Social:List of political ideologies
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In social studies, a political ideology is a certain set of ethical ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement, institution, class or large group that explains how society should work and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used. Some political parties follow a certain ideology very closely while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them. An ideology's popularity is partly due to the influence of moral entrepreneurs, who sometimes act in their own interests. Political ideologies have two dimensions: (1) goals: how society should be organized; and (2) methods: the most appropriate way to achieve this goal.
An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas on what it considers to be the best form of government (e.g. autocracy or democracy) and the best economic system (e.g. capitalism or socialism). The same word is sometimes used to identify both an ideology and one of its main ideas. For instance, socialism may refer to an economic system, or it may refer to an ideology that supports that economic system. The same term may also refer to multiple ideologies, which is why political scientists try to find consensus definitions for these terms. For example, while the terms have been conflated at times, communism has come in common parlance and in academics to refer to Soviet-type regimes and Marxist–Leninist ideologies, whereas socialism has come to refer to a wider range of differing ideologies which are most often distinct from Marxism–Leninism.[1]
Political ideology is a term fraught with problems, having been called "the most elusive concept in the whole of social science".[2] While ideologies tend to identify themselves by their position on the political spectrum (such as the left, the centre or the right), they can be distinguished from political strategies (e.g. populism as it is commonly defined) and from single issues around which a party may be built (e.g. civil libertarianism and support or opposition to European integration), although either of these may or may not be central to a particular ideology. Several studies show that political ideology is heritable within families.[3][4][5][6][7]
The following list is strictly alphabetical and attempts to divide the ideologies found in practical political life into several groups, with each group containing ideologies that are related to each other. The headers refer to the names of the best-known ideologies in each group. The names of the headers do not necessarily imply some hierarchical order or that one ideology evolved out of the other. Instead, they are merely noting that the ideologies in question are practically, historically, and ideologically related to each other. As such, one ideology can belong to several groups and there is sometimes considerable overlap between related ideologies. The meaning of a political label can also differ between countries and political parties often subscribe to a combination of ideologies.
Anarchism
- Political internationals
- Anarkismo (platformism and specifism)
- Informal Anarchist Federation (insurrectionary anarchism)
- International of Anarchist Federations (synthesis anarchism)
- International Confederation of Labor (anarcho-syndicalism and revolutionary syndicalism)
- International Workers' Association (anarcho-syndicalism)
Classical
- Individualist anarchism
- Egoist anarchism
- Communist egoism
- Illegalism
- Expropriative anarchism
- Philosophical anarchism
- Egoist anarchism
- Libertarianism
- Mutualism
- Social anarchism
Post-classical
- Anarcha-feminism
- Anarchism without adjectives
- Anarcho-pacifism
- Anarcho-punk
- Green anarchism
- Anarcho-naturism
- Anarcho-primitivism
- Communalism
- Eco-communalism
- Libertarian municipalism
- Social ecology
- Veganarchism
- Insurrectionary anarchism
- Makhaevism
- Platformism
- Makhnovism
- Specifism
Contemporary
- Anarcho-transhumanism
- Black anarchism
- Free-market anarchism
- Post-anarchism
- Post-colonial anarchism
- Post-left anarchism
- Queer anarchism
Opposition
Religious variants
- Buddhist anarchism
- Christian anarchism
- Catholic Worker Movement
- Diggers
- Tolstoyan movement
- Hindu anarchism
- Islamic anarchism
- Jewish anarchism
- Orthodox Jewish anarchism
Regional variants
African
- Algeria
- Egypt
- Morocco
- Nigeria
- South Africa
- Tunisia
American
- Latin America
- Argentina
- Bolivia
- Brazil
- Chile
- Colombia
- Cuba
- Ecuador
- French Guiana
- Mexico
- Neo-Zapatism
- Magonism
- Zapatism
- Puerto Rico
- Venezuela
- North America
- Canada
- United States
- Individualist anarchism
Asian
- Armenia
- Azerbaijan
- Bangladesh
- China
- Hong Kong
- East Timor
- Egypt
- Georgia
- India
- Indonesia
- Israel
- Japan
- Korea
- Malaysia
- Mongolia
- Philippines
- Singapore
- Syria
- Turkey
- Vietnam
European
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Iceland
- Ireland
- Italy
- Monaco
- Poland
- Romania
- Russia
- Narodnism
- Spain
- Sweden
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
Oceanian
- Australia
- New Zealand
Authoritarianism
General
- Absolute monarchism
- Autocracy
- Caudillismo
- Despotism
- Dictatorship
- Imperialism
- Civilizing mission
- Colonialism
- Exploitation colonialism
- Internal colonialism
- Neocolonialism
- Settler colonialism
- Lebensraum
- Manifest destiny
- Cultural imperialism
- Expansionism
- Kraterocracy
- Managerial state
- Ochlocracy
- Oligarchy
- One-party state
- Plutocracy
- Police state
- Soft authoritarianism
- Soft despotism
- Totalitarianism
- Transnational repression
Other
- Authoritarian capitalism
- Authoritarian socialism
- Leninism
- Stalinism
- Trotskyism
- Castroism
- Titoism
- Marxism–Leninism
- Anti-revisionary Marxism
- Blanquism
- Leninism
- Authoritarian conservatism
- Fitzhughism
- Monarchism
- Authoritarian democracy
- Authoritarian populism
- Byzantinism
- Digital authoritarianism
- Ecoauthoritarianism
- Liberal autocracy
- Minoritarianism
- Neo-feudalism
- Far-right ultranationalist authoritarianism
- Fascism
- Falangism
- National Socialism (Nazism)
- Neo-fascism
- Neo-Nazism
