Biology:Prostaglandin D2 synthase

Short description: Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Not to be confused with HPGDS, a glutathione-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the same reaction.

Generic protein structure example

Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase (PTGDS) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTGDS gene.

Function

The protein encoded by this gene is a glutathione-independent prostaglandin-D synthase that catalyzes the conversion of prostaglandin H₂ (PGH₂) to prostaglandin D₂ (PGD₂). PGD₂ functions as a neuromodulator as well as a trophic factor in the central nervous system. PGD₂ is also involved in smooth muscle contraction/relaxation and is a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation. This gene is preferentially expressed in brain. Studies with transgenic mice over-expressing this gene suggest that this gene may be also involved in the regulation of non-rapid eye movement sleep. Furthermore, PTGDS and its product PGD₂ are elevated in the bald-scalp areas of men with male pattern baldness (androgenetic alopecia).

Clinical use

Prostaglandin D₂ synthase is used clinically as a diagnostic marker for liquorrhea, that is, to check whether fluid leaking from the nose or ear contains cerebrospinal fluid. This is important in the assessment of head trauma severity. In a medical context, the older term "beta-trace protein" is frequently used to refer to PTGDS.

See also

• Hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase

Further reading

• "Structure and chromosomal localization of the human gene for a brain form of prostaglandin D2 synthase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 267 (32): 23202–8. Nov 1992. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)50077-6. PMID 1385416. 
• "Isolation and amino terminal sequence of beta-trace, a novel protein from human cerebrospinal fluid". Brain Research 565 (2): 337–40. Nov 1991. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(91)91666-O. PMID 1726844. 
• "Purification and N-terminal sequence of beta-trace, a protein abundant in human cerebrospinal fluid". Neuroscience Letters 154 (1–2): 93–5. May 1993. doi:10.1016/0304-3940(93)90179-O. PMID 7689714. 
• "Identification of a brain-specific human cerebrospinal fluid glycoprotein, beta-trace protein". Applied and Theoretical Electrophoresis 3 (5): 229–34. 1993. PMID 7692978. 
• "Cloning, functional expression, and characterization of the human prostaglandin E2 receptor EP2 subtype". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 269 (16): 11873–7. Apr 1994. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)32654-6. PMID 8163486. 
• "Cloning and expression of a cDNA for the human prostaglandin E receptor EP1 subtype". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 268 (35): 26767–72. Dec 1993. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)74379-8. PMID 8253813. 
• "Cloning and expression of a cDNA for the human prostanoid FP receptor". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 269 (4): 2632–6. Jan 1994. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)41991-0. PMID 8300593. 
• "Purification and chemical characterization of beta-trace protein from human cerebrospinal fluid: its identification as prostaglandin D synthase". Journal of Neurochemistry 61 (2): 451–6. Aug 1993. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb02145.x. PMID 8336134. 
• "Micropurification of two human cerebrospinal fluid proteins by high performance electrophoresis chromatography". Journal of Neurochemistry 61 (2): 533–40. Aug 1993. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb02156.x. PMID 8336140. 
• "Astrocytes synthesize and secrete prostaglandin D synthetase in vitro". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research 1310 (3): 269–76. Feb 1996. doi:10.1016/0167-4889(95)00182-4. PMID 8599604. 
• "Choroid plexus: the major site of mRNA expression for the beta-trace protein (prostaglandin D synthase) in human brain". Neuroscience Letters 209 (2): 117–20. May 1996. doi:10.1016/0304-3940(96)12614-8. PMID 8761996. 
• "Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery". Genome Research 6 (9): 791–806. Sep 1996. doi:10.1101/gr.6.9.791. PMID 8889548. 
• "Prostaglandin D synthase (beta-trace) in human arachnoid and meningioma cells: roles as a cell marker or in cerebrospinal fluid absorption, tumorigenesis, and calcification process". The Journal of Neuroscience 17 (7): 2376–82. Apr 1997. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-07-02376.1997. PMID 9065498. 
• "Beta-trace gene expression is regulated by a core promoter and a distal thyroid hormone response element". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 272 (22): 14387–93. May 1997. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.22.14387. PMID 9162076. 
• "Expression of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (beta-trace) in human heart and its accumulation in the coronary circulation of angina patients". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94 (26): 14689–94. Dec 1997. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.26.14689. PMID 9405674. Bibcode: 1997PNAS...9414689E. 
• "Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase in human male reproductive organs and seminal plasma". Biology of Reproduction 58 (2): 600–7. Feb 1998. doi:10.1095/biolreprod58.2.600. PMID 9475419. 
• "Quantification of prostaglandin D synthetase in cerebrospinal fluid: a potential marker for brain tumor". Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International 46 (4): 643–56. Nov 1998. doi:10.1080/15216549800204172. PMID 9844724. 
• "Expression of the beta-trace protein in human pachymeninx as revealed by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry". Journal of Neuroscience Research 57 (5): 730–4. Sep 1999. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19990901)57:5<730::AID-JNR14>3.0.CO;2-7. PMID 10462696. 
• "Prostaglandin D synthase gene is involved in the regulation of non-rapid eye movement sleep". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97 (9): 4903–7. Apr 2000. doi:10.1073/pnas.090093997. PMID 10781097. Bibcode: 2000PNAS...97.4903P. 

External links

• Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P41222 (Human Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase) at the PDBe-KB.
• Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: O09114 (Mouse Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase) at the PDBe-KB.