Chemistry:Calcium gluconate

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Short description: Chemical compound
Calcium gluconate
Calcium gluconate.svg
Calcium-gluconate-chain-from-xtal-3D-bs-17.png
Clinical data
PronunciationKAL-see-um GLUE-koe-nate
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
License data
Routes of
administration		By mouth, intravenous, topical
ATC code
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC12H22CaO14
Molar mass430.372 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Melting point120 °C (248 °F) (decomposes)
Solubility in waterslowly soluble

Calcium gluconate is the calcium salt of gluconic acid and is used as a mineral supplement and medication.[1] As a medication it is used by injection into a vein to treat low blood calcium, high blood potassium, and magnesium toxicity.[1][2] Supplementation is generally only required when there is not enough calcium in the diet.[3] Supplementation may be done to treat or prevent osteoporosis or rickets.[1] It can also be taken by mouth but is not recommended for injection into a muscle.[1]

Side effects when injected include slow heart rate, pain at the site of injection, and low blood pressure.[3] When taken by mouth side effects may include constipation and nausea.[1] Blood calcium levels should be measured when used and extra care should be taken in those with a history of kidney stones.[3] At normal doses, use is regarded as safe in pregnancy and breastfeeding.[1][4] Calcium gluconate is made by mixing gluconic acid with calcium carbonate or calcium hydroxide.[5]

Calcium gluconate came into medical use in the 1920s.[6] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[7] Calcium gluconate is available as a generic medication.[2][8]

Production

Calcium gluconate is produced commercially through three main methods. These three methods are: chemical oxidation of glucose with a hypochlorite solution, electrolytic oxidation of a glucose solution containing a known value of bromide, and a fermentation process where specific microorganisms are grown in a medium containing glucose and various other ingredients.[9]

Medical uses

Low blood calcium

10% calcium gluconate solution (given intravenously) is the form of calcium most widely used in the treatment of low blood calcium. This form of calcium is not as well absorbed as calcium lactate,[10] and it only contains 0.93% (930 mg/dL) calcium ion (defined by 1 g weight solute in 100 mL of solution to make 1% solution w/v). Therefore, if the hypocalcemia is acute and severe, calcium chloride is given instead.

High blood potassium

Calcium gluconate is used as a cardioprotective agent in people with high blood potassium levels, with one alternative being the use of calcium chloride.[11] It is recommended when the potassium levels are high (>6.5 mmol/L) or when the electrocardiogram (ECG) shows changes due to high blood potassium.[2]

Though it does not have an effect on potassium levels in the blood, it reduces the excitability of cardiomyocytes, thereby lowering the likelihood of cardiac arrhythmias.[12]

Magnesium sulfate overdose

It is also used to counteract an overdose of Epsom salts magnesium sulfate,[13] which is often administered to pregnant women in order to prophylactically prevent seizures (as in a patient experiencing preeclampsia). Magnesium sulfate is no longer given to pregnant women who are experiencing premature labor in order to slow or stop their contractions (other tocolytics are now used instead due to better efficacy and side effect profiles).[citation needed] Excess magnesium sulfate results in magnesium sulfate toxicity, which results in both respiratory depression and a loss of deep tendon reflexes (hyporeflexia).

Hydrofluoric acid burns

A tube of calcium gluconate gel

Gel preparations of calcium gluconate are used to treat hydrofluoric acid burns.[14][15] The calcium gluconate reacts with hydrofluoric acid to form insoluble, non-toxic calcium fluoride. In addition to a 2.5% calcium gluconate gel being applied directly to the chemical burn, the person may also receive calcium gluconate supplements because the fluoride ion precipitates serum calcium, causing hypocalcemia.[16]

Cardiac arrest

While intravenous calcium has been used in cardiac arrest, its general use is not recommended.[1] Cases of cardiac arrest in which it is still recommended include high blood potassium, low blood calcium such as may occur following blood transfusions, and calcium channel blocker overdose.[1] There is the potential that general use could worsen outcomes.[1] If calcium is used, calcium chloride is generally the recommended form.[1]

Side effects

Calcium gluconate side effects include nausea, constipation, and upset stomach. Rapid intravenous injections of calcium gluconate may cause hypercalcemia, which can result in vasodilation, cardiac arrhythmias, decreased blood pressure, and bradycardia. Extravasation of calcium gluconate can lead to cellulitis. Intramuscular injections may lead to local necrosis and abscess formation.[17]

It is also reported that this form of calcium increases renal plasma flow, urine production, sodium excretion,[18][19] glomerular filtration rate,[20] and prostaglandin E2 and F1-alpha levels.[21]