- National Bolshevism
- Nazi-Maoism
- Neo-Legionarism
- Third Positionism
- Neo-Nazism
- Fascism
Opposition
- Anti-fascism
- Anti-monarchism
- Decolonization
Religious variants
Regional variants
African
- Central African Republic
- Congo
- Egypt
- Equatorial Guinea
- Libya
- South Africa
- Sudan
- Uganda
- Zimbabwe
American
- Argentina
- Bolivia
- Brazil
- Chile
- Cuba
- Dominican Republic
- Guatemala
- Haiti
- Honduras
- Mexico
- Nicaragua
- Panama
- Paraguay
- United States
- Venezuela
Asian
- Afghanistan
- Cambodia
- China
- Indonesia
- Iraq
- Iran
- Japan
- Kazakhstan
- Myanmar
- North Korea
- Pakistan
- Philippines
- Saudi Arabia
- South Korea
- Syria
- Tajikistan
- Thailand
- Turkey
- Turkmenistan
- United Arab Emirates
- Uzbekistan
European
Communitarianism
General
- Christian democracy
- Communitarian corporatism
- Democratic confederalism
- Distributism
- Georgism
- Mutualism
- Radical centrism
- Third Way
Other
- Christian socialism
- Eurasianism
- Freiwirtschaft
- Pre-Marxist communism
- Primitive communism
- Religious communism
- Christian communism
- Islamic communism
- Jewish communism
- Utopian socialism
Regional variants
- Kibbutz
- Obshchina
- Singapore
- Zadruga
Communism
- Political internationals
- Committee for a Workers' International (Trotskyism)
- Committee for Revolutionary International Regroupment (Trotskyism)
- Coordinating Committee for the Refoundation of the Fourth International (Trotskyism)
- Fourth International (Trotskyism)
- Fourth International (ICR) (Trotskyism)
- Fourth International (post-reunification) (Trotskyism)
- Fourth International Posadist (Trotskyism)
- International Bolshevik Tendency (Trotskyism)
- International Committee of the Fourth International (Trotskyism)
- International Communist Current (left communism)
- International Communist League (Fourth Internationalist) (Trotskyism)
- International Communist Party (left communism)
- International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (International Newsletter) (Maoism)
- International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle) (Hoxhaism)
- International Coordination of Revolutionary Parties and Organizations (anti-revisionism)
- International League of Peoples' Struggle (Marxism–Leninism–Maoism)
- International Marxist Tendency (orthodox Trotskyism)
- International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties (Marxism–Leninism)
- International Revolutionary Left (Trotskyism)
- International Socialist Alternative (Trotskyism)
- International Socialist League (Trotskyism)
- International Socialist Tendency (unorthodox Trotskyism)
- International Workers League – Fourth International (Trotskyism)
- International Workers' Unity – Fourth International (Trotskyism)
- Internationalist Communist Tendency (left communism)
- Internationalist Communist Union (Trotskyism)
- League for the Fifth International (Trotskyism)
- League for the Fourth International (Trotskyism)
- Liaison Committee for the Reconstruction of the Fourth International (Trotskyism)
- Revolutionary Communist International (Trotskyism)
- Trotskyist Fraction – Fourth International (Trotskyism)
- United Secretariat of the Fourth International (Trotskyism)
- World Socialist Movement (anti-Leninism, classical Marxism, impossibilism and international socialism)
- Workers International to Rebuild the Fourth International (Trotskyism)
Authoritarian
- Barracks communism
- Nechayevshchina
- Blanquism
- Nechayevism
- Tkachevism
Leninism
- Democratic centralism
- Trotskyism
- Unorthodox Trotskyism
- Archeio-Marxism
- Pabloism
- Posadism
- Third camp Trotskyism
- Orthodox Trotskyism
- Unorthodox Trotskyism
- Vanguardism
- War communism
Marxism–Leninism
- Brezhnevism
- Castroism
- Ceaușism
- Dubčekism
- Gorbachevism
- Glasnost
- Perestroika
- Guevarism
- Ho Chi Minh Thought
- Hoxhaism
- Husakism
- Juche
- Kimilsungism
- Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism
- Songun
- Kadarism
- Khrushchevism
- De-Stalinization
- Khrushchev Thaw
- Maoism
- Maoism–Third Worldism
- Third Worldism
- Third World socialism
- New Synthesis
- Mao-Spontex
- Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
- Gonzalo Thought
- Marxism–Leninism–Maoism–Prachanda Path
- National Democracy
- Naxalism
- Pol Potism
- Socialism with Chinese characteristics
- Deng Xiaoping Theory
- Mao Zedong Thought
- Scientific Outlook on Development
- Three Principles of the People
- Three Represents
- Xi Jinping Thought
- Maoism–Third Worldism
- Marxist–Leninist atheism
- Scientific communism
- Stalinism
- Anti-revisionism
- Neo-Stalinism
- Socialism in one country
- National communism
- National Bolshevism
- Socialist patriotism
- Soviet socialist patriotism
- Soviet nostalgia
- Soviet socialist patriotism
- Soviet antisemitism
- Left-wing antisemitism
- Soviet anti-Zionism
- Titoism
- Đilasism
- Rankovićism
- Socialist nationalism
- Socialist Yugoslavism
- Yugo-nostalgia
- Socialist Yugoslavism
Libertarian
- Anarcho-communism
- Egoist communism
- Communard movement
- Marxism
Marxism
- Classical Marxism
- Orthodox Marxism
- Impossibilism
- Kautskyism
- Luxemburgism
- Spartacism
- Orthodox Marxism
- Libertarian Marxism
- Autonomism
- Left communism
- Bordigism
- Communization
- Council communism
- Socialisme ou Barbarie
- Solidarity
- Situationism
- Spontaneism
- Ultra-leftism
- Mao-Spontex
- Marxism–De Leonism
- Unorthodox Trotskyism
- Chaulieu–Montal tendency
- Johnson–Forest tendency
- Third camp
- Shachtmanism
- Left Shachtmanism
- Shachtmanism
- Open Marxism
- Western Marxism
- Austro-Marxism
- Frankfurt School
- Freudo-Marxism
- Hegelian Marxism
- Marxist humanism
- Neo-Marxism
- Analytical Marxism
- Conflict theories
- Freudo–Marxism
- Gramscianism
- Instrumental Marxism
- Neue Marx-Lektüre
- Political Marxism
- Structural Marxism
- Post-Marxism
- Radical democracy
- Abahlali baseMjondolo
- Landless Workers' Movement
- Piqueteros
- Zapatistas
- Radical democracy
Other
- Centrist Marxism
- Eco-communism
- Eurocommunism
- Fully automated luxury communism
- International communism
- Marxist democracy
- National communism
- Primitive communism
- Pre-Marxist communism
- Queer communism
- World communism
Opposition
