Chemistry:Radium chloride

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Radium chloride
US radium standard 1927.jpg
An ampoule containing radium chloride
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
EC Number
  • 233-035-7
UNII
Properties
RaCl
2
Molar mass 296.094 g/mol
Appearance Colorless solid, glows blue-green[1]
Density 4.9 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 900 °C (1,650 °F; 1,170 K)[1]
245 g/L (20 °C)[2]
Hazards
Main hazards radioactive, highly toxic, corrosive
GHS pictograms GHS06: ToxicGHS08: Health hazardGHS09: Environmental hazard
H300, H310, H330, H350, H370, H373, H410
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
Flammability code 0: Will not burn. E.g. waterHealth code 4: Very short exposure could cause death or major residual injury. E.g. VX gasReactivity code 1: Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures. E.g. calciumSpecial hazard RA: Radioactive. E.g. plutoniumNFPA 704 four-colored diamond
0
4
1
Special hazard RA: Radioactive. E.g. plutonium
Related compounds
Other anions
 Radium bromide
Other cations
 Beryllium chloride
Magnesium chloride
Calcium chloride
Strontium chloride
Barium chloride
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references
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Radium chloride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula RaCl
2. It is a radium salt of hydrogen chloride. It was the first radium compound isolated in a pure state. Marie Curie and André-Louis Debierne used it in their original separation of radium from barium.[3] The first preparation of radium metal was by the electrolysis of a solution of this salt using a mercury cathode.[4]

Preparation

Radium chloride crystallises from aqueous solution as the dihydrate. The dihydrate is dehydrated by heating to 100 °C in air for one hour followed by 5.5 hours at 520 °C under argon.[5] If the presence of other anions is suspected, the dehydration may be effectuated by fusion under hydrogen chloride.[6]

Radium chloride can also be prepared by heating radium bromide in a flow of dry hydrogen chloride gas. It can be produced by treating radium carbonate with hydrochloric acid.

Properties

Radium chloride is a colorless salt with a blue-green luminescence, especially when heated. Its color gradually changes to yellow with aging, whereas contamination by barium may impart a rose tint.[1] It is less soluble in water than other alkaline earth metal chlorides – at 25 °C its solubility is 245 g/L whereas that of barium chloride is 307 g/L, and the difference is even larger in hydrochloric acid solutions. This property is used in the first stages of the separation of radium from barium by fractional crystallization.[2] Radium chloride is only sparingly soluble in azeotropic hydrochloric acid and virtually insoluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid.[7]

Gaseous RaCl
2 shows strong absorptions in the visible spectrum at 676.3 nm and 649.8 nm (red): the dissociation energy of the radium–chlorine bond is estimated as 2.9 eV,[8] and its length as 292 pm.[9]

Contrary to diamagnetic barium chloride, radium chloride is weakly paramagnetic with a magnetic susceptibility of 1.05×106. Its flame color is red.[1]

Uses

Radium chloride is still used for the initial stages of the separation of radium from barium during the extraction of radium from pitchblende. The large quantities of material involved (to extract a gram of pure radium metal, about 7 tonnes of pitchblende is required) favour this less costly (but less efficient) method over those based on radium bromide or radium chromate (used for the later stages of the separation).

It was also used in medicine to produce radon gas which in turn was used as a brachytheraputic cancer treatment.[10][11]

Radium-223 dichloride (USP, radium chloride Ra 223), tradename Xofigo (formerly Alpharadin), is an alpha-emitting radiopharmaceutical. Bayer received FDA approval for this drug to treat prostate cancer osteoblastic bone metastases in May 2013. Radium-223 chloride is one of the most potent ((antineoplastic drugs)) known.[citation needed] One dose (50 kBq/kg) in an adult is about 60 nanograms; this amount is 1/1000 the weight of an eyelash (75 micrograms).

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Kirby, p. 5
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kirby, p. 6
  3. ↑ Curie, M.; Debierne, A. (1910). C. R. Hebd. Acad. Sci. Paris 151:523–25.
  4. ↑ Kirby, p. 3
  5. ↑ Weigel, F.; Trinkl, A. (1968). "Crystal Chemistry of Radium. I. Radium Halides". Radiochimica Acta 9: 36–41. doi:10.1524/ract.1968.9.1.36. 
  6. ↑ Hönigschmid, O.; Sachtleben, R. (1934). "Revision des Atomgewichtes des Radiums". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 221: 65–82. doi:10.1002/zaac.19342210113. 
  7. ↑ Erbacher, Otto (1930). "Löslichkeits-Bestimmungen einiger Radiumsalze". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (A and B Series) 63: 141–156. doi:10.1002/cber.19300630120. 
  8. ↑ Lagerqvist, A. (1953). Arkiv Fisik 6:141–42.
  9. ↑ Karapet'yants, M. Kh.; Ch'ing, Ling-T'ing (1960). Zh. Strukt. Khim. 1:277–85; J. Struct. Chem. (USSR) 1:255–63.
  10. ↑ Goldstein, N. (1975). "Radon seed implants. Residual radioactivity after 33 years". Archives of Dermatology 111 (6): 757–759. doi:10.1001/archderm.1975.01630180085013. PMID 1137421. 
  11. ↑ Winston, P. (June 1958). "Carcinoma of the Trachea Treated by Radon Seed Implantation". The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 72 (6): 496–499. doi:10.1017/S0022215100054232. PMID 13564019. 

Bibliography

Sources

  • Gmelins Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie (8. Aufl.), Berlin:Verlag Chemie, 1928, pp. 60–61.
  • Gmelin Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie (8. Aufl. 2. Erg.-Bd.), Berlin:Springer, 1977, pp. 362–64.



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