • Grossglockneriidae Foissner 1980 [Grossglockneriina Foissner 1980]. Grossglockneria, Pseudoplatyophrya.
      • Cyrtolophosidida Foissner 1978
        • Cyrtolophosididae Stokes 1888. Cyrtolophosis.
        • Kreyellidae Foissner 1979. Kreyella.
      • Platyophryida de Puytorac et al. 1979
        • Ottowphryidae Foissner et al. 2011. Ottowphrya, Platyophryides.
        • Platyophryidae de Puytorac et al. 1979 (P). Platyophrya.
        • Sagittariidae Grandori & Grandori 1935. Sagittaria.
        • Sorogenidae Bradbury & Olive 1980. Sorogena.
        • Woodruffiidae Gelei 1954. Etoschophrya, Rostrophrya, Woodruffia.
    • Nassophorea (P)
      • Colpodidiidae Foissner 1995. Colpodidium.
      • Nassulida Jankowski 1967
        • Furgasoniidae Corliss 1979. Furgasonia, Wolfkosia.
        • Nassulidae de Fromentel 1874. Nassula, Obertrumia.
      • Microthoracida Jankowski 1967
        • Microthoracidae Wrzesniowski 1870. Drepanomonas, Microthorax.
        • Leptopharyngidae Kahl 1926. Leptopharynx, Pseudomicrothorax.
    • Prostomatea Schewiakoff 1896 (P)
      • Apsiktratidae Foissner et al. 1994 [Prostomatida Schewiakoff 1896]
        • Balanionidae Small & Lynn 1985. Balanion.
        • Cryptocaryonidae Wright & Colorni 2002. Cryptocaryon.
        • Colepidae Ehrenberg 1838. Coleps, Plagiopogon.
        • Holophryidae Perty 1852. Holophrya.
        • Lagynidae Sola et al. 1990. Lagynus.
        • Metacystidae Kahl 1926. Metacystis, Vasicola.
        • Placidae Small & Lynn 1985. Placus.
        • Plagiocampidae Kahl 1926. Plagiocampa.
        • Prorodontidae Kent 1881. Prorodon.
        • Urotrichidae Small & Lynn 1985. Urotricha.
    • Plagiopylea Small & Lynn 1985
      • Plagiopylida Small & Lynn 1985
        • Epalxellidae Corliss 1960. Epalxella, Saprodinium.
        • Plagiopylidae Schewiakoff 1896. Plagiopyla.
        • Sonderiidae Small & Lynn 1985. Sonderia.
        • Trimyemidae Kahl 1933. Trimyema.
    • Oligohymenophorea de Puytorac et al. 1974
      • Apostomatia Chatton & Lwoff 1928
        • Apostomatida Chatton & Lwoff 1928
          • Colliniidae Cépède 1910. Collinia, Metacollinia.
          • Cyrtocaryidae Corliss 1979. Cyrtocaryum.
          • Foettingeriidae Chatton 1911. Foettingeria.
          • Pseudocolliniidae Chantangsi et al. 2013. Fusiforma, Pseudocollinia.
        • Astomatophorida Jankowski 1966
          • Opalinopsidae Hartog 1906. Opalinopsis.
        • Pilisuctorida Jankowski 1966
          • Conidophryidae Kirby 1941. Conidophrys.
      • Astomatia Schewiakoff 1896
        • Anoplophryidae Cépède 1910. Anoplophrya.
        • Buetschliellidae de Puytorac in Corliss 1979. Buetschliella.
        • Clausilocolidae de Puytorac in Corliss 1979. Clausilocola.
        • Contophryidae de Puytorac 1972. Contophyra.
        • Haptophryidae Cépède 1923. Haptophrya.
        • Hoplitophryidae Cheissin 1930. Hoplitophrya.
        • Intoshellinidae Cépède 1910. Intoshellina.
        • Maupasellidae Cépède 1910. Maupasella.
        • Radiophryidae de Puytorac 1972. Radiophrya.
      • Hymenostomatia Delage & Hérouard 1896
        • Tetrahymenida Fauré-Fremiet in Corliss 1956. Incertae sedis taxa: Trichospiridae Kahl 1926 (Trichospira).
          • Curimostomatidae Jankowski 1968. Curimostoma.
          • Glaucomidae Corliss 1971. Glaucoma.
          • Spirozonidae Kahl 1926. Spirozona.
          • Tetrahymenidae Corliss 1952. Tetrahymena.
          • Turaniellidae Didier 1971. Colpidium, Dexiostoma, Turaniella.
        • Ophryoglenida Canella 1964
          • Ichthyophthiriidae Kent 1881. Ichthyophthirius.
          • Ophryoglenidae Kent 1881. Ophryoglena.
      • Peniculia Fauré-Fremiet in Corliss 1956 (P)
        • Peniculida Fauré-Fremiet in Corliss 1956
          • Clathrostomatidae Kahl 1926. Clathrostoma.
          • Frontoniidae Kahl 1926. Disematostoma, Frontonia (P).
          • Lembadionidae Jankowski in Corliss 1979. Lembadion.
          • Maritujidae Jankowski in Small & Lynn 1985. Marituja.
          • Neobursaridiidae Dragesco & Tuffrau 1967. Neobursaridium.
          • Parameciidae Dujardin 1840. Paramecium.
          • Paranassulidae Fauré-Fremiet 1962. Paranassula.
          • Stokesiidae Roque 1961. Stokesia.
          • Urocentridae Claparède & Lachmann 1858 [Urocentrida de Puytorac, Grain & Mignot 1987]
      • Peritrichia Stein 1859
        • Sessilida Kahl 1933
          • Astylozoidae Kahl 1935. Astylozoon, Hastatella.
          • Ellobiophryidae Chatton and Lwoff 1929. Ellobiophrya.
          • Epistylididae Kahl 1933. Epistylis.
          • Lagenophryidae Bütschli 1889. Lagenophrys.
          • Operculariidae Fauré-Fremiet in Corliss 1979. Opercularia.
          • Rovinjellidae Matthes 1972. Rovinjella.
          • Scyphidiidae Kahl 1933 (P). Scyphidia.
          • Termitophryidae Lom in Corliss 1979. Termitophrya.
          • Usconophryidae Clamp 1991. Usconophrys.
          • Vaginicolidae de Fromentel 1874. Cothurnia, Pyxicola, Thuricola, Vaginicola.
          • Vorticellidae Ehrenberg 1838. Carchesium, Epicarchesium (P), Ophrydium, Pelagovorticella, Pseudovorticella (P), Vorticella (P).
          • Zoothamniidae Sommer 1951. Haplocaulus, Zoothamnium.
        • Mobilida Kahl 1933
          • Polycyclidae Poljansky 1951. Polycycla.
          • Trichodinidae Claus 1874. Trichodina.
          • Trichodinopsidae Kent 1881. Trichodinopsis.
          • Urceolariidae Dujardin 1840. Leiotrocha, Urceolaria.
      • Scuticociliatia Small 1967 (P)
        • Philasterida Small 1967
          • Cohnilembidae Kahl 1933. Cohnilembus.
          • Cryptochilidae Berger in Corliss 1979. Cryptochilum.
          • Entodiscidae Jankowski 1973. Entodiscus.
          • Entorhipidiidae Madsen 1931. Entorhipidium.
          • Orchitophryidae Cépède 1910 (P). Orchitophrya.
          • Paralembidae Corliss & de Puytorac in Small & Lynn 1985. Anophrys, Paralembus.
          • Parauronematidae Small & Lynn 1985 (P). Parauronema (P).
          • Philasteridae Kahl 1931. Kahlilembus, Philaster.
          • Pseudocohnilembidae Evans & Thompson 1964. Pseudocohnilembus.
          • Schizocaryidae Jankowski 1979. Schizocaryum.
          • Thigmophryidae Chatton & Lwoff 1926. Thigmophrya.
          • Thyrophylacidae Berger in Corliss 1961. Thyrophylax.
          • Uronematidae Thompson 1964. Uronema.
          • Urozonidae Grolière 1975. Urozona.
        • Pleuronematida Fauré-Fremiet in Corliss 1956
          • Calyptotrichidae Small & Lynn 1985. Calyptotricha.
          • Conchophthiridae Kahl in Doflein and Reichenow 1929. Conchophthirus.
          • Ctedoctematidae Small & Lynn 1985. Ctedoctema.
          • Cyclidiidae Ehrenberg 1838 (P). Cristigera, Cyclidium.
          • Dragescoidae Jankowski 1980. Dragescoa.
          • Eurystomatellidae Miao et al. 2010. Eurystomatella.
          • Histiobalantiidae de Puytorac & Corliss in Corliss 1979. Histiobalantium.
          • Peniculistomatidae Fenchel 1965. Peniculistoma.
          • Pleuronematidae Kent 1881 (P). Pleuronema.
          • Thigmocomidae Kazubski 1958. Thigmocoma.
        • Thigmotrichida Chatton & Lwoff 1922
          • Ancistridae Issel 1903. Ancistrum.
          • Hemispeiridae König 1894. Hemispeira.
          • Hysterocinetidae Diesing 1866. Hysterocineta.
          • Paraptychostomidae Ngassam et al. 1994. Paraptychostomum.
        • Loxocephalida Jankowski 1964 (P)
          • Cinetochilidae Perty 1852 (P). Cinetochilum, Sathrophilus.
          • Loxocephalidae Jankowski 1964. Cardiostomatella, Dexiotricha, Loxocephalus.

Rhizaria

• Incertae sedis taxa: Gymnosphaerida Poche 1913, emend. Mikrjukov 2000. Actinocoryne, Cienkowskya, Gymnosphaera, Hedraiophrys [possible synonym of Cienkowskya], Wagnerella.