- Anti-communism
- McCarthyism
- Pinochetism
- Anti-Marxism
- Anti-socialism
Religious variants
- Christian communism
- Bruderhofs
- Diggers
- Hutterites
- Shakers
- Islamic communism
- Jewish communism
Regional variants
African
- Angola
- Benin
- Congo
- Egypt
- Eritrea
- Ethiopia
- Mozambique
- Somalia
- South Africa
- Trotskyism
- Tanzania
- Tunisia
American
- Canada
- Quebec
- Chile
- Colombia
- Cuba
- Grenada
- Peru
- Shining Path
- United States
Asian
- Afghanistan
- Armenia
- Azerbaijan
- Cambodia
- Khmer Rouge
- Salvation Front
- China
- New Left
- Ultra-left
- India
- Bengali communism
- Keralan communism
- Naxalism
- Tripuran communism
- Georgia
- Indonesia
- Sumatra
- Iran
- Israel
- Japan
- New Left
- Kazakhstan
- Korea
- North Korea
- South Korea
- Kurdistan
- Kyrgyzstan
- Laos
- Mongolia
- Nepal
- Palestine
- Pakistan
- Philippines
- Soviet Union
- Tajikistan
- Thailand
- Turkey
- Turkmenistan
- Uzbekistan
- Vietnam
- Trotskyism
- Yemen
European
- Albania
- Bosnia, and Herzegovina
- Bulgaria
- Belarus
- Croatia
- Cyprus
- Czechoslovakia
- Bohemia and Moravia
- Slovakia
- Estonia
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- East Germany
- West Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Italy
- Latvia
- Lithuania
- Macedonia
- Moldova
- Montenegro
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Russia
- Bolshevism
- Bolsheviks
- Centre
- Kamenevism
- Stalinism
- Zinovievism
- Left Opposition
- Left communism
- Group of Democratic Centralism
- Left–Right Bloc
- Trotskyism
- United Opposition
- Workers' Opposition
- Workers Group of the Russian Communist Party
- Workers' Truth
- Old Bolsheviks
- Recallists
- Ultimatists
- Right Opposition
- Anti-Party Group
- Bukharinism
- Noginism
- Rykovism
- Tomskyism
- Gang of Eight
- Left–Right Bloc
- Soyuz
- Union of Marxist–Leninists
- Centre
- Bolsheviks
- Bolshevism
- Serbia
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
- Trotskyism
- Neo-Trotskyism
- Trotskyism
- Yugoslavia
Oceanian
- Australia
- New Zealand
Conservatism
- Political internationals
- International Democrat Union (conservatism)
- International Monarchist League (monarchism)
General
- Anti-unionism
- Authoritarian conservatism
- Bioconservatism
- Black conservatism
- Civic conservatism
- Classical conservatism
- Conservative corporatism
- Conservative left
- Conservative liberalism
- Cultural conservatism
- Fiscal conservatism
- Green conservatism
- LGBT conservatism
- Liberal conservatism
- Libertarian conservatism
- Fusionism
- Libertarian Republicanism
- Paleolibertarianism
- Western conservatism
- Monarchism
- Absolute monarchism
- Constitutional monarchism
- National conservatism
- Anti-immigrationism
- Ethnic nationalism
- Nativism
- Neoconservatism
- Paleoconservatism
- Paternalistic conservatism
- Compassionate conservatism
- Conservative socialism
- Conservative welfarism
- Progressive conservatism
- Right-wing populism
- Social conservatism
- Anti-abortion movement
- Anti-feminism
- Anti-LGBT movement
- Social Darwinism
- Kraterocracy
- Theoconservatism
- Traditionalist conservatism
Reactionary
- Absolutism
- Alt-lite movement
- Alt-right movement
- Authoritarian capitalism
- Illiberalism
- Imperialism
- Integralism
- Irredentism
- Neo-feudalism
- Neo-nationalism
- Neo-reactionary movement
- Oligarchy
- Reactionary modernism
- Reactionary populism
- Revanchism
- Theocracy
- White supremacy
- Segregationism
Opposition
- Anti anti-communism
- Anti-establishmentarianism
- Anti-monarchism
- Cultural liberalism
- Cultural radicalism
- Radicalism
- Revolutionarism
- Postmodernism
- Progressivism
Religious variants
- Christian right
- Christian fundamentalism
- Traditionalist Catholicism
- Radical traditional Catholicism
- Hindu fundamentalism
- Islamism
- Jewish Conservatism
- Religious Zionism
Regional variants
African
- Egypt
- Gabon
- Ghana
- Ivory Coast
- Kenya
- Liberia
- Malawi
- Morocco
- Niger
- Nigeria
- South Africa
- Apartheid
- Sudan
- Uganda
American
- Latin America
- Brazil
- Bolsonarism
- Modern conservatism
- Monarchism
- Nativism
- Chile
- Colombia
- Puerto Rico
- Brazil
- North America
- Canada
- Bernierism
- Blue Toryism
- Monarchism
- Nativism
- Pink Toryism
- Red Toryism
- Trumpism
- United States
- Canada
United States
- Black conservatism
- Conservative coalition
- Conservative democratism
- Anti-abolitionism
- Blue Dogs
- Jacksonianism
- Southern democratism
- Confederatism
- Dixiecratism
- Segregationism
- Southern nationalism
- Federalism
- Classical conservatism
- New Federalism
- McCarthyism
- Nativism
- Know Nothing movement
- New Right
- Old Right
- Republicanism
- Conservative republicanism
- Libertarian republicanism
- Moderate republicanism
- Main Street republicanism
- Republican Main Street Partnership
- Tuesday Group
- Main Street republicanism
- Modern conservatism
- Movement conservatism
- Reaganism
- Reagan Doctrine
- Reaganomics
- Tea Party movement
- Trumpism
- Christian Trumpism
- QAnon
Asian
- China
- Hong Kong
- Localism
- Nativism
- India
- Modern conservatism
- Modrism
- Modern conservatism
- Japan
- Abeism
- Monarchism
- Neoconservatism
- Pakistan
- Nativism
- Philippines
- South Korea
- Modern conservatism
- Taiwan
- Nativism
- Turkey
- Conservative democracy
- Erdoganism
- Conservative democracy
European
- Ancient Rome
- Belgium
- Denmark
- Finland
- France
- Bonapartism
- Gaullism
- LePenism
- Monarchism
- Legitimism
- Orléanism
- Ultra-royalism
- Nouvelle Droite
- Revolutionary France
- Ancien Régime
- Chouannerie
- Historical Right
- Thermidorians
- Germany
- Bismarkianism
- Conservative socialism
- State socialism
- Conservative revolutionary movement
- Prussian socialism
- Monarchism
- Neue Rechte
- Reichsbürger movement
- Bismarkianism
- Greece
- Hungary
- Orbanism
- Iceland
- Conservatism in Italy
- Historical Right
- Modern conservatism
- Liberal conservatism
- Sanfedismo
- Luxembourg
- Poland
- Golden Liberty
- Sarmatism
- Modern conservatism
- Golden Liberty
- Norway
- Russia
- Monarchism
- Octobrism
- Modern conservatism
- Putinism
- Chekism
- Nashism
- Eurasianism
- Neo-Sovietism
- Neo-Stalinism
- Chekism
- Putinism
- Monarchism
- Serbia