Society and culture

  • Shortages of medical calcium gluconate were reported in November 2012 and November 2015 in the United States.[11][22]
  • Historically, intravenous calcium gluconate was used as an antidote for black widow spider envenomation, often in conjunction with muscle relaxants.[23] This therapy, however, has since been shown to be ineffective.[24][25]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 "Calcium Salts". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. https://www.drugs.com/monograph/calcium-salts.html. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 British national formulary : BNF 69 (69 ed.). British Medical Association. 2015. pp. 680, 694. ISBN 9780857111562. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. 2009. p. 497. ISBN 9789241547659. 
  4. ↑ "Calcium gluconate Use During Pregnancy | Drugs.com". https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/calcium-gluconate.html. 
  5. ↑ (in en) Conventional and Advanced Food Processing Technologies. John Wiley & Sons. 2014. p. 391. ISBN 9781118406304. https://books.google.com/books?id=_JSlBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA391. 
  6. ↑ (in en) Calcium Carbonate: From the Cretaceous Period into the 21st Century. Birkhäuser. 2012. p. 308. ISBN 9783034882453. https://books.google.com/books?id=eSMGCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA308. 
  7. ↑ World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2019. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. 
  8. ↑ "Competitive Generic Therapy Approvals". 29 June 2023. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/generic-drugs/competitive-generic-therapy-approvals. 
  9. ↑ "Production of gluconic Acid by some local fungi". Mycobiology 34 (1): 22–29. March 2006. doi:10.4489/MYCO.2006.34.1.022. PMID 24039465. 
  10. ↑ "Comparative absorption of calcium from calcium gluconate and calcium lactate in man". The Journal of Nutrition 89 (3): 283–292. July 1966. doi:10.1093/jn/89.3.283. PMID 4288031. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "The Calcium Quandary". Emergency Physicians Monthly. December 2013. http://epmonthly.com/article/the-calcium-quandary/. Retrieved 20 November 2015. 
  12. ↑ "Hyperkalemia revisited". Texas Heart Institute Journal 33 (1): 40–47. 2006. PMID 16572868. 
  13. ↑ "Magnesium sulphate therapy in women with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia in Kuwait". Medical Principles and Practice 17 (3): 227–232. 2008. doi:10.1159/000117797. PMID 18408392. 
  14. ↑ "Hydrofluoric acid dermal exposure". Veterinary and Human Toxicology 31 (3): 243–247. June 1989. PMID 2741315. 
  15. ↑ "Topical treatment of experimental hydrofluoric acid skin burns by 2.5% calcium gluconate". Journal of Burn Care & Research 27 (6): 889–894. 2006. doi:10.1097/01.BCR.0000245767.54278.09. PMID 17091088. 
  16. ↑ Critical Care Nursing : Diagnosis and Management (7th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier/Mosby. 2014. pp. 936. ISBN 978-0-323-09178-7. OCLC 830669119. 
  17. ↑ "Continuous calcium chloride infusion for massive nifedipine overdose". Chest 119 (4): 1280–1282. April 2001. doi:10.1378/chest.119.4.1280. PMID 11296202. 
  18. ↑ "Characterization of the renal effects of an intravenous calcium gluconate infusion in normotensive volunteers". Journal of Hypertension Supplement 7 (6): S170–S171. December 1989. doi:10.1097/00004872-198900076-00081. PMID 2632708. 
  19. ↑ "Renal sodium retention during upright posture in preascitic cirrhosis". Gastroenterology 105 (1): 188–193. July 1993. doi:10.1016/0016-5085(93)90025-8. PMID 8514034. 
  20. ↑ "Glomerular hyperfiltration in patients with well-compensated alcoholic cirrhosis". Gastroenterology 104 (3): 884–889. March 1993. doi:10.1016/0016-5085(93)91026-e. PMID 8440439. 
  21. ↑ "Stimulation of renin release by intrarenal calcium infusion". Hypertension 15 (2 Suppl): I149–I152. February 1990. doi:10.1161/01.hyp.15.2_suppl.i149. PMID 2404858. 
  22. ↑ "FDA Drug Shortages". http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/drugshortages/dsp_ActiveIngredientDetails.cfm?AI=Calcium+Gluconate+Injection&tab=tabs-4. 
  23. ↑ Dr. Pestana's Surgery Notes: Top 180 Vignettes for the Surgical Wards.. Simon and Schuster. July 2015. ISBN 978-1-5062-0201-3. 
  24. ↑ "The treatment of black widow spider envenomation with antivenin latrodectus mactans: a case series". The Permanente Journal 15 (3): 76–81. 2011. doi:10.7812/tpp/10-136. PMID 22058673. 
  25. ↑ "Clinical presentation and treatment of black widow spider envenomation: a review of 163 cases". Annals of Emergency Medicine 21 (7): 782–787. July 1992. doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(05)81021-2. PMID 1351707. 

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