Cercozoa

• Incertae sedis taxa:
  • Aquavolonida Bass & Berney 2018. Aquavolon, Lapot.
  • Tremulida Howe et al. 2011. Tremula.
  • Genera of uncertain placement: Dictiomyxa, Katabia, Myxodictyium, Pontomyxa, Protomyxa, Protogenes, Pseudospora, Rhizoplasma
  • Discocelia Cavalier-Smith 2013 [Discocelis Vørs 1988]
  • Psammonobiotidae* Golemansky 1974, emend. Meisterfeld 2002. Alepiella, Chardezia, Edaphonobiotus, Feuerbornia, Frenzelina, Lesquerella, Micramphora, Micropsammella, Nadinella, Ogdeniella, Psammonobiotus, Propsammonobiotus, Rhumbleriella.
• Sarcomonadea Cavalier-Smith 1993 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2018 (P)
  • Order Cercomonadida Poche 1913, emend. Vickerman 1983, emend. Mylnikov 1986, emend. Karpov et al. 2006; emend Howe et al. 2009; emend Cavalier-Smith 2012, family Cercomonadidae Kent 1880, emend. Mylnikov and Karpov 2004 (=Cercobodonidae Hollande 1942), genera Cercomonas, Eoercomonas, Filomonas, Neocercomonas, Cavernomonas.
  • Paracercomonadida Cavalier-Smith 2018 [Paracercomonadidae Cavalier-Smith & Karpov 2012]. Brevimastigomonas, Metabolomonas, Nucleocercomonas, Paracercomonas, Phytocercomonas.
  • Glissomonadida Howe & Cavalier-Smith 2009 [Heteromitidae Kent 1880, emend. Mylnikov 1990, emend. Mylnikov & Karpov 2004]
    • Saccharomycomorphidae Feng, He, Jiang, Zhang & Yu 2021. Saccharomycomorpha.
    • Sandonidae Howe et al. 2009. Sandona, Flectomonas, Neoheteromita, Mollimonas.
    • Dujardinidae Howe & Cavalier-Smith 2011. Dujardina.
    • Bodomorphidae Hollande 1952, emend. Cavalier-Smith in Howe et al. 2009. Bodomorpha.
    • Proleptomonadidae Howe et al. 2009. Proleptomonas.
    • Allapsidae Howe & Cavalier-Smith 2009. Allapsa, Teretomonas, Allantion.
    • Viridiraptoridae Hess & Melkonian 2013. Orciraptor, Viridiraptor.
    • Pansomonadidae Vickerman in Vickerman et al. 2005. Agitata, Aurigamonas.
• Sainouroidea Schuler et al. 2018 [Helkesida Cavalier-Smith 2018]
  • Sainouridae Cavalier-Smith 2008. Acantholus, Cholamonas, Homocognata, Sainouron.
  • Helkesimastigidae Cavalier-Smith 2008. Helkesimastix.
  • Guttulinopsidae Olive 1970. Guttulinopsis, Olivorum, Puppisaman, Rosculus.
• Thecofilosea Cavalier-Smith 2003, emend. Cavalier-Smith 2011. Incertae sedis taxa: Mataza.
  • Phaeodarea Haeckel 1879 [Tripylea Hertwig 1879]
    • Phaeoconchia Haeckel 1879. Coelodendrum, Coelographis, Conchellium, Conchopsis.
    • Phaeocystina Haeckel 1879. Aulacantha, Aulographis, Cannoraphis.
    • Phaeogromia Haeckel 1879. Castanella, Challengeron, Haeckeliana, Medusetta, Tuscarora.
    • Phaeosphaeria Haeckel 1879. Aulosphaera, Cannosphaera, Sagosphaera.
  • Cryomonadida Cavalier-Smith 1993
    • Rhogostomidae Dumack et al. 2017. Rhogostoma, Sacciforma, Capsellina.
    • Protaspidae Cavalier-Smith 1993 [Cryomonadidae Cavalier-Smith 1993]. Cryothecomonas, Protaspa.
  • Ventricleftida Cavalier-Smith 2011
    • Ventrifissuridae Cavalier-Smith 2018. Ventrifissura.
    • Verrucomonadidae Cavalier-Smith 2018. Verrucomonas.
  • Tectofilosida Cavalier-Smith 2003
    • Chlamydophryidae De Saedeleer, 1934. Chlamydophrys Cienkowski 1876, Diaphoropodon Archer 1869, Lecythium Hertwig & Lesser 1874, Katarium Solbach 2024, Trachyrhizium Shiratori & Ishida 2016.
    • Psammonobiotidae Golemansky, 1974. Micropsamella.
    • ?Volutellidae Sudzuki, 1979. Pseudovolutella, Volutella.
    • Fiscullina Cavalier-Smith 2018
      • Fiscullidae Dumack, Mausbach and Bonkowski in Dumack et al. 2017. Fisculla, Omnivora.
      • Pseudodifflugiidae De Saedeleer 1934. Pseudodifflugia.
      • Rhizaspididae Skuja 1948. Rhizaspis.
  • Ebriacea Lemmermann 1901 [Ebriidae Poche 1913; Ebriida Deflandre 1936]. Ebria, Hermesinum, Botuliforma.
• Imbricatea Cavalier-Smith 2011
  • Spongomonadida Hibberd 1983 [Spongomonadidae Karpov 1990]. Rhipidodendron, Spongomonas.
  • Marimonadida Cavalier-Smith & Bass 2011
    • Abolliferidae Cavalier-Smith 2018. Abollifer, Cowlomonas, ?Heterochromonas.
    • Auranticordidae Cavalier-Smith 2018. Auranticordis, Rhabdamoeba.
    • Cyranomonadidae Cavalier-Smith 2018. Cyranomonas.
    • Pseudopirsoniidae Cavalier-Smith 2018. Pseudopirsonia.
  • Variglissida Cavalier-Smith 2014
    • Clautriaviidae Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith and Scoble, 2013. Clautriavia.
    • Nudifilidae Cavalier-Smith in Howe et al., 2011. Nudifila.
    • Quadriciliidae Cavalier-Smith 2018. Quadricilia.
  • Silicofilosea Adl et al. 2005, emend. Adl et al. 2012
    • Thaumatomonadida Shirkina 1987 [Thaumatomastigidae Patterson and Zoelfell 1991]
      • Thaumatomonadidae Hollande 1952. Allas, Hyaloselene, Reckertia, Thaumatomonas, Thaumatomastix, Ovaloplaca, Scutellomonas, Thaumatospina, Penardeugenia.
      • Peregriniidae Cavalier-Smith 2011. Gyromitus, Peregrinia.
      • Esquamulidae Shiratori, Yabuki & Ishida 2012. Esquamula.
    • Euglyphida Copeland 1956, emend. Cavalier-Smith 1997. Incertae sedis taxa: Phaeobola.
      • Cyphoderiidae de Saedeleer 1934. Campascus*, Corythionella, Cyphoderia [Schaudinnula], Messemvriella*, Pseudocorythion, Ichthyosquama, Knarr, Oleiformis, Psammoderia.
      • Paulinellidae de Saedeleer 1934, emend. Adl et al. 2012. Micropyxidiella, Ovulinata, Paulinella.
      • Euglyphina Kosakyan et al. 2016
        • Assulinidae Lara et al. 2007. Assulina, Placocista, Valkanovia*.
        • Sphenoderiidae Chatelain et al. 2013. Sphenoderia, Trachelocorythion, Deharvengia*.
        • Trinematidae Hoogenraad & De Groot 1940, emend Adl et al. 2012. Corythion, Playfairina*, Puytoracia*, Trinema.
        • Euglyphidae Wallich 1864, emend Lara et al. 2007. Euglypha, Scutiglypha.
        • Tracheleuglypha Deflandre 1928
    • Trivalvulariida Siemensma & Dumack 2020. Leptogromia, Trivalvularis.
• Metromonadea Cavalier-Smith 2007, emend. Cavalier-Smith 2011. Metromonas, Metopion, Micrometopion, Kiitoksia.
• Granofilosea Cavalier-Smith & Bass 2009. Incertae sedis taxa*: ?Apogromia, ?Kibisidytes, ?Leucodictyon, ?Limnofila, ?Mesofila, ?Microcometes, ?Microgromia, ?Nanofila, ?Reticulamoeba and probably ?Belaria, ?Ditrema, ?Heliomorpha [=Dimorpha] and ?Paralieberkuehnia.
  • Massisteridae Cavalier-Smith 1993. Massisteria, Minimassisteria.
  • Clathrulinidae Claus 1874 [Desmothoracida Hertwig and Lesser 1874]. Actinosphaeridium, Cienkowskya*, Clathrulina, Hedriocystis, Penardiophrys, ?Servetia.
• Chlorarachnea Hibberd & Norris 1984. Amorphochlora, Bigelowiella, Chlorarachnion, Cryptochlora, Gymnochlora, Lotharella, Minorisa, Partenskyella, Viridiuvalis.

Endomyxa

• Vampyrellida West 1901, emend. Hess et al. 2012 [Aconchulinida De Saedeleer 1934]. Incertae sedis taxa: Arachnula, Gobiella, Lateromyxa, Penardia.
  • Thalassomyxa Grell 1985
  • Vampyrellidae Zopf 1885. Vampyrella.
  • Leptophryidae Hess, Sausen & Melkonian 2012. Arachnomyxa, Leptophrys, Planctomyxa, Platyreta, Pseudovampyrella, Theratromyxa, Vernalophrys.
  • Placopodidae Jahn 1928 [Hyalodiscidae Poche 1913]. Placopus.
  • Sericomyxidae More, Simpson & Hess 2021. Sericomyxa.
• Phytomyxea Engler & Prantl 1897
  • Marinomyxa Kolátková, Čepička, Hoffman & Vohník 2021
  • Plasmodiophorida Cook 1928 [Plasmodiophorales Engl. 1892; Plasmodiophoromycota R.H. Whittaker 1969]. Plasmodiophora [Ostenfeldiella], Polymyxa, Woronina, Ligniera [Anisomyxa; Rhizomyxa; Sorolpidium], Sorosphaerula [Tuburcinia; Sorosporium], Spongospora [Clathrosorus], ?Membranosorus, ?Octomyxa, ?Polymyxa, ?Sorodiscus, ?Tetramyxa [Molliardia; Thecaphora].
  • Phagomyxida Cavalier-Smith 1993. Phagomyxa, Maullinia.
• Filoreta Bass & Cavalier-Smith 2009
• Gromia Dujardin 1835
• Viscidocauda Shiratori & Ken-ichiro 2025
• Ascetosporea Sprague 1979, emend. Cavalier-Smith 2009
  • Haplosporida Caullery & Mesnil 1899. Bonamia, Haplosporidium, Minchinia, Urosporidium.
  • Mikrocytida Hartikainen et al. 2013. Mikrocytos, Paramikrocytos.
  • Paramyxida Chatton 1911. Marteilia, Paramyxa, Paramarteilia, Marteilioides, Eomarteilia.
  • Claustrosporidium Larsson 1987
  • Paradiniida Schiller 1935. Paradinium.

