Astronomy:L 98-59

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Short description: Red dwarf in the constellation Volans
L 98-59
Observation data
Equinox J2000.0]] (ICRS)
Constellation Volans
Right ascension  08h 18m 07.62144s[1]
Declination −68° 18′ 46.8054″[1]
Apparent magnitude (V) 11.69±0.05[2]
Characteristics
Evolutionary stage Red dwarf (main sequence)
Spectral type M3V[3]
B−V colour index +1.53[2]
R−I colour index +1.28[2]
Variable type None
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)−6.10±0.19[1] km/s
Proper motion (μ) RA: 94.794(18)[1] mas/yr
Dec.: −340.084(20)[1] mas/yr
Parallax (π)94.2664 ± 0.0155[1] mas
Distance34.599 ± 0.006 ly
(10.608 ± 0.002 pc)
Details[4]
Mass0.2923±0.0067 M☉
Radius0.3155±0.0062 R☉
Luminosity (bolometric)0.0122±0.0010 L☉
Habitable zone inner limit0.090 au
Habitable zone outer limit0.237 au
Surface gravity (log g)4.91±0.02 cgs
Temperature3,415±60[3] K
Metallicity [Fe/H]−0.46±0.26[3] dex
Rotation76.7±1.5 days
Age4.94±1.44[5] Gyr
Other designations
L 98-59, NLTT 19357, TYC 9193-2365-1, 2MASS J08180763-6818468[6]
Database references
SIMBADdata
Exoplanet Archivedata

File:GSFC 20190627 TESS m13223 L98-59 System WS-NASA.webm

L 98-59 (TOI-175, TIC 307210830) is a bright M dwarf star, located in the constellation of Volans, at a distance of 10.608 parsecs (34.60 light-years), as measured by the Gaia spacecraft.[7]

Broadband photometry shows that it is an M3 dwarf star with three confirmed terrestrial-sized planets in transit, which were announced in March 2019 by TESS,[8] as well as two additional non-transiting planets, for a total of five known planets. The outermost planet is in the habitable zone.[9]

Planetary system

The planets b, c, and d of L 98-59 were discovered in 2019 by TESS.[8] The non-transiting potential super-Venus planet L 98-59 e was discovered in 2021, along with indications of the presence of L 98-59 f, another non-transiting super-Earth located in the system's habitable zone.[3][10] In 2025, the planet f was confirmed, and an additional planet candidate orbiting interior to planet b was detected.[9]

The two innermost confirmed planets, L 98-59 b and c, as well as L 98-59 e are possibly hot rocky worlds. L 98-59 d has a low density, around 2.2 g/cm3 versus 5.5 g/cm3 for Earth, indicating large amounts of volatiles.[11]

In September 2021, suggested tests of the abilities of the Hubble Space Telescope and the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to detect and describe the atmospheric features of the three inner planets were reported.[12] Hubble observations of the three transiting planets in 2022 have found no clear evidence of atmospheres, with high mean molecular weight atmospheres, cloudy or hazy atmospheres, or no atmospheres all being consistent with the observed flat spectra.[13][14][15][16] However, the JWST did find evidence of sulfur dioxide, hydrogen and hydrogen sulfide for planets b and d, suggesting that both are sulfur-rich volcanic worlds with strong tidal heating,[17][18] and may contain a global internal magma ocean.[5][19][20]