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
- Butskellism
- Cavaliers
- Tories
- New Tories
- Tories
- Jacobitism
- Monarchism
- Nativism
- Neoconservatism
- One-nation conservatism
- Cameronism
- Big Society
- Muscular liberalism
- Johnsonism
- Cameronism
- Thatcherism
- Blatcherism
- Toryism
- High Toryism
- Johnsonism
- Powellism
- Tory anarchism
- Tory democracy
- Ultra-Toryism
- High Toryism
Oceanian
- Australia
- Monarchism
- Modern conservatism
- Nativism
- Fiji
- New Zealand
- Papua New Guinea
- Samoa
- Tonga
- Vanuatu
Corporatism
General
- Absolutist corporatism
- Communitarian corporatism
- Conservative corporatism
- Economic corporatism
- Fascist corporatism
- Kinship corporatism
- Liberal corporatism
- National corporatism
- Neo-corporatism
- Tripartism
- Progressive corporatism
- Social corporatism
- Solidar corporatism
- State corporatism
Other
- Christian democracy
- Class collaborationism
- Consociationalism
- Cooperativism
- Corporate statism
- Corporate welfarism
- Guild socialism
- Guildism
- Managerialism
- Mutualist movement
- National syndicalism
Religious variants
- Christian corporatism
Regional variants
- Chile
- China
- Nordic countries
- Russia
- Western Europe
Western Europe
- Austria
- Belgium
- France
- Germany
- Bismarkianism
- Conservative socialism
- State socialism
- Conservative revolutionary movement
- Fascist corporatism
- Prussian socialism
- Ordoliberalism
- Rhine model
- Bismarkianism
- Ireland
- Italy
- Christian democratic corporatism
- Fascist corporatism
- National syndicalism
- Luxembourg
- Portugal
- Netherlands
- Spain
- Switzerland
Democracy
General
- Associative democracy
- Bioregional democracy
- Bourgeois democracy
- Cellular democracy
- Conservative democracy
- Constitutional democracy
- Cosmopolitan democracy
- Defensive democracy
- Economic democracy
- E-democracy
- Ethnic democracy
- Guided democracy
- Liquid democracy
- Market democracy
- Media democracy
- Multiparty democracy
- Non-partisan democracy
- Participatory democracy
- Pluralist democracy
- Procedural democracy
- Proletarian democracy
- Racial democracy
- Radical democracy
- Representative democracy
- Council democracy
- Electoral democracy
- Ethnocracy
- Liberal democracy
- Parliamentary democracy
- Westminster democracy
- Presidential democracy
- Totalitarian democracy
- Republican democracy
- Revolutionary democracy
- Sectarian democracy
- Semi-democracy
- Semi-direct democracy
- Social democracy
- Socialist democracy
- Economic democracy
- Council democracy
- Inclusive democracy
- Industrial democracy
- Soviet democracy
- Workplace democracy
- Marxist democracy
- Marxist–Leninist democracy
- Economic democracy
- Sovereign democracy
- Substantive democracy
- Tory democracy
Other
- Demarchism
- Democratic capitalism
- Democratic centralism
- Democratic confederalism
- Democratic globalization
- Democratic mundialization
- Democratic republicanism
- Democratic socialism
- Democratic transhumanism
- Majoritarianism
- Producerism
- Sortitionism
Direct democracy movements
- Anticipatory democracy
- Anti-corruption movements
- Anti-establishmentarianism
- Anti-particracy movements
- Cellular democracy
- Collaborative governance
- Consensus democracy
- Copyright reform movements
- Council democracy
- Cyber-utopianism
- Deliberative democracy
- Delegative democracy
- Dynamic governance
- E-democracy
- Economic democracy
- Empowered democracy
- Grassroots democracy
- Inclusive Democracy
- Localism
- Marxist democracy
- Net neutrality movements
- Open-source governance
- Pirate politics
- Popular democracy
- Producerism
- Semi-direct democracy
Pirate politics
Pirate politics | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Ideology | Anti-corruption Civil libertarianism Civil rights Direct democracy E-democracy Participatory democracy Social liberalism |
- Political internationals
- Pirate Parties International (pirate politics)
- Anti-copyright movement
- Anti-corruption movement
- Civil rights movement
- Civil libertarianism
- Direct democracy
- Free speech movement
- Information privacy movement
- Net neutrality movement
- Free and open-source software
- Free software movement
- Open-source-software movement
Opposition
Religious variants
Christian democracy
- Political internationals
- Centrist Democrat International (Christian democracy)
- Christian Democrat Organization of America (Christian democracy)
General
- Distributism
- Gremialismo
- Popularism
Other
- Christian corporatism
- Christian democratic welfarism
- Christian egalitarianism
- Communitarianism
- Ordoliberalism
- Progressive conservatism
- Social conservatism
Other
- Christian democracy
- Islamic democracy
- Jewish democracy
- Theodemocracy
Regional variants
African
- Egypt
- Morocco
Asian
- Bangladesh
- China
- Hong Kong
- India
- Iran
- Israel
- Lebanon
- Pakistan
- Palestine
- Rojava
- Singapore
- Vietnam
American
- Chile
- Chiapas
- United States
- Direct democracy
- Jacksonian democracy
- Jeffersonian democracy
European
- Ancient Greece
- Ancient Rome
- Belarus
- France
- Paris Commune
- Poland
- Russia
- Switzerland
- United Kingdom
Oceanian
- Australia
Environmentalism
- Political internationals
- Friends of the Earth (environmentalism)
- Global Greens (green politics)
- World Ecological Parties (bright green environmentalism)
Bright green environmentalism
- Car-free movement
- Climate movement
- Conservation movement
- Eco-modernism
- Positive environmentalism
- Steady-state economy
Deep green environmentalism
- Anti-consumerism
- Anti-globalization movement
- Alter-globalization movement
- Global justice movement
- Anti-nuclear movement
- Bioregionalism
- Ecoauthoritarianism
- Ecocentrism
- Eco-fascism
- Green anarchism
- Anarcho-naturism
- Anarcho-primitivism
- Communalism
- Eco-communalism
- Democratic confederalism
- Green municipalism
- Libertarian municipalism
- Social ecology
- Inclusive democracy
- Neo-Luddism
- Radical environmentalism
- Animal rights movement
- Deep Green Resistance
- Earth liberation movement
Light green environmentalism
- Free-market environmentalism
- Eco-capitalism
- Sustainable capitalism
- Georgism
- Green libertarianism
- Eco-capitalism