Retaria

Foraminifera

Subphylum Foraminifera d'Orbigny 1826

• ^?Lagenida
• ^?Heterogromia
• ^?Komokiacea*
• 'Monothalamids'^(P) sensu Pawlowski et al. 2013 (Monothalamea Haeckel 1862). Genera not assigned to any lower taxon: Astrammina, Crithionina, Notodendrodes, Psammophaga, Bathysiphon, Nujappikia Gooday & Holzmann 2022.
  • Family Lieberkuehniidae Siemensma et al. 2021, genera Lieberkuehnia, Claparedellus.
  • Family Edaphoallogromiidae Siemensma et al. 2021, sole genus Edaphoallogromia.
  • Family Lacogromiidae Siemensma & Holzmann 2021, sole genus Lacogromia.
  • Family Limnogromiidae Holzmann & Siemensma 2021, sole genus Limnogromia.
  • Family Reticulomyxidae Page 1987 emend. Hülsmann 2014. Reticulomyxa, Dracomyxa, Haplomyxa, Wobo.
  • Family Schizamminidae Nørvang, 1961, genera Jullienella, Schizammina, Spiculosiphon.
  • Family Velamentofexidae Völcker & Clauß 2021, sole genus Velamentofex.
  • Order Allogromiida Loeblich & Tappan 1961
    • Family Allogromiidae Rhumbler 1904, genera Allogromia, Vellaria.
  • Order Astrorhizida Lankester 1885
    • Superfamily Xenophyophoroidea Tendal 1972
• Class Tubothalamea Pawlowski et al. 2012. †Fusulinida Delage & Hérouard 1896 probably belongs to this group.
  • Order Miliolida Delage & Hérouard 1896. Alveolina, Cornuspira, Miliammina, Pyrgo, Quinqueloculina, Sorites.
  • Order Spirillinida Hohenegger & Piller 1975. Patellina, Spirillina.
  • Family Ammodiscidae Reuss 1862. Ammodiscus, Glomospira.

• Class Globothalamea Pawlowski et al. 2012
  • Order Rotaliida Delage & Hérouard 1896
    • Family Planorbulinidae Schwager 1877. Planorbulinella, Hyalinea.
    • Superfamily Discorboidea Ehrenberg 1838
      • Family Discorbidae Ehrenberg 1838. Discorbis.
      • Family Rosalinidae Reiss 1963. Rupertina, Discanomalina, "Rosalina", Gavelinopsis, Planorbulina.
    • Superfamily Rotalioidea Ehrenberg 1839, emend. Pawlowski 2013. Incertae sedis taxa: ?Criboelphidium, ?"Elphidium", ?Protelphidium.
      • Family Elphidiidae Galloway 1933. Elphidium.
      • Family Ammoniidae Saidova 1981. Ammonia.
      • Family Elphidiellidae Holzmann & Pawlowski 2017. Elphidiella.
      • Family Haynesinidae Mikhalevich 2013. Haynesina, Aubignyna.
    • Superfamily Glabratelloidea Loeblich & Tappan 1964
      • Family Rotaliellidae Loeblich & Tappan 1964. Rotaliella, Rossyatella.
      • Family Buliminoididae Seiglie 1970. Buliminoides.
      • Family Glabratellidae Loeblich & Tappan 1964. Glabratella, Glabratellina, Angulodiscorbis, Planoglabratella.
    • Superfamily Calcarinoidea Schwager 1876
      • Family Calcarinidae Schwager 1876. Neorotalia, Baculogypsina, Baculogypsinoides, Schlumbergerella, Pararotalia.
    • Superfamily Nummulitoidea de Blainville 1827, family Nummulitidae de Blainville 1827. Nummulites, Operculinella, Cycloclypeus, Heterostegina, Operculina, Planoperculina, Planostegina.
    • Superfamily Serioidea Holzmann & Pawlowski 2017
      • Family Uvigerinidae Haeckel 1894. Uvigerina, Rectuvigerina, Trifarina.
      • Family Bolivinitidae Glaessner 1937. Bolivina, Brizalina, Saidovina.
      • Family Cassidulinidae d'Orbigny 1839. Globocassidulina, Cassidulinoides, Evolvocassidulina, Islandiella, Ehrenbergina
      • Family Sphaeroidinidae Cushman 1927. Sphaeroidina.
      • Family Globobuliminidae Cushman 1927. Globobulimina.
    • Incertae sedis families
      • ^?Family Nonionidae Schultze 1854. Nonion, Nonionella, Nonionellina, Nonionoides.
      • ^?Family Virgulinellidae Loeblich & Tappan 1984. Virgulinella.
      • ^?Family Buliminidae Jones 1875. Bulimina.
      • ^?Family Epistominellidae Holzmann & Pawlowski 2017. Epistominella.
      • ^?Family Stainforthiidae Reiss 1963. Stainforthia, Gallitellia.
      • ^?Family Cibicididae Cushman 1927. Cibicides, Cibicidoides, Heterolepa.
      • ^?Family Chilostomellidae Brady 1881. Chilostomella.
      • ^?Family Pullenidae Schwager 1877. Pullenia.
      • ^?Family Nuttalidae Saidova 1981. Nuttalides.
      • ^?Family Discorbinellidae Sigal 1952. Discorbinella, Hanzawaia.
      • ^?Family Astrononionidae Cushman & Edwards 1937. Astrononion.
      • ^?Family Oridorsalidae Loeblich & Tappan 1984. Oridorsalis.
      • ^?Family Melonidae Holzmann & Pawlowski 2017. Melonis.
      • ^?Family Cymbaloporidae Cushman 1927. Cymbaloporella.
      • ^?Family Rubratelliidae Holzmann & Pawlowski 2017. Rubratella.
      • ^?Family Murrayinelliidae Holzmann & Pawlowski 2017. Murrayinella.
  • Order Globigerinida Lankester 1885 emend. Arz, Arenillas & Gilabert 2022 (P)
    • †Superfamily Parvularugoglobigerinoidea Arenillas, Arz & Gilabert 2022
      • †Family Parvularuglobigerinidae Arenillas, Arz & Gilabert 2022. Pseudocaucasina, Palaeoglobigerina, Parvularugoglobigerina.
    • Superfamily Eoglobigerinoidea BouDagher-Fadel 2012
      • †Family Eoglobigerinidae Blow 1979. Alicantina, Eoclavatorella, Eoglobigerina, Parasubbotina, Pseudoglobigerinella, Subbotina, Turbeogloborotalia.
      • Family Globoquadrinidae Blow 1979. Dentoglobigerina, Globoquadrina.
      • †Family Neoacarininidae BouDagher-Fadel 2012. Neoacarinina.
      • †Family Porticulasphaeridae Banner 1982. Globigerinatheka, Guembelitrioides, Inordinatosphaera, Orbulinoides, Porticulasphaera.
    • Superfamily Globigerinoidea Carpenter, Parker & Jones 1862
      • Family Globigerinidae Carpenter, Parker & Jones 1862. Alloglobigerinoides, Ciperoella, Globigerina, Globicuniculus, Globigerinoides, Globigerinoidesella, Globoturborotalita, Trilobigerina [Trilobatus], Zeaglobigerina.
      • Family Globigerinellidae BouDagher-Fadel 2012. Beella, Bolliella, Globigerinella, Orcadia, Protentella, Quiltyella.
      • Family Hastigerinidae Bolli, Loeblich & Tappan 1957. Hastigerina, Hastigerinella, Hastigerinopsis.
      • Family Orbulinidae Schultze 1854. Biorbulina, Candorbulina, Orbulina, Praeorbulina.
      • Family Sphaeroidinellidae Banner & Blow 1959. Prosphaeroidinella, Sphaeroidinella, Sphaeroidinellopsis.
      • Family Turborotalitidae Hofker 1976. Berggrenia, Turborotalita.
    • Superfamily Globorotalioidea Cushman 1927
      • †Family Catapsydracidae Bolli, Loeblich & Tappan 1957. Catapsydrax, Globigerinopsoides, Globigerinoita, Velapertina.
      • Family Globorotaloididae Banner & Blow 1959. Clavatorella, Globorotaloides, Protentelloides.
      • Family Globorotaliidae Cushman 1927. Dentigloborotalia, Globoconella, Globorotalia, Hirsutella, Jenkinsella, Menardella, Neogloboquadrina, Paragloborotalia, Truncorotalia.