The L 98-59 planetary system[4]
Companion
(in order from star) 		Mass Semimajor axis
(AU) 		Orbital period
(days) 		Eccentricity Inclination Radius
.06[9] (unconfirmed) ≥0.58±0.12 M⊕ 0.0188±0.0004 1.7361+0.0007
−0.0008 		0.027+0.040
−0.020 		— —
b 0.46±0.11 M⊕ 0.0223±0.0007 2.2531140(4) 0.031+0.017
−0.016 		88.08+0.23
−0.20° 		0.837±0.019 R⊕
c 2.00±0.13 M⊕ 0.0309±0.0010 3.6906764(4) 0.002+0.002
−0.001 		88.88+0.21
−0.17° 		1.329±0.029 R⊕
d 1.64±0.07 M⊕ 0.0494±0.0016 7.450729(2) 0.006+0.007
−0.004 		88.44±0.05° 1.627±0.041 R⊕
e ≥2.82±0.19 M⊕ 0.0712±0.0022 12.8278±0.0018 0.012+0.009
−0.008 		80–88.82° —
f ≥2.8±0.3 M⊕ 0.1052±0.0033 23.064±0.055 0.044+0.027
−0.028 		74–89.20° —
Artist's impression of the L 98-59 system, compared to the inner Solar System. Distances are not to scale.[21]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Vallenari, A. et al. (2022). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940  Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Zacharias, N.; Finch, C. T.; Girard, T. M.; Henden, A. (1 February 2013). "The Fourth US Naval Observatory CCD Astrograph Catalog (UCAC4)". The Astronomical Journal 145 (2): 44. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/145/2/44. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2013AJ....145...44Z. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AJ....145...44Z/abstract. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Demangeon, Oliver D. S.Expression error: Unrecognized word "etal". (July 2021). "A warm terrestrial planet with half the mass of Venus transiting a nearby star". Astronomy & Astrophysics 653: 38. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140728. Bibcode: 2021A&A...653A..41D. https://www.eso.org/public/archives/releases/sciencepapers/eso2112/eso2112a.pdf. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cadieux, Charles; L'Heureux, Alexandrine; Piaulet-Ghorayeb, Caroline et al. (2025-09-01). "Detailed Architecture of the L 98-59 System and Confirmation of a Fifth Planet in the Habitable Zone". The Astronomical Journal 170 (3): 154. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/adef59. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2025AJ....170..154C. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Nicholls, Harrison; Lichtenberg, Tim; Chatterjee, Richard D. et al. (2026-03-16). "Volatile-rich evolution of molten super-Earth L 98-59 d". Nature Astronomy (Springer Science and Business Media LLC). doi:10.1038/s41550-026-02815-8. ISSN 2397-3366. Bibcode: 2025arXiv250702656N. 
  6. ↑ "L 98-59". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=L+98-59. 
  7. ↑ Cloutier, R.; Astudillo-Defru, N.; Bonfils, X.; Jenkins, J. S.; Berdiñas, Z.; Ricker, G.; Vanderspek, R.; Latham, D. W. et al. (2019-09-01). "Characterization of the L 98-59 multi-planetary system with HARPS - Mass characterization of a hot super-Earth, a sub-Neptune, and a mass upper limit on the third planet" (in en). Astronomy & Astrophysics 629: A111. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935957. ISSN 0004-6361. Bibcode: 2019A&A...629A.111C. https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2019/09/aa35957-19/aa35957-19.html. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Kostov, Veselin B.; Schlieder, Joshua E.; Barclay, Thomas; Quintana, Elisa V.; Colon, Knicole D.; Brande, Jonathan; Collins, Karen A.; Feinstein, Adina D. et al. (2019-06-27). "The L 98-59 System: Three Transiting, Terrestrial-Sized Planets Orbiting a Nearby M-dwarf". The Astronomical Journal 158 (1): 32. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab2459. ISSN 1538-3881. Bibcode: 2019AJ....158...32K. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Schwarz, Paul I.; Dreizler, Stefan; Heller, René (2026). "Confirmation of a Non‐Transiting Planet in the Habitable Zone of the Nearby M Dwarf L 98‐59". Astronomische Nachrichten 347 (2). doi:10.1002/asna.70059. ISSN 0004-6337. Bibcode: 2026AN....34770059S. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asna.70059. Retrieved 2026-03-18. 
  10. ↑ "New ESO observations show rocky exoplanet has just half the mass of Venus". European Southern Observatory. 5 August 2021. https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2112/. 
  11. ↑ Anderson, Paul Scott (2021-08-06). "EarthSky | An inner solar system much like ours, 35 light-years away" (in en-US). Earth & Sky. https://earthsky.org/space/inner-solar-system-much-like-ours-l-98-59/. 
  12. ↑ Pidhorodetska, Daria (29 September 2021). "L 98-59: A Benchmark System of Small Planets for Future Atmospheric Characterization". The Astronomical Journal 162 (4): 169. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac1171. Bibcode: 2021AJ....162..169P. 
  13. ↑ Damiano, Mario et al. (November 2022). "A Transmission Spectrum of the Sub-Earth Planet L98-59 b in 1.1-1.7 μm". The Astronomical Journal 164 (5): 225. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac9472. Bibcode: 2022AJ....164..225D. 
  14. ↑ Zhou, Li et al. (November 2022). "Hubble WFC3 Spectroscopy of the Rocky Planet L 98-59 b: No Evidence for a Cloud-free Primordial Atmosphere". The Astronomical Journal 164 (5): 203. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac8fe9. Bibcode: 2022AJ....164..203Z. 
  15. ↑ Zhou, Li et al. (February 2023). "Hubble WFC3 Spectroscopy of the Terrestrial Planets L 98-59 c and d: No Evidence for a Clear Hydrogen Dominated Primary Atmosphere". Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 23 (2): 025011. doi:10.1088/1674-4527/acaceb. Bibcode: 2023RAA....23b5011Z. 
  16. ↑ Barclay, Thomas et al. (2023), "The transmission spectrum of the potentially rocky planet L 98-59 c", The Astronomical Journal 169 (5): 241, doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ada5f6, Bibcode: 2025AJ....169..241B 
  17. ↑ Gressier, Amélie; Espinoza, Néstor; Allen, Natalie H. et al. (2024-11-01). "Hints of a Sulfur-rich Atmosphere around the 1.6 R ⊕ Super-Earth L98-59 d from JWST NIRspec G395H Transmission Spectroscopy". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 975 (1): L10. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad73d1. ISSN 2041-8205. Bibcode: 2024ApJ...975L..10G. 
  18. ↑ Banerjee, Agnibha; Barstow, Joanna K.; Gressier, Amélie et al. (2024-11-01). "Atmospheric Retrievals Suggest the Presence of a Secondary Atmosphere and Possible Sulfur Species on L98-59 d from JWST Nirspec G395H Transmission Spectroscopy". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 975 (1): L11. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ad73d0. ISSN 2041-8205. Bibcode: 2024ApJ...975L..11B. 
  19. ↑ Bello-Arufe, Aaron; Damiano, Mario; Bennett, Katherine A. et al. (2025-02-20). "Evidence for a Volcanic Atmosphere on the Sub-Earth L 98-59 b". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 980 (2): L26. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/adaf22. ISSN 2041-8205. Bibcode: 2025ApJ...980L..26B. 
  20. ↑ "Researchers reveal a new class of molten planet". 2026-03-16. https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2026-03-16-researchers-reveal-new-class-molten-planet. 
  21. ↑ "Comparison of the L 98-59 exoplanet system with the inner Solar System" (in en). European Southern Observatory. https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso2112b/. 

Template:2021 in space Coordinates: Sky map 08h 18m 07.62s, −68° 18′ 46.8″



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