- Green conservatism
- Green liberalism
Other
- Ecofeminism
- Eco-nationalism
- Green Zionism
- Green left
- Localism
- Queer ecology
Opposition
Religious variants
- Christian environmentalism
- Islamic environmentalism
- Jewish environmentalism
- Maori environmentalism
- Spiritual ecology
Regional variants
African
- South Africa
American
- United States
Asian
- Bangladesh
- China
- India
- Israel
- South Korea
- Taiwan
European
- Switzerland
Oceanian
- Australia
- New Zealand
Fascism
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- Political internationals
- World Union of National Socialists (Nazism)
General
- Classical fascism
- Crypto-fascism
- Eco-fascism
- Neo-fascism
- Para-fascism
- Post-fascism
- Proto-fascism
- Techno-fascism
- Tropical fascism
Other
- Alt-right movement
- Aryanism
- Conservative revolutionary movement
- Corporate statism
- Fascist corporatism
- Fascist mysticism
- Esoteric fascism
- Fascist syndicalism
- Feudal fascism
- Nazism
- Neo-Nazism
- Nouvelle Droite
- Palingenetic ultranationalism
- Racial nationalism
- Supremacism
- Syncretism
- Third Position
- Ultranationalism
- Metaxism
Opposition
- Anti-authoritarianism
- Anti-imperialism
- Anti-militarism
- Anti-nationalism
- Anti-racism
By country
- During and before World War II
- Albania
- Austria
- Belgium
- Bulgaria
- Burma
- China
- Czech Republic
- Denmark
- France
- Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
- Germany
- Antifaschistische Aktion
- Iron Front
- Greece
- Hungary
- Italy
- Arditi del Popolo
- Japan
- Lithuania
- Malaysia
- Moldova
- Netherlands
- Norway
- Partisan resistance movement (multinational)
- Jewish partisans
- Philippines
- Poland
- Anti-Fascist Bloc
- Jewish Combat Organization
- Portugal
- Slovakia
- Soviet Union
- Spain
- Thailand
- Yugoslavia
- Post-World War II
- Austria
- Burma
- Germany
- Sweden
- United Kingdom
- Anti-Fascist Action
- Anti-Nazi League
- Movement for Justice
- Red Action
- Squadism
- Unite Against Fascism
- United States
- Anti-Racist Action
- By Any Means Necessary
- Redneck Revolt
- Refuse Fascism
- Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice
Religious variants
- Christofascism
- Christian Identity
- Positive Christianity
- Clerical fascism
- Esoteric Nazism
- Ariosophy
- Islamofascism
Regional variants
African
American
- Latin America
- Argentina
- Bolivia
- Neo-fascism
- Brazil
- Integralism
- Nazism
- Chile
- Nazism
- Costa Rica
- Mexico
- Peru
- North America
- Canada
- Nazism
- Neo-Nazism
- Nazism
- United States
- Nazism
- Neo-Nazism
- Neo-fascism
- Anarcho-fascism
- Nazism
- Canada
Asian
- East Asian
- West Asian
- Iran
- Israel
- Lebanon
- Syria
- Turkey
European
- Albania
- Nazism
- Austria
- Antisemitism
- Nazism
- Belgium
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Bulgaria
- Belarus
- Croatia
- Neo-fascism
- Neo-Nazism
- Czech Republic
- Czechoslovakia
- Denmark
- Neo-Nazism
- Estonia
- Antisemitism
- Neo-Nazism
- France
- Antisemitism
- Nazism
- Neo-socialism
- Révolution nationale
- Germany
- Nazi Germany
- Antisemitism
- Hitlerism
- Strasserism
- Neo-Nazism
- Völkisch movement
- Nazi Germany
- Greece
- Antisemitism
- Nazism
- Neo-Nazism
- Golden Dawn
- Neo-Nazism
- Neo-fascism
- Hungary
- Antisemitism
- Nazism
- Italy
- Classical fascism
- Actual idealism
- Antisemitism
- Fasci movement
- Futurism
- Mussolinism
- Republican fascism
- Revolutionary fascism
- Sansepolcrismo
- Actual idealism
- Nazism
- Nazi-Maoism
- Neo-Nazism
- Neo-fascism
- Italian Social Movement
- Post-fascism
- Classical fascism
- Latvia
- Antisemitism
- Lithuania
- Netherlands
- Antisemitism
- Nazism
- Neo-Nazism
- Norway
- Antisemitism
- Poland
- Antisemitism
- National radicalism
- Portugal
- Antisemitism
- Neo-fascism
- Romania
- Antisemitism
- Nazism
- Antonism
- Russia
- Ruscism
- Nazism
- Neo-Nazism
- Serbia
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Antisemitism
- Neo-Nazism
- Spain
- Antisemitism in Spain
- Francoism
- Sweden
- Sweden
- Neo-Nazism
- Switzerland
- Ukraine
- Antisemitism
- Neo-Nazism
- United Kingdom
- Neo-fascism
- Yugoslavia
- Antisemitism
Oceanian
- Australia
- New Zealand
Identity politics
- Political internationals
- International Council of Women (feminism)
- Minority Rights Group International (minority rights)
- Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (indigenous rights and self-determination)
- Anti-abortion movement
- Children's rights movement
- Elder rights movement
- Intergenerational equity
- Youth rights movement
- Abolitionism
- Animal egalitarianism
- Anti-specism
- Animal protectionism
- Animal rights movement
- Animal liberation movement
- Animal welfarism
- Disability rights movement
- Deaf rights movement
- Neurodiversity movement
- Autism rights movement
- Mad pride movement
- Psychiatric survivors movement
- Anti-psychiatry
- Fat acceptance movement
- Fat feminism
Feminism
General
- Analytical feminism
- Anarcha-feminism
- Care-focused feminism
- Conservative feminism
- Cultural feminism
- Cyberfeminism
- Difference feminism
- Eco-feminism
- Vegetarian eco-feminism
- Equality feminism
- Gender feminism
- Individualist feminism
- Intersectional feminism
- Labor feminism
- Lesbian feminism
- Liberal feminism
- Equity feminism
- Libertarian feminism
- Lipstick feminism
- Neo-feminism
- Material feminism
- Maternal feminism
- Post-modern feminism
- Pro-feminism
- Radical feminism
- Trans-exclusionary radical feminism
- Women's liberation movement
- Separatist feminism
- Sex-positive feminism
- Social feminism
- Socialist feminism
- Marxist feminism
- Standpoint feminism
- State feminism
- Transfeminism
Opposition
Chronological variants
- Proto-feminism
- First-wave feminism
- Second-wave feminism
- Third-wave feminism
- Fourth-wave feminism
- Post-feminism
Ethnic and social variants
- Black feminism
- Hip-hop feminism
- Womanism
- Africana womanism
- Chicana feminism
- Dalit feminism
- French feminism
- Indigenous feminism
- Native American feminism
- Kurdish feminism
- Post-colonial feminism
- Global feminism
- Third-world feminism
- Transnational feminism
- White feminism
Religious variants
- Atheist feminism
- Buddhist feminism
- Christian feminism