      • Family Pulleniatinidae Cushman 1927. Pulleniatina.
    • †Superfamily Globanomalinidoidea Loeblich & Tappan 1984, family Globanomalinidae Loeblich & Tappan 1984. Carinoturborotalia, Globanomalina, Luterbacheria, Planoglobanomalina, Turborotalia.
    • †Superfamily Hantkeninoidea Cushman 1927
      • †Family Pseudohastigerinidae Canudo 1990. Pseudohastigerina.
      • †Family Hantkeninidae Cushman 1927. Applinella, Aragonella, Clavigerinella, Cribrohantkenina, Hantkenina.
    • †Superfamily Truncorotaloidinoidea BouDagher-Fadel 2012
      • †Family Globigerapsidae Blow 1979. Globigerapsis, Muricoglobigerina.
      • †Family Planorotalitidae BouDagher-Fadel 2012. Astrorotalia, Planorotalites.
      • †Family Truncorotaloididae Loeblich & Tappan 1961. Acarinina, Igorina, Morozovella, Morozovelloides, Pearsonites, Praemurica, Pseudogloboquadrina, Testacarinata, Truncorotaloides.
  • †Order Globotruncanida Arz, Arenillas & Gilabert 2022
    • †Superfamily Abathomphaloidea Arz, Arenillas & Gilabert 2022
      • †Family Abathomphalidae Pessagno 1967. Abathomphalus.
      • †Family Globotruncanellidae Maslakova 1964. Globotruncanella, Spinoglobotruncanella.
    • †Superfamily Favuselloidea Longoria 1974
      • †Family Conoglobigerinidae BouDagher-Fadel, Banner & Whittaker 1997. Conoglobigerina, Tenuigerina, ?Sphaerogerina.
      • †Family Favusellidae Longoria 1974. Ascoliella, Favusella, Koutsoukosia.
      • †Family Globuligerinidae Loeblich & Tappan 1984. Compactogerina, Globuligerina, Haeuslerina, Petaloglobigerina.
    • †Superfamily Hedbergelloidea Longoria & Gamper 1975
      • †Family Ananiidae El-Nakhal 2010. Anania, Badriella, Costellagerina, Hillsella, Liuenella [Liuella], Loeblichella, Muricohedbergella, Paracostellagerina, Pessagnoina, Planohedbergella, Pseudoclavihedbergella, Vanhintella.
      • †Family Hedbergellidae Loeblich & Tappan 1961. Asterohedbergella, Clavihedbergella, Hedbergella, Microhedbergella, Paraticinella, Pseudoguembelitria.
      • †Family Helvetoglobotruncanidae Lamolda 1976. Angulocarinella, Bermudeziana, Bollitruncana, Fingeria, Hedbergellita, Brittonella, Helvetoglobotruncana, Unitruncatus, Whiteinella.
      • †Family Praehedbergellidae Banner & Desai 1988. Blefuscuiana, Gorbachikella, Praehedbergella, Lilliputianella, Lilliputianelloides, Wondersella.
    • †Superfamily Globotruncanoidea Brotzen 1942
      • †Family Globotruncanidae Brotzen 1942. Contusotruncana, Globotruncana, Marginotruncana, Obliquacarinata, Sphaerotruncana, Ventrotruncana.
      • †Family Praeglobotruncanidae Ion 1983. Concavatotruncana, Dicarinella, Falsotruncana, Rotundina, Praeglobotruncana, Verotruncana.
      • †Family Reissidae Korchagin 2001. Elevatotruncana, Globotruncanita, Kassabiana, Radotruncana, Sigalitruncana, Turbotruncana.
    • †Superfamily Planomalinoidea Bolli, Loeblich & Tappan 1957
      • †Family Eohastigerinellidae Loeblich & Tappan 1984. Eohastigerinella, Hastigerinoides.
      • †Family Globigerinelloididae Longoria 1974. Alanlordella, Allotheca, Biglobigerinella, Blowiella, Claviblowiella, Globigerinelloides, Pseudoschackoina.
      • †Family Planomalinidae Bolli, Loeblich & Tappan 1957. Bannerina, Planomalina, Pseudoplanomalina.
      • †Family Schackoinidae Pokorný 1958. Asymetria, Groshenyia, Leupoldina, Neoschackoina, Schackoina.
    • †Superfamily Rotaliporoidea Sigal 1958
      • †Family Rotaliporidae Sigal 1958. Anaticinella, Pseudothalmanninella, Rotalipora, Thalmanninella.
      • †Family Ticinellidae Longoria 1974. Biticinella, Claviticinella, Ticinella.
    • †Superfamily Rugoglobigerinoidea Subbotina 1959
      • †Family Helvetiellidae Longoria & Gamper 1984. Archaeoglobigerina, Bucherina, Dorbignya, Edgarinella, Gandolfia, Gansserina, Globocarinata, Helvetiella, Kuglerina.
      • †Family Rugoglobigerinidae Subbotina 1959. Archaeoglobitruncana, Plummerita, Rugoglobigerina, Rugosocarinata, Rugotruncana, Trinitella.
  • †Order Heterohelicida Fursenko 1958 emend. Arz, Arenillas & Gilabert 2022
    • †Superfamily Heterohelicoidea Cushman 1927
      • †Family Gublerinidae Aliyulla 1977. Gublerina, Lipsonia, Praegublerina.
      • †Family Heterohelicidae Cushman 1927. Braunella, Bronnimannella, Ehrenbergites, Globoheterohelix, Fleisherites, Hartella, Heterohelix, Huberella, Laeviheterohelix, Lazarusina, Lunatriella, Magellanina, Mihaia, Nederbragtina, Planoheterohelix, Protoheterohelix, Pseudoplanoglobulina, Steineckia, Striataella, Texasina, ?Bifarina, ?Rectoguembelina, ?Zeauvigerina.
      • †Family Pseudotextulariidae Maamouri & Salaj 1978. Planoglobulina, Pseudotextularia, Racemiguembelina.
      • †Family Pseudoguembelinidae Aliyulla 1977. Eicheriella, Leptobimodalia, Pseudoguembelina.
      • †Family Spiroplectidae Cushman 1911. Hendersonites [Hendersonia], Neohendersonites, Paraspiroplecta, Spiroplecta.
      • †Family Ventilabrellidae Maamouri & Salaj 1978. Planulitella, Proliferania, Sigalia, Ventilabrella.
  • †Order Guembelitriida Arenillas, Arz & Gilabert 2022
    • †Superfamiily Cassigerinelloidea Bolli, Loeblich & Tappan 1957, family Cassigerinellidae Bolli, Loeblich & Tappan 1957. Cassigerinella, Riveroinella.
    • †Superfamily Guembelitrioidea Montanaro-Gallitelli 1957, family Guembelitriidae Montanaro-Gallitelli 1957. Cassigerinelloita, Guembelitria, Chiloguembelitria, Jenkinsina, ?Archaeoguembelitria, ?Gallitellia, ?Guembelitriella.
    • †Superfamily Chiloguembelinoidea Reiss 1963, family Chiloguembelinidae Reiss 1963. Chiloguembelina, Woodringina, ?Streptochilus.
    • †Superfamily Globoconusoidea BouDagher-Fadel 2012, family Globoconusidae BouDagher-Fadel 2012. Globoconusa, Trochoguembelitria,
  • Order ? (unnamed)
    • Superfamily Globigerinitoidea BouDagher-Fadel 2012, emend. Arenillas, Arz & Gilabert 2022
      • Family Candeinidae Cushman 1927. Candeina.
      • †Family Globigerinatellidae BouDagher-Fadel 2012. Globigerinatella.
      • Family Globigerinitidae Bermúdez 1961. Globigerinita, Mutabella, Polyperibola, Tinophodella.
      • Family Tenuitellidae BouDagher-Fadel 2012. Praetenuitella, Tenuitella, Tenuitellinata, Tenuitellita.
      • †Family ? (unnamed). Dipsidripella, ?Antarcticella.
  • Order Robertinida Loeblich & Tappan 1984. Hoeglundina, Robertina, Robertinoides.
  • Order Textulariida^(P) Delage & Hérouard 1896. Cyclammina, Eggerella, Reophax, Textularia, Trochammina.
  • Order Carterinida Loeblich & Tappan 1981. Carterina.

