Chemistry:Indium(III) chloride
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_chloride_tetrahydrate.jpg) Tetrahydrate
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| Other names
Indium chloride
Indium trichloride | |
| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| UNII | |
| UN number | 3260 |
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| Properties | |
| InCl3 | |
| Molar mass | 221.18 g/mol |
| Appearance | white flakes |
| Density | 3.46 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 586 °C (1,087 °F; 859 K) |
| Boiling point | 800 °C (1,470 °F; 1,070 K) |
| 195 g/100 mL, exothermic | |
| Solubility in other solvents | THF, Ethanol |
| Structure | |
| Monoclinic, mS16 | |
| C12/m1, No. 12 | |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | Corrosive |
| Safety data sheet | External SDS |
| GHS pictograms |   [1]
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| GHS Signal word | Danger[1] |
| H302, H314[1] | |
| P260, P303+361+353, P305+351+338, P301+330+331, P405, P501[1] | |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
| Related compounds | |
Other anions
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Indium(III) fluoride Indium(III) bromide Indium(III) iodide |
Other cations
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Aluminium chloride Gallium trichloride Thallium(III) chloride |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
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Indium(III) chloride is the chemical compound with the formula InCl3 which forms a tetrahydrate. This salt is a white, flaky solid with applications in organic synthesis as a Lewis acid. It is also the most available soluble derivative of indium.[2] This is one of three known indium chlorides.
Synthesis and structure
Being a relatively electropositive metal, indium reacts quickly with chlorine to give the trichloride. Indium trichloride is very soluble and deliquescent.[3] A synthesis has been reported using an electrochemical cell in a mixed methanol-benzene solution.[4]
Like AlCl3 and TlCl3, InCl3 crystallizes as a layered structure consisting of a close-packed chloride arrangement containing layers of octahedrally coordinated In(III) centers,[5] a structure akin to that seen in YCl3.[6] In contrast, GaCl3 crystallizes as dimers containing Ga2Cl6.[6] Molten InCl3 conducts electricity,[5] whereas AlCl3 does not as it converts to the molecular dimer, Al2Cl6.[7]
Reactions
InCl3 is a Lewis acid and forms complexes with donor ligands, L, InCl3L, InCl3L2, InCl3L3. For example, with the chloride ion it forms tetrahedral InCl4−, trigonal bipyramidal InCl52−, and octahedral InCl63−.[5]
In diethyl ether solution, InCl3 reacts with lithium hydride, LiH, to form [math]\ce{ LiInH4 }[/math]. This unstable compound decomposes below 0 °C,[8] and is reacted in situ in organic synthesis as a reducing agent[9] and to prepare tertiary amine and phosphine complexes of InH3.[10]
Trimethylindium, InMe3, can be produced by reacting InCl3 in diethyl ether solution either with the Grignard reagent [math]\ce{ MeMgI }[/math] or methyllithium, LiMe. Triethylindium can be prepared in a similar fashion but with the grignard reagent EtMgBr.[11]
- [math]\ce{ {InCl3} + 3LiMe -> {Me3In.OEt2} + 3LiCl }[/math]
- [math]\ce{ {InCl3} + 3MeMgI -> {Me3In.OEt2} + 3MgClI }[/math]
- [math]\ce{ {InCl3} + 3EtMgBr -> {Et3In.OEt2} + 3MgBr2 }[/math]
InCl3 reacts with indium metal at high temperature to form the lower valent indium chlorides In5Cl9, In2Cl3 and InCl.[5]
Catalyst in chemistry
Indium chloride is a Lewis acid catalyst in organic reactions such as Friedel-Crafts acylations and Diels-Alder reactions. As an example of the latter,[12] the reaction proceeds at room temperature, with 1 mole% catalyst loading in an acetonitrile-water solvent mixture. The first step is a Knoevenagel condensation between the barbituric acid and the aldehyde; the second step is a reverse electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction, which is a multicomponent reaction of N,N'-dimethyl-barbituric acid, benzaldehyde and ethyl vinyl ether. With the catalyst, the reported chemical yield is 90% and the percentage trans isomer is 70%. Without the catalyst added, the yield drops to 65% with 50% trans product.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Indium(III) Chloride". American Elements. https://www.americanelements.com/indium-iii-chloride-10025-82-8.
- ↑ Araki, S.; Hirashita, T. "Indium trichloride" in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (Ed: L. Paquette) 2004, J. Wiley & Sons, New York. doi:10.1002/047084289X.
- ↑ Indium Trichloride
- ↑ Habeeb, J. J.; Tuck, D. G. "Electrochemical Synthesis of Indium(III) Complexes" Inorganic Syntheses, 1979, volume XIX, ISBN:0-471-04542-X
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001) Inorganic Chemistry, Elsevier ISBN:0123526515
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Wells, A.F. Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984. ISBN:0-19-855370-6.
- ↑ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
- ↑ Anthony John Downs (1993). Chemistry of aluminium, gallium, indium, and thallium. Springer. ISBN 0-7514-0103-X.
- ↑ Main Group Metals in Organic Synthesis vol 1, ed. Hisashi Yamamoto, Koichiro Oshima, Wiley VCH, 2004, ISBN:3527305084
- ↑ The Group 13 Metals Aluminium, Gallium, Indium and Thallium: Chemical Patterns and Peculiarities, Simon Aldridge, Anthony J. Downs, Wiley, 2011, ISBN:978-0-470-68191-6
- ↑ Main Group compounds in Inorganic Syntheses, vol 31, By Schultz, Neumayer, Marks; Ed., Alan H. Cowley, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997, ISBN:0471152889
- ↑ An efficient synthesis of novel pyrano[2,3-d]- and furopyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidines via Indium-Catalyzed Multicomponent Domino Reaction Prajapati, D. Mukut Gohain, M. Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 2006, 2:11 doi:10.1186/1860-5397-2-11
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