- New feminism
- Hindu feminism
- Islamic feminism
- Jewish feminism
- Mormon feminism
- Neopagan feminism
- Dianic Wicca
- Reclaiming
- Sikh feminism
Regional variants
African
- Congo
- Egypt
- Ethiopia
- Ghana
- Mali
- Nigeria
- South Africa
American
- Latin America
- Argentina
- Brazil
- Chile
- Haiti
- Honduras
- Mexico
- Paraguay
- Trinidad and Tobago
- North America
- Canada
- United States
Asian
- Bangladesh
- China
- Hong Kong
- India
- Indonesia
- Iran
- Iraq
- Israel
- Japan
- Lebanon
- Malaysia
- Nepal
- Northern Cyprus
- Pakistan
- Philippines
- South Korea
- Syria
- Taiwan
- Thailand
- Turkey
- Vietnam
European
- Albania
- Denmark
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Ireland
- Italy
- Netherlands
- Norway
- Poland
- Russia
- Sweden
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
Oceanian
- Australia
- New Zealand
LGBT social movements
- Gay liberation
- Homonationalism
- LGBT conservatism
- LGBT pride
- LGBT rights opposition
- Pink capitalism
- Queer anarchism
- Queer radicalism
- Queer ecology
- Queer nationalism
- Socialism and LGBT rights
- Transfeminism
Men's movement
- Anti-feminism
- Fathers' rights movement
- Intactivism
- Masculism
- Meninism
- Men's rights movement
- Mythopoetic men's movement
- Patriarchy
- Pro-feminism
Regional variants
- Australia
- India
- Italy
- United Kingdom
- United States
Self-determination movements
African-American
- African-American self-determination movement
- Black anarchism
- Black capitalism
- Black feminism
- Womanism
- Africana womanism
- Womanism
- Black power
- Pan-Africanism
Indigenous peoples
- Australian Aborigines self-determination movement
- First Nations self-determination movement
- Greenlandic independence movement
- Indigenous self-determination movement
- Māori self-determination movement
- Native American self-determination movement
- American Indian Movement
- Pan-Indianism
Latin American
- Chicanism
- Chicano movement
- Hispanicism
- Indigenism
- Mexico
- Peru
- Pan-Americanism
- Pan-Hispanism
Separatist and supremacist movements
Ethnic
- Afrocentrism
- Anglo-Saxonism
- Apartheidism
- Antisemitism
- Cultural antisemitism
- Economic antisemitism
- New antisemitism
- Political antisemitism
- Racial antisemitism
- Religious antisemitism
- Arab supremacism
- Auto-segregationism
- Eurocentrism
- Indocentrism
- Institutional racism
- Manifest destiny
- Nordicism
- Racialism
- Racial segregationism
- Racial separatism
- Racial supremacism
- Racism
- Scientific racism
- Secessionism
- Sinocentrism
Black
- Black nationalism
- Black separatism
- Black supremacism
White
- Alt-right movement
- White nationalism
- White separatism
- White supremacism
Regional variants
African
- South Africa
American
- Latin America
- Racial segregationism
- North America
- Canada
- Racial segregationism
- Greater Vancouver
- Racial segregationism
- United States
- Racial segregationism
- Atlanta segregationism
- Auto-segregationism
- Church segregationism
- Public house segregationism
- Residential segregationism
- School segregationism
- Academic segregationism
- Black school segregationism
- United States Armed Forces
- White nationalism
- White supremacism
- Racial segregationism
- Canada
Asian
- Pakistan
European
- Belgium
- Bosnia, and Herzegovina
- Georgia
- Separatism in Chechnya
- Separatism in Dagestan
- Separatism in Tatarstan
- Separatism in Ural
- Serbia
- Spain
- Basque separatism
- Catalan separatism
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
Oceania
- Australia
- Tasmania
Gender
- Feminist separatism
- Lesbian separatism
- Homonationalism
- Matriarchy
- Patriarchy
Religious variants
- Fundamentalism
- Buddhist fundamentalism
- Christian fundamentalism
- Catholic fundamentalism
- Protestant fundamentalism
- Hindu fundamentalism
- Islamic fundamentalism
- Jewish fundamentalism
- Pagan fundamentalism
Student movements
General
- Anarchist free school movement
- Student activism
Regional variants
- Argentina
- Australia
- Bangladesh
- Canada
- Chile
- China
- Congo
- Eastern Europe
- Albania
- Belarus
- Czechoslovakia
- Georgia
- Hungary
- Kyrgyzstan
- Serbia
- Ukraine
- European Union
- France
- Germany
- United Kingdom
- Hong Kong
- Umbrella Revolution
- Hong Kong Federation of Students
- Occupy Tamar
- Scholarism
- Umbrella Movement
- India
- Assam Movement
- Pro-jallikattu movement
- Indonesia
- Iran
- Israel
- Japan
- Korea
- Malaysia
- Mexico
- Philippines
- Taiwan
- Anti-Black Box Curriculum Movement
- Sunflower Student Movement
- Uganda
- United States
- New Students for a Democratic Society
- Rouge Forum
- Students for a Democratic Society
- Worker Student Alliance
- Student Press Law Center
Liberalism
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- Political internationals
- Liberal International (liberalism)
- Transnational Radical Party (radicalism)
General
- Agonistic liberalism
- Classical liberalism
- Conservative liberalism
- Constitutional liberalism
- Cultural liberalism
- Democratic liberalism
- Economic liberalism
- Green liberalism
- Muscular liberalism
- National liberalism
- Neoclassical liberalism
- Neo-liberalism
- Ordoliberalism
- Secular liberalism
- Social liberalism
- Technoliberalism
Other
- Anti anti-communism
- Liberal centrism
- Liberal communitarianism
- Liberal moderatism
- Liberal syncretism
- Radical centrism
- Sinistrisme
- Third Way
- Trasformismo
- Liberal constitutionalism
- Liberal egalitarianism
- Liberal autocracy
- Liberal conservatism
- Liberal corporatism
- Liberal democracy
- Liberal feminism
- Equity feminism
- Liberal internationalism
- Liberal progressivism
- Liberal socialism
- Liberal transhumanism
- Liberal welfarism
- Liberal radicalism
- Liberal republicanism
- Classical republicanism
- Democratic republicanism
- Legal egalitarianism
- Modern republicanism
- Neo-republicanism
- Social libertarianism
- Whiggism
Opposition
Regional variants
African
- Egypt
- Nigeria
- Senegal
- South Africa
- Tunisia
- Zimbabwe
American
- Latin America
- Bolivia
- Brazil
- Chile
- Colombia
- Cuba
- Ecuador
- Honduras
- Mexico
- Nicaragua
- Panama
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Puerto Rico
- Uruguay