Radiolaria

• Radiolaria Müller 1858, sensu Adl et al. 2005
  • Acantharea Haeckel 1881, emend. Mikrjukov 2000
    • Chaunocanthida Schewiakoff 1926. Amphiacon, Conacon, Gigartacon, Heteracon, Stauracon.
    • Holocanthida Schewiakoff 1926. Acanthochiasma, Acanthocolla, Acanthoplegma.
    • Symphyacanthida Schewiakoff 1926. Amphilithium, Astrolonche, Pseudolithium.
    • Arthracanthida Schewiakoff 1926. Acanthometra, Daurataspis, Dictyacantha, Diploconus, Phractopelta, Phyllostaurus, Pleuraspis, Stauracantha.
  • Taxopodida Fol 1883. Sticholonche.
  • Polycystinea Ehrenberg 1839 stat. nov. Levine et al. 1980
    • Spumellaria Ehrenberg 1876 stat. nov. Haeckel 1884
      • Hexacromyoidea Haeckel 1882 stat. nov. Suzuki et al. 2021 [Hexalonchata Afanasieva et al. 2005]
        • Hexacaryidae Haeckel 1882 stat. nov. Suzuki et al. 2021: Clevepilegma Dumatrica 2013, Haliphormis Ehrenberg 1846 [Hexastylanthus, Hexastylettus; Hexastylissus; Hexastylurus], Hexacaryum Haeckel 1882, Hexalonchetta Haeckel 1887, Hexancistra Haeckel 1879 [Hexancora], Hexapitys Haeckel 1882.
        • Hexacromyidae Haeckel 1882 stat. nov. Suzuki et al. 2021: ^?Carpocanthum Chen & Tan 1989, Hexacromyum Haeckel 1882 [Cubosphaera; Hexacontura], Hexalonchilla Haeckel 1887 [Hexalonchusa; Staurolonchantha], Nanina Kozur & Mostler 1982 [Pentactinosphaera].
        • Hollandosphaeridae Deflandre 1973: Anomalosoma Loeblich & Tappan 1961 [Heterosoma Hollande & Enjumet 1960, Hollandosphaera Deflandre 1973 [Heliaster Hollande & Enjumet 1960], Tetrapetalon Hollande & Enjumet 1960.
      • Spongosphaeroidea Haeckel 1862 → Spongosphaeridae Haeckel 1862: Diplospongus Mast 1910, Spongodendron Hollande & Enjumet 1960, Spongosphaera Ehrenberg 1847 [Hexadoridium; Spongosphaeromma].
      • Lithocyclioidea Ehrenberg 1846
        • Astracturidae Haeckel 1882: Astromma Ehrenberg 1846 [Astractinium; Astractura; Astracturium; Astrococcura; Staurococcura], Amphactura Haeckel 1882 [^?Dicoccura; ^?Diplactinium], Hymeniastrum Ehrenberg 1846 [Hymenastrella; Hymenactura; Hymenacturium; Trigonactinium; Hymenactinium; Pentactura; Trigonacturium].
        • Lithocycliidae Ehrenberg 1846: Cromyatractus Haeckel 1887 [Cromyatractium; Caryatractus], Heliosestrum Haeckel 1882 [Heliosestantha; Astrosestrum; Astrosestantha; Astrophacura; Staurodiscus Krasheninnikov 1960]; Heliostylus Haeckel 1882 [Astrostylus; Stylodiscus; Stylentodiscus], Lithocyclia Ehrenberg 1846 [Astrocyclia; Coccodiscus], Phacostaurus Haeckel 1882 [Phacostaurium, Astrostaurus, Crucidiscus, Heliostaurus, Sethostaurium, Sethostaurus, Staurentodiscus], Phacotriactis Sutton 1896, Sethostylus Haeckel 1882 [Sethostylium; Amphicyclia; Phacostylus; Phacostylium], Staurocyclia Haeckel 1882 [Coccostaurus], Triactiscus Haeckel 1882 [Trigonocyclia].
        • Panartidae Haeckel 1887: Cannartus Haeckel 1882 [Cannartidissa; Cannartiscus; Pipetta; Pipettaria; Pipettella; Druppula; Druppuletta], Diartus Sanfilippo & Riedel 1980, Didymocyrtis Haeckel 1862 [Artidium; Cyphinura; Cyphocolpus; Desmartus; Ommatocampula; Panaromium; Panartus; Panartella; Panartidium; Panartissa; Panartura; Peripanartium; Peripanartula; Peripanartus; Peripanicula], Spongolivella Dumitrica 2021.
        • Phacodiscidae Haeckel 1882: Periphaena Ehrenberg 1874 [Astrophacomma; Heliodiscomma; Perizona], Phacodiscus Haeckel 1882 [Phacodiscinus; Astrophacilla; Paracenodiscus; Phacodisculus; Prunulum; Prunuletta; Sethodiscinus].
      • Spongodiscoidea Haeckel 1862 emend. Suzuki 2021
        • Spongodiscidae Haeckel 1862: Spongaster Ehrenberg 1861 [Spongastrella; Histiastrella], Spongodiscus Ehrenberg 1854 [Spongodisculus], Spongotrochus Haeckel 1861 [Spongotrochiscus].
        • Euchitoniidae Stöhr 1880 emend. Suzuki 2021: Amphicraspedum Haeckel 1882 [Amphicraspedon; Aphirrhopella], Dictyocoryne Ehrenberg 1861 [Dictyocorynula; Dictyastrum; Dictyastrella; Euchitonia; ^?Hymenastromma; Rhopalodictya; Rhopalodictyum; Styla; Pteractis], Hexinastrum Haeckel 1882 [Hexalastromma; Pentalastromma; Pentinastrum], Ommatocampe Haeckel 1861 [Ommatocampium; Amphymenium], Tessarastrum Haeckel 1887 [Tessarastrella; Hagiastromma; Tessarostromma], Tricanastrum Haeckel 1879 [Dicranaster; Dicranastrum; Myelastrella; Myelastrum; Spongomyelastrum; Myelastromma; Pentophiastromma; Spongodicranastrum; Spongohagiastrum; Spongopentophiastrum; Spongostaurina; Tetracranastrum; Triastrum], Trigonastrum Haeckel 1887 [Trigonastrella; Rhopalastromma; Chitonastromma; Amphicraspedina; Amphirrhopoma; Dictyastromma; Monaxonium; Trigonastromma].
        • Spongobrachiidae Haeckel 1882 emend. Suzuki 2021: Spongasteriscus Haeckel 1862 [Spongasterisculus; Dictyocorynium], Spongastromma Haeckel 1887, Spongobrachium Haeckel 1882.
      • Cladococcoidea Haeckel 1862 stat. nov. Suzuki et al. 2021
        • Ethmosphaeridae Haeckel 1862: Cyrtidosphaera Haeckel 1861, Ethmosphaera Haeckel 1861, [Ethmosphaerella; Monosphaera], Haplosphaera Hollande & Enjumet 1960, Heliosphaera Haeckel 1861 [Heliosphaerella], Liosphaera Haeckel 1887 [Melitomma, Craspedomma].
        • Cladococcidae Haeckel 1862: Arachnosphaera Haeckel 1861 [Arachnosphaerella], Arachnospongus Mast 1910, Cladococcus Müller 1856 [Cladococcalis; Anomalacantha; Cladococcodes; Cladococcurus; Porococcus], Diplosphaera Haeckel 1861 [Diplosphaeromma; Astrosphaera; Diplosphaerella; Leptosphaera; Leptosphaerella; Astrosphaerella; Astrospongus; Drymosphaeromma; Leptosphaeromma], Haeckeliella Hollande & Enjumet 1960, Lychnosphaera Haeckel 1882 [Rhizoplegmidium, Rhizospongus, Thalassoplegma].
      • Trematodiscoidea Haeckel 1862 emend. Suzuki 2021 → Trematodiscidae Haeckel 1862 emend. Suzuki 2021: Flustrella Ehrenberg 1839 [Centrospira; Discospirella; Trematodiscus; Perichlamydium; Perispirella; Stylochlamyum], Staurospira Haeckel 1887 [Staurodictyon; Tholodiscus; Xiphospira], Stylodictya Ehrenberg 1846 [Stylodictyon; Stylochlamydium; Stylochlamys; Stylospongia; Stylocyclia; Stylospira], Tripodictya Haeckel 1882 [Xiphodictyon].
      • Haliommoidea Ehrenberg 1846
        • Actinommidae Haeckel 1862 emend. Suzuki 2021: Actinomma Haeckel 1861 [Actinommetta; Haliommura; ^?Rhaphidococcus; Riedelipyle; Dreyerella; Drymyomma; Cromyomma; Echinommura; Heliosomura; Spheropyle], Cromyechinus Haeckel 1882 [Cromyodrymus], Rhaphidocapsa Haeckel 1887, ^?Sphaeractis Brandt in Wetzel 1936, ^?Staurocaryum Haeckel 1882, Stomatosphaera Dreyer 1889, ^?Stuermeria Deflandre 1964.
        • Haliommidae Ehrenberg 1846 emend. Suzuki 2021: Cromyosphaera Haeckel 1882 [Cromyommetta; Cromyommura], Haliomma Ehrenberg 1839 [Actinommilla; Cenosphaera; Circosphaera; Thecosphaerella], Haliommantha Haeckel 1887, Hexacontella Haeckel 1887, Melittosphaera Haeckel 1882 [Conoactinomma], Pseudostaurosphaera Krasheninnikov 1960 [Pseudostaurolonche].
        • Heliodiscidae Haeckel 1882 sensu De Wever et al. 2001: Actinommura Haeckel 1887 [^?Excentrosphaerella], Excentrococcus Dumitrica 1978, Excentrodiscus Hollande & Enjumet 1960, Heliodiscus Haeckel 1862 [Heliodiscilla, Heliocladus, Heliodiscetta, Heliodrymus, Heliodendrum, Heliosestilla], Helioferrusa Dumitrica 2019, Phaenicosphaera Haeckel 1887 [Dreyeropyle].
      • Lithelioidea Haeckel 1862 sensu Matsuzaki et al. 2015
        • ^?†Conocaryommidae Lipman 1969: Conocaryomma Lipman 1969 [^?Conocromyomma].
        • Litheliidae Haeckel 1862 emend. Suzuki 2021: Lithelius Haeckel 1861 [Lithospira; ^?Azerbaidjanicus], Middourium Kozlova 1999 [Monobrachium], Spiremaria Kozlova 1960 [Spiromultitunica], Spongocyclia Haeckel 1862 [^?Lithocarpium; Ommatodiscinus; Ommatodiscus; Ommatodisculus].
        • †Phaseliformidae Pessagno 1972: Phaseliforma Pessagno 1972.
        • †Pyramispongiidae Kozur & Mostler 1978 sensu O'Dogherty 1994: Pyramispongia Pessagno 1973 [Nodotetraedra].
        • Sponguridae Haeckel 1862: Ommatogramma Ehrenberg 1861 [Spongurus; Spongocorisca; ^?Spongurantha; Spongurella].
      • Spongopyloidea Dreyer 1889 emend. Suzuki 2021
        • Spongopylidae Dreyer 1889 emend. Suzuki 2021: Schizodiscus Dogiel in Dogiel & Reshetnyak 1952, Spongobrachiopyle Kozur & Mostler 1978, Spongopyle Dreyer 1889 [Spongopylarium], Spongospira Stöhr 1880.
        • Cristallosphaeridae Popofsky 1912: Calcaromma Thomson 1877 [Cristallosphaera], Enalomelon Sugiyama 1992.
        • ^?Prunopylidae Poche 1913: Prunopyle Dreyer 1889, Spongopylidium Dreyer 1889.
      • Phorticioidea Haeckel 1882 stat. nov. Suzuki et al. 2021 [Larnacillilae De Wever et al. 2001]
        • Amphitholidae Haeckel 1887 stat. nov. sensu De Wever et al. 2001
        • Circodiscidae Dumitrica 1989 stat. nov. Suzuki et al. 2021
        • Cryptolarnaciidae Dumitrica 1989 stat. nov. Suzuki et al. 2021
        • Histiastridae Dumitrica 1989 stat. nov. Suzuki et al. 2021
        • Phorticiidae Haeckel 1882 sensu Dumitrica 1989
      • Larcospiroidea Haeckel 1887 stat. nov. sensu Dumitrica 1989
        • Dipylissidae Dumitrica 1989 stat. nov. Suzuki et al. 2021
        • Larcospiridae Haeckel 1887 stat. nov. Suzuki et al. 2021
        • Palaeotetrapylidae Dumitrica 1989 stat. nov. Suzuki et al. 2021
        • Pylodiscidae Haeckel 1887 sensu Dumitrica 1989
        • Zonariidae Haeckel 1887 sensu Dumitrica 1989
      • Pseudoaulophacoidea Riedel 1967 sensu De Wever et al. 2001
        • Patulibracchiidae Pessagno 1971 sensu De Wever et al. 2001
        • Pseudoaulophacidae Riedel 1967 sensu De Wever et al. 2001
        • Suttoniidae Schaaf 1976 sensu Dumitrica 2019
      • Stylosphaeroidea Haeckel 1887 sensu Dumitrica 1984
        • Entapiidae Dumitrica in De Wever, Dumitrica, Caulet Nigrini & Caridroit 2001
        • Stylatractidae Schröder 1909 emend. Suzuki 2021
        • Tubosphaeridae Suzuki 2021
    • Nassellaria Ehrenberg 1875 emend. Haeckel 1887. Artostrobus, Eucyrtidium, Lithomelissa, Pterocanium, Pterocorys.
    • Collodaria Haeckel 1887. Acrosphaera, Collosphaera, Collozoum, Sphaerozoum, Rhaphidozoum, Siphonsphaera, Thalassicolla.
    • Orodaria Nakamura & Suzuki 2020
      • Oroscenidae Haeckel 1887 emend. Nakamura & Suzuki 2021 [Orosphaerida Haeckel 1887; Orosphaeridae Haecker 1908]. Oroscena, Orostaurus, Oropelex. Nomina dubia genera: Orosphaera, Orodictyum, Orona, Oronium.
      • Thalassothamnidae Haecker 1906 emend. Nakamura & Suzuki 2021 [Cytocladidae Schröder, 1908]. Thalassothamnus, Cytocladus. Nomen dubium genus: Conostylus.
    • †Entactinaria Kozur & Mostler 1982 sensu Nakamura & Suzuki 2020
      • †Entactiniidae Riedel 1967. Afanasievella, Apophysiactinia, Borisella, Callela, Cancellosphaera, Costaentactinia, Cyclocarpus nomen dubium, Duodecimentactinia, Langsonsphaera, Entactinosphaera, Gracilentactinia, Holdisphaera, Involutentactinia, Kashiwara, Magnentactinia, Magnisphaera, Microporosa, Moskovistella, Multientactinia, Munzuwonella, Paratriposphaera, Perforentactinia, Plenoentactinia, Plenosphaera, Pluristratoentactinia, Polyedroentactinia, Provisocyntra, Radiobisphaera, Retentactinia, Retisphaera, Sinosphaera, Spongentactinia, Stigmosphaerostylus, Trilonche, Uberinterna, Wuyia.
      • †Tetrentactiniidae Kozur & Mostler 1979. Multisphaera.
      • †Triassothamnidae Takahashi, Maekawa & Dumitrica 2022. Triassothamnus.

Excavates

Malawimonadida

• Malawimonadidae O' Kelly & Nerad 1999. Gefionella, Malawimonas.
• Imasidae Heiss, Simpson, & Kim 2020. Imasa.

Metamonada

The metamonads were first described by Pierre-Paul Grassé in the first volume of Traité de Zoologie, published in 1952, as the superorder Metamonadina or Anaxostylaria. They were originally composed of zooflagellates with four or more flagella, known as polymastigotes and hypermastigotes (e.g., Trichomonas, Oxymonas). These were later split into other groups such as the Parabasalia and Preaxostyla (over 260 and 140 species respectively), regarded as individual phyla. After rRNA phylogenetic analyses demonstrated their relatedness, the concept of metamonads was reintroduced by Cavalier-Smith as a monophyletic phylum Metamonada that includes both groups, as well as the anaerobic Fornicata (e.g., the free-living Carpediemonas and the parasitic Giardia; around 140 species). In this system, Preaxostyla is known as subphylum Anaeromonada, and Fornicata and Parabasalia are two infraphyla that belong to the subphylum Trichozoa. Still, some taxonomists retain the Parabasalia at a phylum level.

The classifications of Preaxostyla and Fornicata were last revised separately in the 2017 Handbook of the protists and the higher classification of Metamonada was revised by Cavalier-Smith in 2021. The classification of Parabasalia was completely updated in 2024. Two new smaller clades of metamonads have been described in addition: anaeramoebae and the 'BaSk' clade, containing barthelonids and skoliomonads. However, Parabasalia was treated as a separate phylum by the 2024 revision, instead of a member of phylum Metamonada. For consistency, the classification listed below maintains Parabasalia as part of the phylum Metamonada.

Phylum Metamonada Grassé 1952 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2003

• Family Anaeramoebidae Táborský, Pánek & Čepička 2017, genus Anaeramoeba.
• 'BaSk' clade, genera Barthelona, Skoliomonas.
• Subphylum Anaeromonada (=Preaxostyla Simpson 2003), class Anaeromonadea Cavalier-Smith 1996 emend. 2003
  • Order Trimastigida Cavalier-Smith 2003 emend. 2021, family Trimastigidae Kent 1880 emend. Zhang et al. 2015, genus Trimastix.
  • Order Paratrimastigida Cavalier-Smith 2022, family Paratrimastigidae Zhang, Taborsky, Silberman, Panek, Čepička & Simpson 2015, genus Paratrimastix.
  • Order Oxymonadida Grassé 1952. Genus not assigned to any family: Opisthomitus.
    • Family Oxymonadidae, genera Barroella, Oxymonas, Microrhopalodina, Sauromonas, †Oxymonites, †Microrhopalodites, †Sauromonites.
    • Family Polymastigidae, genera Blattamonas, Brachymonas, Monocercomonoides, Paranotila, Polymastix, Tubulimonoides.
    • Family Pyrsonymphidae, genera Dinenympha, Pyrsonympha, †Dinenymphites, †Pyrsonymphites.
    • Family Saccinobaculidae, genera Notila, Saccinobaculus.
    • Family Streblomastigidae, genus Streblomastix.
• Subphylum Trichozoa^(P) Cavalier-Smith 1996 emend. 2003
  • Infraphylum Fornicata Simpson 2003
    • "Carpediemonas-like organisms"^(P) Kolisko et al. 2010, genera Aduncisulcus, Carpediemonas, Ergobibamus, Hicanonectes.
      • Order Dysnectida Cavalier-Smith 2013, family Dysnectidae Cavalier-Smith 2013, genus Dysnectes.
      • Family Kipferliidae Cavalier-Smith 2013, genus Kipferlia.
    • Class Eopharyngea^(P) Cavalier-Smith 1993
      • Family Caviomonadidae Cavalier-Smith 2013, genera Caviomonas*, Iotanema, Euthynema.
      • Order Retortamonadida^(P) Grassé 1952 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2013, family Retortamonadidae^(P) Wenrich 1932, genus Retortamonas^(P).
      • Order Diplomonadida Wenyon 1926 (=Diplozoa Dangeard 1910)
        • Suborder Distomatina Kent 1880 (=Hexamitinae Kent 1880). Enteromonas, Gyromonas*, Hexamita, Spironucleus, Trepomonas, Trigonomonas*, Trimitus.
        • Suborder Giardiina Kulda & Nohýnková 1978 (=Giardiinae Kulda & Nohýnková 1978). Brugerolleia*, Giardia, Octomitus.
    • Order Chilomastigida Cavalier-Smith 2013, family Chilomastigidae Cavalier-Smith 2013, genus Chilomastix.
  • Infraphylum Parabasalia Honigberg 1973. Genera incertae sedis: Chilomitus, Rhizonympha, Tricercomitus, Trichocovina.
    • Class Hypotrichomonadea Čepička, Hampl & Kulda 2010, order Hypotrichomonadida Čepička, Hampl & Kulda 2010, family Hypotrichomonadidae Honigberg 1963 emend. Čepička, Hampl & Kulda 2010, genera Hypotrichomonas, Trichomitus.
    • Class Pimpavickea Boscaro & Keeling 2024, order Pimpavickida Céza & Čepička 2022, family Pimpavickidae Céza & Čepička 2022, genera Pimpavicka, Alexandriella.
    • Class Trichomonadea Kirby 1947 sensu Čepička, Hampl & Kulda 2010
      • Order Honigbergiellida Čepička, Hampl & Kulda 2010 emend. Boscaro & Keeling 2024
        • Family Hexamastigidae Čepička, Hampl & Kulda 2010 emend. Boscaro & Keeling 2024, genus Hexamastix.
        • Family Honigbergiellidae Čepička, Hampl & Kulda 2010, genera Honigbergiella, Ditrichomonoides, Honigbergiellopsis, Monotrichomonas.
        • Family Cthulhuidae Boscaro & Keeling 2024, genera Cthulhu, Cthylla, Nyarlathotep.
        • Family Tetratrichomastigidae Boscaro & Keeling 2024, genus Tetratrichomastix.
      • Order Trichomonadida Kirby 1947 sensu Čepička, Hampl & Kuda 2010. Genera incertae sedis: Pseudotrichomonas, †Paleotrichomones.
        • Family Lacusteriidae Céza & Čepička 2022, genus Lacusteria.
        • Family Trichomonadidae Chalmers & Pekkola 1918 sensu Hampl, Vrlík, Čepička, Pecka, Kulda & Tachezy 2006, genera Trichomonas, Cochlosoma, Cyathosoma, Pentatrichomonas, Pentatrichomonoides, Pseudotrypanosoma, Ptychostoma, Tetratrichomonas, Trichomitopsis, Trichomonoides.
    • Clade "Tla"
      • Class Lophomonadea Boscaro & Keeling 2024, order Lophomonadida Light 1927 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2013, family Lophomonadidae Kent 1880 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2013, genera Lophomonas, Eulophomonas, Prolophomonas.
      • Class Trichonymphea Poche 1913, order Trichonymphida Poche 1913
        • †Family Burmanymphidae Poinar 2009, genus Burmanympha.
        • Family Barbulanymphidae Boscaro & Keeling 2024, genera Barbulanympha, Rhynchonympha, Urinympha.
        • Family Hoplonymphidae Light 1926 emend. Boscaro & Keeling 2024, genus Hoplonympha.
        • Family Retractinymphidae Radek & Brune 2023, genus Retractinympha.
        • Family Spirotrichosomidae Hollande & Carruette-Valentin 1971, genera Spriotrichosoma, Apospironympha, Bispironympha, Colospironympha, Heliconympha, Leptospironympha, Macrospironympha.
        • Family Staurojoeninidae Grassi 1917, genera Staurojoenina, Idionympha.
        • Family Teranymphidae Koidzumi 1921, genera Tetranympha, Eucomonympha, Pseudotrichonympha.
        • Family Trichonymphidae Kent 1880, genus Trichonympha.
    • Clade "Cadamassta"
      • Class Cristamonadea Čepička, Hampl & Kulda 2010. Genera incertae sedis: Cyclojoenia, Joenia, Joenina, Joenoides, Joenopsis, Pachyjoenia, Parajoenopsis, Placojoenia, Projoenia.
        • Order Calonymphida Boscaro & Keeling 2024
          • Family Calonymphidae Grassi 1911 sensu Gile 2011, genera Calonympha, Criconympha, Daimonympha, Diplonympha, Gyronympha, Metastephanonympha, Prosnyderella, Snyderella, Stephanonympha.
          • Family Deltotrichonymphidae Brugerolle & Lee 2000, genera Deltotrichonympha, Koruga.
          • Family Mixotrichidae Boscaro & Keeling 2024, genus Mixotricha.
        • Order Devescovinida Boscaro & Keeling 2024, family Devescovinidae Doflein 1911 emend. Boscaro & Keeling 2024, genera Devescovina, Achemon, Astronympha, Bullanympha, Caduceia, Coronympha, Evemonia, Foaina, Hyperdevescovina, Kirbynia, Kofoidia, Macrotrichomonas, Macrotrichomonoides, Metadevescovina, Parajoenia, Polymastigoides, Pseudodevescovina, Runanympha, †Devescovites.
        • Order Gigantomonadida Boscaro & Keeling 2024, family Gigantomonadidae Boscaro & Keeling 2024, genus Gigantomonas.
      • Class Dientamoebea Boscaro & Keeling 2024, order Dientamoebida Boscaro & Keeling 2024, family Dientamoebidae Grassé 1953, genera Dientamoeba, Histomonas, Parahistomonas, Protrichomonas.
      • Class Monocercomonadea Boscaro & Keeling 2024, order Monocercomonadida Boscaro & Keeling 2024, family Monocercomonadidae Kirby 1944, genus Monocercomonas.
      • Class Simplicimonadea Boscaro & Keeling 2024, order Simplicimonadida Boscaro & Keeling 2024, family Simplicimonadidae Čepička, Hampl & Kulda 2010, genus Simplicimonas.
      • Class Tritrichomonadea Čepička, Hampl & Kulda 2010 emend. Boscaro & Keeling 2024, order Tritrichomonadida Čepička, Hampl & Kulda 2010 emend. Boscaro & Keeling 2024, family Tritrichomonadidae Čepička, Hampl & Kulda 2010, genus Tritrichomonas.
      • Class Spirotrichonymphea Grassé 1952 sensu Čepička, Hampl & Kulda 2010
        • Order Cononymphida Boscaro & Keeling 2024, family Cononymphidae Boscaro & Keeling 2024, genus Cononympha.
        • Order Holomastigotoidida Boscaro & Keeling 2024, family Holomastigotoididae Grassi & Foà 1911, genera Holomastigotoides, Rostronympha.
        • Order Spirotrichonymphida Grassé 1952
          • Family Brugerollinidae Boscaro & Keeling 2024, genera Brugerollina, Pseudospironympha.
          • Family Fraterculidae Boscaro & Keeling 2024, genera Fraterculus, Cuppa.
          • Family Holomastigotidae Janicki 1915, genera Holomastigotes, Spiromastigotes, Spirotrichonymphella, Uteronympha.
          • Family Spirotrichonymphidae Grassi 1917, genera Spirotrichonympha, Microjoenia, Micromastigotes, Nanospironympha, Spironympha, Torquenympha.