- Venezuela
- North America
- Canada
- United States
- Abolitionism
- Anti-Federalism
- Anti-Administration party
- Democratic republicanism
- Democratism
- New democratism
- Clintonism
- New democratism
- Liberal republicanism
- Moderate republicanism
- Radical republicanism
- Modern liberalism
- Classical liberalism
- New Deal liberalism
- New Deal coalition
- Progressive movement
- Wilsonianism
Asian
- China
- Hong Kong
- India
- Iran
- Israel
- Japan
- Philippines
- South Korea
- Taiwan
- Thailand
- Turkey
European
- Albania
- Armenia
- Austria
- Belgium
- Bulgaria
- Croatia
- Cyprus
- Czech lands
- Denmark
- Estonia
- Finland
- France
- Abolitionism
- Society of the Friends of the Blacks
- Republican Left
- Revolutionary France
- Historical Left
- Jacobins
- Cordeliers
- Dantonists
- Girondins
- Hébertists
- Montagnards
- Jacobins
- Modérantisme
- Feuillants Club
- Maraisards
- Thermidorians
- Monarchiens
- Society of 1789
- Historical Left
- Abolitionism
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Iceland
- Italy
- Historical Left
- Historical Right
- Latvia
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Macedonia
- Moldova
- Montenegro
- Netherlands
- Norway
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Russia
- Serbia
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
- Abolitionism
- Gladstonian liberalism
- Manchester Liberalism
- Cobdenism
- Muscular liberalism
- New liberalism
- Radicalism
- Roundheads
- Cromwellism
- Whigs
- Spencerianism
Oceanian
- Australia
- New Zealand
Libertarianism
- Political internationals
- Center for a Stateless Society (left-libertarianism)
- International Alliance of Libertarian Parties (right-libertarianism)
- International of Anarchist Federations (anarchism)
- International Union for Land Value Taxation (geoism)
- Liberty International (right-libertarianism)
Left-libertarianism
- Classical liberal radicalism
- Eco-socialism
- Free-market anarchism
- Free-market anti-capitalism
- Agorism
- Counter-economics
- Free-market socialism
- Left-wing laissez-faire
- Market-oriented left-libertarianism
- Really Really Free Market movement
- Geolibertarianism
- Green anarchism
- Individualist anarchism
- Libertarian communism
- Libertarian Marxism
- Libertarian socialism
- Mutualism
- Social anarchism
- Social libertarianism
- Steiner–Vallentyne school
Right-libertarianism
- Anarcho-capitalism
- Austro-libertarianism
- Chicagoanism
- Conservative libertarianism
- Fiscal conservatism
- Free-marketism
- Free-market fundamentalism
- Right-wing laissez-faire
- Fusionism
- Neo-liberalism
- Paleolibertarianism
- Propertarianism
Other
- Autarchism
- Civil libertarianism
- Consequentialist libertarianism
- Constitutionalism
- Laissez-faire
- Libertarian conservatism
- Libertarian feminism
- Libertarian paternalism
- Minarchism
- Natural-rights libertarianism
- Neoclassical liberalism
- Panarchism
- Radicalism
- Technolibertarianism
- Libertarian transhumanism
- Anarcho-transhumanism
- Californian Ideology
- Techno-utopianism
- Libertarian transhumanism
- Voluntaryism
Opposition
Religious variants
- Christian libertarianism
- Libertarian Christianity
Regional variants
African
- South Africa
- Anarchism
American
- Canada
- Anarchism
- United States
United States
- Anarcho-capitalism
- Anarcho-communism
- Anarcho-syndicalism
- Wobblyism
- Crypto-anarchism
- Egoist anarchism
- Free-market anti-capitalism
- Free-market anarchism
- Agorism
- Free-market socialism
- Laissez-faire socialism
- Mutualism
- Neo-mutualism
- Market-oriented left-libertarianism
- Left-wing laissez-faire
- Laissez-faire socialism
- Left-wing market anarchism
- Left-wing laissez-faire
- Free-market anarchism
- Green anarchism
- Individualist anarchism
- Libertarian democratism
- Bleeding-heart libertarianism
- Libertarian republicanism
- Conservative libertarianism
- Reaganism
- Conservative libertarianism
- Right-wing laissez-faire
- Laissez-faire capitalism
- Raw capitalism
- Social anarchism
Asian
- Hong Kong
European
- United Kingdom
- Anarchism
- Anarcho-communism
- Anarcho-naturism
- Individualist anarchism
- Thatcherism
- Anarchism
Oceanian
- Australia
- Anarchism
- Anarcho-technocracy
- Anarchism
Nationalism
- Political internationals
- International Conference of Asian Political Parties (pan-Asianism and regionalism)
- The Movement (neo-nationalism and right-wing populism)
- Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (nationalism and self-determination)
General
- Bourgeois nationalism
- Civic nationalism
- Cultural nationalism
- Diaspora nationalism
- Eco-nationalism
- Economic nationalism
- Ethnic nationalism
- Expansionist nationalism
- Imperialism
- Irredentism
- Jingoism
- Neo-colonialism
- Neo-imperialism
- Revanchism
- Homonationalism
- Integral nationalism
- Brazilian Integralism
- Maurassisme
- Lusitanian integralism
- Left-wing nationalism
- Liberal nationalism
- Liberation nationalism
- Pan-nationalism
- Post-colonial nationalism
- Queer nationalism
- Radical nationalism
- Revolutionary nationalism
- Right-wing nationalism
- Romantic nationalism
- Socialist nationalism
- Socialism in one country
- Socialist Yugoslav nationalism
- Yugo-nostalgia
- Soviet nationalism
- Neo-Stalinism
- Neo-Sovietism
- Soviet nostalgia
- Territorial nationalism
- Ultranationalism
Other
- Anti-imperialism
- Isolationism
- Souverainism
- Chauvinism
- Communitarianism
- Euroscepticism
- Hard Euroscepticism
- Soft Euroscepticism
- Nashism
- National-anarchism
- National Bolshevism
- National capitalism
- National communism
- National conservatism
- National liberalism
- National mysticism
- National populism
- National socialism
- National syndicalism
- Nativism
- Patriotism
- Sovereignism
Opposition
- Anationalism
- Anti-patriotism
- Anti-Zionism
- Religious anti-Zionism
- Cosmopolitanism
- Globalism
- Internationalism
- Cosmopolitan democracy
- Liberal internationalism
- Postnationalism
- Proletarian internationalism
- Socialist internationalism
- Multiculturalism
Religious variants
- Pagan nationalism
- Buddhist nationalism
- 969 Movement
- Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
- Christian nationalism
- Hindu nationalism