Discoba

Jakobida

• Ophirinina Yabuki, Gyaltshen, Heiss & Kim 2018
  • Agogonidae Galindo, Prokina, Torruella, López-García & Moreira 2023. Agogonia.
  • Ophirinidae Yabuki, Gyaltshen, Heiss & Kim 2018. Ophirina.
• Andalucina Cavalier-Smith 2013
  • Andaluciidae Cavalier-Smith 2013. Andalucia.
  • Stygiellidae Pánek, Táborský & Čepička 2015. Stygiella, Velundella.
• Histionina Cavalier-Smith 2013. Histiona, Jakoba, Moramonas, Reclinomonas, Seculamonas nomen nudum.

Tsukubamonadida Yabuki et al. 2011

• Tsukubamonadidae Yabuki et al. 2011. Tsukubamonas.

Heterolobosea

Cladogram of heterolobosean orders based on combined phylogenomic and 18S rRNA analyses published in 2025.

The phylum Heterolobosea contains around 170 species of amoebae, flagellates, and amoeboflagellates. It was initially established to unite two historically well-known amoeboid orders, Schizopyrenida (such as Naegleria fowleri, a human pathogen) and Acrasida (slime molds). Later, as more flagellates joined this grouping, the usage of Heterolobosea was split between two meanings: the more common usage applies to the entire clade, while the usage by Cavalier-Smith and collaborators was restricted to a paraphyletic class of "traditional" heteroloboseans, with the name Percolozoa used for the phylum instead. The first comprehensive phylogenomic study of Heterolobosea was published in 2025 by Tomáš Pánek and coauthors, resulting in its modern classification.

Phylum Heterolobosea Page & Blanton 1985 sensu Hanousková et al. 2019 (=Percolozoa Cavalier-Smith 1991)

• Subphylum Pharyngomonada Cavalier-Smith 2008
  • Class Pharyngomonadea Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Nikolaev 2008
    • Order Pharyngomonadida Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Nikolaev 2008
      • Family Pharyngomonadidae Cavalier-Smith in Cavalier-Smith & Nikolaev 2008, genus Pharyngomonas.
• Subphylum Tetramitia Cavalier-Smith 1993
  • Multisulcus malaysiensis Prokina et al. 2025, nom. prov.
  • ^?Family Orodruinidae Shɨshkin 2021, genera Gruberella, Orodruina, Stachyamoeba.
  • Class Selenaionea Pánek & Čepička 2025
    • Order Neovahlkampfiida Cavalier-Smith 2022 emend. Pánek et al. 2025
      • Family Neovahlkampfiidae Hanousková et al. 2018, genus Neovahlkampfia.
    • Order Selenaionida Hanousková et al. 2018
      • Family Selenaionidae Hanousková et al. 2018, genus Selenaion.
  • Class Eutetramitea Pánek & Čepička 2025. Genera not assigned to any order and family: Euplaesiobystra, Fumarolamoeba, Heteramoeba, Parafumarolamoeba, Paravahlkampfia, Oramoeba, Vrihiamoeba.
    • Order Naegleriida Pánek & Čepička 2025 (=Heterolobosea sensu Cavalier-Smith 2022). Genera not assigned to any family: Aurem, Marinamoeba.
      • Family Acrasidae Poche 1913, genera Acrasis, Allovahlkampfia, Pocheina.
      • Family Naegleriidae Kudo 1954 emend. Pánek et al. 2025, genera Naegleria, Willaertia, Trimastigamoeba*.
      • Family Tulamoebidae Kirby et al. 2015, genera Pleurostomum, Tulamoeba.
      • Family Vahlkampfiidae Jollos 1917 emend. Pánek et al. 2025, genera Tetramitus, Vahlkampfia, Pseudovahlkampfia*, Tetramastigamoeba*.
    • Order Percolomonadida Cavalier-Smith 1993
      • Family Barbeliidae Arndt 2023, genera Barbelia, Nonamonas.
      • Family Lulaidae Hohlfeld & Arndt 2023, genus Lula.
      • Family Percolomonadidae Cavalier-Smith 2003, genus Percolomonas.
    • Order Pseudociliatida Corliss & Lipscomb 1982
      • Family Stephanopogonidae Corliss 1961, genus Stephanopogon.
    • Order Creneida Cavalier-Smith 2022
      • Family Creneidae Pánek et al. 2014, genus Creneis.
    • Order Lyromonadida Cavalier-Smith 1993
      • Family Psalteriomonadidae Cavalier-Smith 1993, genera Harpagon, Psalteriomonas, Monopylocystis, Pseudoharpagon, Sawyeria, Lyromonas.

Euglenozoa

The phylum Euglenozoa is home to at least 2,000 described species of single-celled flagellates of very dissimilar lifestyles. It was originally proposed to group the euglenids (such as the photosynthetic Euglena) and the kinetoplastids (like the pathogenic Trypanosoma), usually studied separatedly; eventually it included diplonemids and symbiontids as well. Due to its share of photosynthetic species, traditionally regarded as algae, the phylum is also known as Euglenophyta by phycologists, and euglenids in particular were often studied as algae. Euglenids and kinetoplastids are the most diverse in terms of described species, although diplonemids may compose over 67,000 potential species. The classification of euglenozoans was summarized by Cavalier-Smith in 2016. A more phylogenetically precise revision of their classification was published in 2021 by Alexei Kostygov and coauthors, with newer clades and genera described in the following years, particularly of euglenids. Still, one group of euglenids, the paraphyletic "ploeotids", remains unresolved in the current classification, spread out across multiple clades.

Phylum Euglenozoa Cavalier-Smith 1981 emend. Simpson 1997

• Class Euglenida Bütschli 1884 emend. Simpson 1997 (=Euglenoida Bütschli 1884 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1993). Genera not assigned to any lower clade: †Moyeria, Entosiphon, Gaulosia. Genera incertae sedis: Atraktomonas*, Calycimonas*, Dolium*, Dylakosoma*, Tropidoscyphus*, Michajlowastasia*, Parastasiella*, Dinemula*, Paradinemula*, Mononema*, Ovicola*, Embryocola*, Copromonas*.
  • Order Petalomonadida Cavalier-Smith 1993, genera Biundula, Notosolenus, Pentamonas*, Petalomonas, Scytomonas, Sphenomonas.
  • Alistosa Lax & Simpson 2021, genera Ploeotia, Serpenomonas, Keelungia, Lentomonas, Decastava.
  • Karavia Lax, Cho & Keeling 2023, genera Hemiolia, Liburna.
  • Olkaspira Lax & Simpson 2021. Genera not assigned to any lower clade: Chelandium, Olkasia.
    • Spirocuta Cavalier-Smith, Chao & Vickerman 2016 (=Helicales Perschke et al. 2017)
      • Anisonemia Cavalier-Smith 2016
        • Order Anisonemida Cavalier-Smith 2016, family Anisonemidae Kent 1880 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2016, genera Anisonema, Dinema (=Dinematomonas), Heteronema.
        • Order Natomonadida Cavalier-Smith 2016
          • Family Neometanemidae Cavalier-Smith 2016, genus Neometanema.
          • Aphagea Cavalier-Smith 1993 emend. Busse & Preisfeld 2003 (=Rhabdomonadina Leedale 1967 emend. Cavalier-Smith 1993)
            • Family Astasiidae Kent 1884, genera Astasia, Gyropaigne, Menoidium, Parmidium, Rhabdomonas.
            • Family Distigmidae Hollande 1942, genus Distigma.
      • Order Peranemida (Peranematales) Cavalier-Smith 1993, family Peranemidae (Peranemataceae) Bütschli 1884, genera Chasmostoma, Jenningsia (=Peranemopsis), Peranema, Teloprocta, Urceolus (=Urceolopsis, Phialonema).
      • Euglenophyceae Schoenichen in Eyfurth & Shoenichen 1925, emend. Marin & Melkonian 2003 (=Euglenea Butschli 1884, emend. Busse & Preisfeld 2002). Genera incertae sedis: Ascoglena*, Euglenamorpha*, Euglenopsis*, Glenoclosterium*, Hegneria*, Klebsina*, Euglenocapsa*.
        • Order Rapazida Cavalier-Smith 2016, family Rapazidae Cavalier-Smith 2016, genus Rapaza.
        • Order Eutreptiales (Eutreptiida) Leedale 1967 emend. Marin & Melkonian 2003, family Eutreptiaceae (Eutreptiidae) Hollande 1942, genera Eutreptia, Eutreptiella^(P).
        • Order Euglenales (Euglenida) Leedale 1967 emend. Marin & Melkonian 2003
          • Family Phacaceae (Phacidae) Kim et al. 2010, genera Discoplastis, Flexiglena, Lepocinclis, Phacus.
          • Family Euglenaceae (Euglenidae) Dujardin 1841, emend. Kim et al. 2010, genera Colacium, Cryptoglena, Euglena, Euglenaformis, Euglenaria, Monomorphina, Strombomonas, Trachelomonas.
• Class Symbiontida Yubuki, Edgcomb, Bernhard & Leander 2009 (=Postgaardea Cavalier-Smith, 1998), genera Bihospites, Calkinsia, Postgaardi.
• Class Diplonemea Cavalier-Smith 1993, order Diplonemida Cavalier-Smith 1993
  • Family Diplonemidae Cavalier-Smith 1993 emend. Adl et al. 2019, genera Diplonema, Rhynchopus, Lacrimia, Sulcionema, Flectonema.
  • Family Hemistasiidae Cavalier-Smith 2016 emend. Adl et al. 2019, genera Hemistasia, Namystinia, Artemidia.
  • Family Eupelagonemidae Okamoto & Keeling 2018, genus Eupelagonema.
• Class Kinetoplastea Honigberg 1963 emend. Vickerman 1976. Genera incertae sedis: Bordnamonas*, Cephalothamnium*, Desmomonas*, Jarrellia*, Lamellasoma*.
  • Subclass Prokinetoplastia Vickerman in Moreira et al. 2004, order Prokinetoplastida Vickerman in Moreira et al. 2004
    • Family Ichthyobodonidae Isaksen et al. 2007, genus Ichthyobodo.
    • Family Perkinselidae Kostygov in Kostygov et al. 2021, genus Perkinsela (="Perkinsiella", Hollandeia).
  • Subclass Metakinetoplastia Vickerman in Moreira et al. 2004
    • Family Allobodonidae Goodwin, Lee, Kugrens & Simpson 2018, genera Allobodo, Novijibodo.
    • Order Neobodonida Vickerman in Moreira et al. 2004
      • Family Neobodonidae^(P?) Cavalier-Smith 2016, genera Actuariola, Avlakibodo, Azumiobodo, Cruzella, Cryptaulaxella, Klosteria, Neobodo, Phanerobia, Rhynchobodo.
      • Family Rhynchomonadidae Cavalier-Smith 2016, genera Dimastigella, Rhynchomonas.
    • Order Parabodonida Vickerman in Moreira et al. 2004
      • Family Cryptobiidae Poche 1911 emend. Kostygov in Kostygov et al. 2021, genera Cryptobia, Parabodo.
      • Family Trypanoplasmatidae Hartmann & Chagas 1910 emend. Kostygov in Kostygov et al. 2021, genera Procryptobia, Trypanoplasma.
    • Order Eubodonida Vickerman in Moreira et al. 2004, family Bodonidae Bütschli 1883, genus Bodo.
    • Order Trypanosomatida Kent 1880 emend. Vickerman in Moreira et al. 2004, family Trypanosomatidae Dolfein 1901. Genera not assigned to subfamilies: Jaenimonas, Vickermania, Sergeia, Wallacemonas. Genera incertae sedis: Cercoplasma, Malacozoomonas, Nematodomonas, Rhynchoidomonas, †Paleoleishmania G.Poinar & R.Poinar 2004.
      • Subfamily Trypanosomatinae Doflein 1901, genus Trypanosoma.
      • Subfamily Leishmaniinae Maslov & Lukeš 2012
        • Infrafamily Crithidiatae Kostygov & Yurchenko 2017, genera Leptomonas, Crithidia, Lotmaria.
        • Infrafamily Leishmaniatae Maslov & Lukeš 2012, genera Leishmania, Porcisia, Endotrypanum, Novymonas Zelonia, Borovskyia.
      • Subfamily Herpetomonadinae Alexeieff 1911 stat. nov., emend. Kostygov & Yurchenko in Kostygov et al. 2021 (=Phytomonadinae Yurchenko, Kostygov, Votýpka & Lukeš 2015), genera Herpetomonas, Lafontella, Phytomonas.
      • Subfamily Strigomonadinae Votýpka, Yurchenko, Kostygov & Lukeš 2014, genera Angomonas, Strigomonas, Kentomonas.
      • Subfamily Blastocrithidiinae Votýpka, Yurchenko & Lukeš 2021, genera Blastocrithidia, Obscuromonas.
      • Subfamily Blechomonadinae Votýpka & Suková 2013, genus Blechomonas.
      • Subfamily Paratrypanosomatinae Votýpka & Lukeš 2013, genus Paratrypanosoma.

Minor clades

• Meteora sporadica Hausmann, Weitere, Wolf & Arndt, 2002

Ancyromonadida

• Divimonas Barkhouse, Eglit, Weston & Simpson 2025
• Ancyromonadidae Cavalier-Smith 2008. Ancyromonas, Nutomonas.
• Planomonadidae Cavalier-Smith 1993. Fabomonas, Planomonas.

CRuMs

• Diphyllatea Cavalier-Smith 2003 → Diphylleida Cavalier-Smith 1993 [Anisomonadea Cavalier-Smith 1993 emend. 2000] → Diphylleidae Cavalier-Smith 1993 [Collodictyonidae Brugerolle et al. 2002; Sulcomonadidae Cavalier-Smith 2013]: Collodictyon Carter 1865, Diphylleia Massart 1920 [Aulacomonas Skuja 1939], Sulcomonas Brugerolle 2006.
• Hilomonadea Cavalier-Smith 2008 emend. 2012 → Rigifilida Cavalier-Smith in Yabuki et al. 2012 [Micronucleariida Cavalier-Smith 2008]
  • Micronucleariidae Cavalier-Smith 2008: Micronuclearia Mikrjukov & Mylnikov 2001.
  • Rigifilidae Yabuki & Cavalier-Smith in Yabuki et al. 2012: Rigifila Yabuki & Cavalier-Smith 2012.
• Glissodiscea Cavalier-Smith 2013 emend. 2021 → Mantamonadida Cavalier-Smith in Glücksman et al. 2011 → Mantamonadidae Cavalier-Smith in Glücksman et al. 2011: Mantamonas Glücksman & Cavalier-Smith 2011.
• Glissandrida Yazaki et al. 2025 → Glissandridae Yazaki et al. 2025: Glissandra Patterson and Simpson 1996

Hemimastigophora

• Spironematellidae Silva 1980 emend. Shɨshkin 2022 [Spironemidae Doflein 1916 nom. inval.]. Hemimastix Foissner, Blatterer & Foissner 1988, Spironematella Silva 1970 emend. Shɨshkin 2022 [Spironema Klebs 1893 nom. inval.], Stereonema Foissner & Foissner 1993.
• Paramastigidae Skuja 1948 emend. Karpov 2012. Paramastix Skuja 1948.

Provora

• Nibbleridia Tikhonenkov et al. 2022 → Nibbleridea Tikhonenkov et al. 2022 → Nibbleridida Tikhonenkov et al. 2022 → Nibbleridae Tikhonenkov et al. 2022: Nibbleromonas Tikhonenkov et al. 2022, Ubysseya Tikhonenkov et al. 2022.
• Nebulidia Tikhonenkov et al. 2022 → Nebulidea Tikhonenkov et al. 2022 → Nebulidida Tikhonenkov et al. 2022 → Nebulidae Tikhonenkov et al. 2022: Nebulomonas Tikhonenkov et al. 2022, Ancoracysta Janouškovec, Tikhonenkov, Burki, Howe, Rohwer, Mylnikov & Keeling 2017.

Telonemia

The phylum Telonemia (telonemids) contains a few species of flagellates found in ocean and fresh waters worldwide. It was originally proposed in 2006 for Telonema, a genus of previously uncertain affinity. Under the Cavalier-Smith system, telonemids were initially classified as a class of Cryptista, but later analyses consistently recovered it as a separate group. Until 2019, only two species had been formally described, each belonging to a separate genus, but environmental DNA sequencing suggested there were many more species not yet described. Between 2022 and 2025, eight additional species were described along with three new genera, bringing the total number of species to ten.

Phylum Telonemia Shalchian-Tabrizi 2006, class Telonemea Cavalier-Smith 1993, order Telonemida Cavalier-Smith 1993, family Telonemidae Cavalier-Smith 1993, genera Arpakorses, Lateronema, Hyaloria, Microkorses, Telonema.

Protists of uncertain affiliation

Acinetactis, Actinastrum, Actinocoma, Actinolophus, Adinomonas, Aletium, Amphimonas, Amylophagus, Aphelidiopsis, Asterocaelum, Asthmatos, Aurospora, Barbetia, Berkeleyaesol, Belaria, Belonocystis, Bertarellia, Bertramia, Bodopsis, Boekelovia, Branchipocola, Camptoptyche, Chalarodora, Cibdelia, Cichkovia, Cinetidomyxa, Cingula, Cladomonas, Clathrella, Codonoeca, Coelosporidium, Copromonas, Cyanomastix, Cyclomonas, Cytamoeba, Dallingeria, Dictyomyxa, Dimastigamoeba, Dinemula, Dinoasteromonas, Diplocalium, Diplomita, Diplophysalis, Diploselmis, Dobellina, Ducelleria, Ectobiella, Elaeorhanis, Embryocola, Endamoeba, Endemosarca, Endobiella, Endomonas, Endospora, Enteromyxa, Eperythrocytozoon, Errera, Fromentella, Gweamonas, Gymnococcus, Gymnophrydium, Haematotractidium, Hartmannina, Heliobodo, Heliomonas, Hermisenella, Heterogromia, Hillea, Hyalodaktylethra, Immanoplasma, Isoselmis, Janickina, Kamera, Labyrinthomyxa Dubosq 1921, Lagenidiopsis, Liegeosia, Luffisphaera, Lymphocytozoon, Lymphosporidium, Macappella, Magosphaera, Malpighiella, Martineziella, Megamoebomyxa, Microcometes, Monochrysis, Monodus, Mononema, Myrmicisporidium, Naupliicola, Nephrodinium, Neurosporidium, Orbulinella, Ovicola, Palisporomonas, Pansporella, Paradinemula, Parakaryon, Paraluffisphaera, Paramonas, Paraplasma, Parastasia, Parastasiella, Peliainia, Peltomonas, Petasaria, Phagodinium, Phanerobia, Phloxamoeba, Phyllomitus, Phyllomonas, Physcosporidium, Pleuophrys, Pleuromastix, Protenterospora, Protomonas, Pseudoactiniscus, Pseudosporopsis, Rhizomonas, Rhynchodinium, Rigidomastix, Schewiakoffia, Sergentella, Serpentoplasma, Sphaerasuctans, Spongastericus, Spongocyclia, Stephanomonas, Strobilomonas, Tetradimorpha, Thaulirens, Topsentella, Toshiba, Trichonema, Urbanella.

See also

• Cavalier-Smith's system of classification
• Protist
• Protists in the fossil record

References

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External links

• EukMap – Taxonomy Map of the UniEuk Project

Template:Taxonomy of... Template:Eukaryota

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