- Muslim nationalism
- New Confucianism
- Religious Zionism
- Christian Zionism
- Sikh nationalism
- State Shinto
Regional variants
African
- Algeria
- Berber
- East Congo
- Lumumbism
- Egypt
- Pharaonism
- Coptic nationalism
- Coptic identity
- Coptic nationalism
- Pharaonism
- Ethiopia
- Hutu Power
- Madagascar
- Nigeria
- Igbo nationalism
- Somalia
- South Africa
- Afrikaners
American
- Argentina
- Brazil
- Canada
- Quebec
- Costa Rica
- Creole nationalism
- Greenland
- Trinidad and Tobago
- United States
- American exceptionalism
- Americanism
- Chicano nationalism
- Hawaiian sovereignty movement
- Manifest destiny
- New Nationalism
- Puerto Rico independence movement
- Southern nationalism
Asian
- Arab
- Lebanon
- Palestine
- Assyria
- Azerbaijan
- Bangladesh
- Cambodia
- China
- East Turkistan
- Taiwan
- Taiwan independence movement
- Tibet
- India
- Assam
- Bodo nationalism
- Bengal
- Dravidian nationalism
- Kerala
- Tamil Nadu
- Indian independence movement
- Anti-partitionism
- Composite nationalism
- Hindu–Muslim unity
- Two-nation theory
- Hindu nationalism
- Muslim nationalism in South Asia
- Anti-partitionism
- Kashmir
- Khilafat Movement
- Nagaland
- Punjab
- Sikh nationalism
- Tripura
- Assam
- Indonesia
- Iran
- Iranian Islamonationalism
- Israel
- Green Zionism
- Golus nationalism
- Labor Zionism
- Neo-Zionism
- Post-Zionism
- Revisionist Zionism
- Zionism
- Japan
- Karen
- Korean
- Kurdish
- Kurdish Islamonationalism
- Malaysia
- Pakistan
- Kashmir
- Philippines
- Sri Lanka
- Tamil
- Turkey
- Kemalism or Ataturk nationalism
- Neo-Ottomanism
- Turkish Islamonationalism
- Vietnam
- Degar
- Yazidi nationalism
European
- Albania
- Kosovo
- Armenia
- Austria
- German nationalism in Austria
- Belarus
- Bulgaria
- Czechoslovakia
- Czech Republic
- Slovakia
- Estonia
- France
- Alsace
- Brittany
- Corsica
- Gaullism
- Occitania
- Souverainism
- Georgia
- Germany
- Bavaria
- Prussia
- New Nationalism
- Reichsbürger movement
- Golus nationalism
- Greece
- Cyprus
- Byzantinism
- Megali Idea
- Venizelism
- Hungary
- Ireland
- Irish republicanism
- Ulster unionism
- Italy
- Lombardy
- Padania
- Sardinia
- Sicily
- Venetian
- Latvia
- Lithuania
- Low Countries
- Belgium
- Flanders
- Orangism
- Rattachism
- Wallonia
- Netherlands
- Frisia
- Belgium
- Moldova
- Poland
- National Democracy
- Polish Messianism
- Silesia
- Zadrugism
- Szeklerland
- Russia
- Eurasianism
- Duginism
- Neo-Eurasianism
- Duginism
- Extremist nationalism
- Black Hundreds
- Nashism
- Bulgarism
- Chechnya
- Circassia
- Karelia
- Eurasianism
- Nordic countries
- Faroe Islands
- Finland
- Fennoman movement
- Svecoman movement
- Greenland
- Iceland
- Norway
- Sápmi
- Spain
- Basque
- Canary Islands
- Catalonia
- Galicia
- Valencia
- Blaverism
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
- British unionism
- Cornwall
- England
- Northern Ireland
- Ulster loyalism
- Ulster nationalism
- Scotland
- Wales
- Yugoslavia
- Bosnia
- Croatia
- Dalmatia
- Istria
- Dalmatia
- Serbia
- Macedonia
- Montenegro
- Slovenia
Oceanian
- Australia
- New Zealand
- Māori
- South Island
Unification movements
- Chinese unificationism
- Han nationalism
- Continentalism
- Eurasianism
- Hui pan-nationalism
- Indian nationalism
- Anti-partitionism
- Composite nationalism
- Hindu–Muslim unity
- Indian reunificationism
- Indo-Pakistani Confederationism
- Anti-partitionism
- Indigenism
- Indigenism movement
- Pan-Indianism
- Korean reunificationism
- Multiculturalism
- Interculturalism
- Pluriculturalism
- Plurinationalism
- Polyculturalism
- Neo-Sovietism
- Pan-Africanism
- Pan-Albanianism
- Pan-Americanism
- Pan-Arabism
- Pan-Asianism
- Pan-Celticism
- Pan-Dravidianism
- Pan-Europeanism
- Pro-Europeanism
- European federalism
- United States of Europe
- Pan-European nationalism
- Pan-Finnicism
- Pan-Francoism
- Pan-Germanism
- German reunificationism
- Pan-Hellenism
- Pan-Hispanism
- Pan-Iberism
- Pan-Iranism
- Pan-Irishism
- Pan-Islamism
- Pan-Latin Americanism
- Pan-Latinism
- Pan-Mongolism
- Pan-Netherlandism
- Grootneerlandisme
- Orangism
- Pan-Oceanianism
- Pan-Rumanianism
- Moldovan-Romanian reunificationism
- Pan-Scandinavianism
- Pan-Slavism
- Yugoslavism
- Pan-Somalism
- Pan-Turanism
- Pan-Turkism
- Postnationalism
- Regionalism
Populism
- Political internationals
- Foro de São Paulo (democratic socialism, left-wing populism, social democracy and socialism of the 21st century)
- The Movement (neo-nationalism and right-wing populism)
- Progressive International (democratic socialism, left-wing populism, progressivism and social democracy)
General
- Conservative populism
- Economic populism
- Liberal populism
- Reactionary populism
- Social populism
- Socialist populism
- Techno-populism
Left-wing populism
- Agrarian socialism
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Regional variants
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See also
- Direct democracy
- Ideology
- List of communist ideologies
- List of forms of government
- List of ideologies named after people
- List of political systems in France
- Participatory democracy
- Political international
- Political party
- Representative democracy
- Suffrage
References
- ↑ Roberts, Andrew (2004). The State of Socialism: A Note on Terminology. Cambridge University Press. 63 (2). 349–366.
- ↑ D. McLellan, Ideology, University of Minnesota Press, 1986, p. 1.
- ↑ Bouchard, T. J.; McGue, M. (2003). "Genetic and environmental influences on human psychological differences". Journal of Neurobiology. 54 (1). 44–45.
- ↑ Eaves, L. J.; Eysenck, H. J. (1974). "Genetics and the development of social attitudes". Nature. 249, 288–289.
- ↑ Hatemi, P. K.; Medland, S. E.; Morley, K. I.; Heath, A. C.; Martin, N. G. (2007). "The genetics of voting: An Australian twin study". Behavior Genetics. 37 (3). 435–448.
- ↑ Hatemi, P. K.; Hibbing, J.; Alford, J.; Martin, N.; Eaves, L. (2009). "Is there a 'party' in your genes?". Political Research Quarterly. 62 (3). 584–600.
- ↑ Settle, J. E.; Dawes, C. T.; Fowler, J. H. (2009). "The heritability of partisan attachment". Political Research Quarterly. 62 (3). 601–613.
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